Dutch Colonial Research Articles

Guns of the Khoe-San: the firearms used by indigenes for the first two hundred years of colonisation at the Cape

The Cape Khoe-San experienced a significant change in weapons technology when Europeans began colonising the Cape in the seventeenth century. Khoe-San first adapted their military tactics to counter the firearms used by Dutch settlers in conflicts over land possession. With colonisation, many Khoe-San found themselves being incorporated into the colony as hunting and military, both formal and informal, assistants. Deemed sufficiently colonised by the Europeans, there was now an effort to arm Khoe-San with guns. The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw great developments in firearm technology. In tracking these developments alongside historical accounts of Khoe-San with firearms, it is noticed that by the first half of the nineteenth century, Khoe-San fighting for the colony were being supplied with the most ideal firearms for colonial warfare in the Cape. This was a marked contrast to the policies of the seventeenth century which sought to keep firearms out of indigenous hands.

THEODOR POSEWITZ AND HIS BORNEO (1889) – THE FIRST GEOLOGICAL MONOGRAPH OF THE ISLAND

ABSTRACT Theodor Posewitz (1850–1917), a Hungarian medical doctor and geologist, spent five years in the Dutch East Indies between 1880 and 1885, serving the colonial Dutch army. He spent time on Java, Borneo, Bangka and Billiton islands. He dedicated his spare time to geological exploration. About eighty of his geological studies appeared in geological and geographical journals. His chief work, the first monograph on the geology of Borneo, including geological and mineral resources maps, was published in German in 1889 and in English in 1892. Early years of his studies and the results of his five-year stay in Asia are discussed, based on archival records. The background for the book, Borneo, and its significance for contemporary and modern science is outlined.

PERSEBARAN BANGUNAN DAM DI BALI PADA ABAD KE-20

The Ethical Politics implemented by the Dutch at the beginning of the 20th century was an effort made to "give back" to the Indonesian State. Bali, as a Dutch colony, was also influenced by the policies of this political system. The construction of the dam is one of the things that indicates this. This research was conducted to answer what factors influenced the Dutch in building a dam, and whether there was a connection with irrigation activities carried out by pre-colonial Balinese society. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method, this method prioritizes comprehensive observation of a phenomenon. Primary data to answer these problems was obtained through a process of literature study, interviews, and observation. The data that has been collected is then processed using contextual and descriptive-qualitative analysis. Cultural ecology theory and location theory are also used in this research to assist the author in interpreting phenomena found in the field. The results of this research show that there are several factors that influence the construction of a dam, namely ecological factors, and cultural sustainability. This means that in building a dam the Dutch colonial government still paid attention to the pre-colonial Subak civilization.

The Dynamics of The National Movement to Indonesian Independence in The 20TH Century

The 20th century was given the nickname as the century of nationalism for Indonesia with national political awareness. Ethical political policies provide opportunities for Indonesian youth to fight for independence. Education was imposed by the Dutch as a significant factor for the development of the Indonesian nation because education could influence and experience the development of thought as the foundation for the birth of the idea of ??nationalism among Indonesian youth. The purpose of this study is to explain the description of the national movement at the beginning of the 20th century and explain the end of the struggle of the national movement at the beginning of the 20th century. The research method of this study is a historical research method with library research and tracing information sources for this study through the internet. The flow or procedural of the historical research method, which includes four stages, namely heuristics, in the form of collecting materials/sources; source criticism in the form of internal-external criticism; interpretation in the form of classifying data and looking for causal law; and explanation in the form of historiography. The results of the research in this study are first, the national movement in Indonesia is a movement of change to elevate the dignity of the Indonesian nation to become a strong and independent country without any intervention from other nations. The establishment of organizations or associations based on anti-imperialist politics and the struggle for independence from the colonialists. The breakthrough of the spirit of nationalism but became the main ideology to get Indonesia's independence. Second, the end of western imperialism against Asian nations, especially parts of Southeast Asia including Indonesia, was defeated by Japan in the mid-20th century, after the Dutch colonialists handed over their power to Japan unconditionally. However, after Japan suffered defeat in World War II, Indonesia's position was the status quo, so the declaration of independence took place without any interference, coercion and pressure from other nations on August 17, 1945.

Hukum Pidana Indonesia dan Relevansinya dengan Hukum Pidana Islam

This article discusses the process of developing Indonesian criminal law and how it relates to Islamic crime. The purpose of this study is to know and describe the development of Indonesian criminal law and to analyze its relevance to Islamic crime. This type of writing is library research using data in the form of seconds. which consists of literature on Indonesian crime and Fiqh Jinayah as well as journals related to the issues studied. Data is collected through studies in the library, after the data is collected, the data is processed and conclusions are drawn to produce new observations. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the criminal law provisions in force in Indonesia are a legacy of the Dutch colonialists in the form of the Criminal Code (KUHP). With the development of the times and the increasing complexity of problems related to crime, several laws and regulations have been made as a legal umbrella to resolve all cases that arise. From several criminal provisions there is relevance to Islamic criminal law, such as the death penalty known as qishahsh in Islamic criminal law. Likewise the punishment for thieves in various forms contained in the Criminal Code as a statutory regulation imposed by the government. In Islamic criminal law there is also a punishment for thieves with various provisions, and there is an opportunity for the application of punishment for thieves in a form known as ta'zir.

Epistemology of Nationalism in the Context of National Jurisprudence at the Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School

This study discusses the epistemological reasoning of nationalism and national fiqh at Islamic boarding schools, especially at the Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School, Kediri, East Java. Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School was chosen purposively as the research location. With a case study approach, this article reveals the epistemological reasoning of nationalism that occurs and develops in the research location. The results of the study show that there has been a shift in the epistemology of nationalism. This epistemological shift can be seen from the inconsistency of meaning and choice of action taken. From the theory of social transformation, certain social constructions will also affect specific cognitions or awareness—likewise, the epistemology of nationalism at the Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School. During the phase of the struggle against Dutch colonialism, nationalism was interpreted as a form of jihad against non-Muslims, along with the emergence of an awareness of establishing an Islamic state. However, since the establishment of Ma'had Aly Lirboyo, which has the peculiarities of nationalism, nationalism has shifted in meaning to become a form of awareness against radicalism movements born of Islamic Group, such as Hizb at-Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) and the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI). The assertion that the State of Indonesia is a state whose government is legitimate and opposing it is a prohibited action further confirms this shift in the epistemology of nationalism.

The Study of Postcolonial Feminism: When Humans Are Displaced in the Novel Bumi Manusia Dan Anak Semua Bangsa by Promedya Ananta Toer

Research shows that women were victimized during the colonial period. This type of research is library research using qualitative descriptive methods with postcolonial feminism studies. The data from this research are in the form of words and sentences related to the displacement of women in the realm of colonialism. The results of the research show that women in the novel Bumi Manusia dan Anak Semua Bangsa by Promedya Ananta Toer, the study of Postcolonial Faminism, experienced oppression and resistance by women against Dutch colonialism, including marginalization, freedom and sexual harassment.

Cultural Acculturation Study of Visual Form of Facades and Spatial Organization of Glodok’s Shophouses, Jakarta Barat, Indonesia

Ethnic Chinese is ethnic that can preserve their culture from foreign influence from time to time. China has undergone several diasporas, leading to many ethnic Chinese that we can see in various countries today, including Indonesia. The Chinese immigrants then lived together in an area called ‘Chinese town’ or, in Indonesian, called ‘pecinan,’ whose shophouse (Rumah Toko) is the town’s landmark. It asks how the architecture and interior of the shophouse in Chinatown in Indonesia (one of the Dutch colonies) were shaped and how the cultural acculturation happened in this historic building. This research is trying to study the cultural acculturation of the shophouse in one of the famous Chinatowns in Indonesia, Pecinan Glodok, in the visual form of facades and spatial organization. This research uses a historical approach by analyzing the reconstruction of events in the past based on historical facts. The study’s results reveal the cultural acculturation in the visual form of the facade and the organization of the Pecinan Glodok shophouse from Dutch, Chinese, and Betawi cultures on each building element.

Purim and Sukkot Rituals in Depok

Judaism as a nation and as a religious community are two different but interrelated things. In the Jewish Diaspora, some Jews entered Indonesia along with the entry of Dutch and Portuguese colonialism. Due to different conditions from those with established institutions in other countries, Jews in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta and Depok carry out their religious traditions differently because they adapt to the environment in which they live, where the majority are Muslims. Thus, the tradition carried out by them is local and adapts carefully to the environment. This research using descriptive qualitative method shows that negotiation is a way of surviving for the Jews in the Depok area. The celebration of Purim as a reminder of the survivors of persecution from the Persians, and Sukkot as a reminder of the temporary residence of the Jews, were also carried out under conditions that also adjusted, so a strategy was needed. In addition to the results of the research above, adjustments were also made using local materials to keep them in accordance with their religious laws but obtained in the area where they live.

Taiwan / The Apple of Discord in the Pacific Ocean

Taiwan, officially-self called the Republic of China, is an island state close to China, dominating the straits separating the North from the South China Sea (Taiwan Strait or Formosa[1] Strait). Austronesian aborigines originally inhabited the island. Chinese settled it from the opposite coast, while it was a Dutch and Portuguese colony (1624-1668). The island was recaptured in 1683 by the Chinese and remained in their possession until their defeat by the Chinese -Japanese War in 1895. The island returned to China’s sovereignty after the Second World War ended. Taiwan today is a de facto state that has claimed an autonomous course since 1949, even though until 1971, the United Nations recognized Taiwan as the representative of China. However, the People’s Republic of China has not stopped claiming it has legal sovereignty over Taiwan and the Penghu, Kinmen & Matsu Archipelago, and other smaller islands currently under Taiwan’s sovereignty and are located in the East and South China Seas. Is Taiwan a Chinese island, and should it be incorporated into China under the “One China” principle, or will it survive as an independent state with a different political and social system from the People’s Republic of China? Could U.S. support for the Taiwan regime push tensions with China over the edge?

The Development of Indonesian Islamic Civilization During The Dutch Colonial Period

This study aims to analyze the development of Indonesian Islamic civilization during the Dutch colonial period. This study using library research produces research data that: 1). The dynamics of the socio-cultural conditions of Islamic civilization during the Dutch colonial period were still underdeveloped due to the strict system of colonialism applied in Indonesia; 2). The government system of Islamic civilization during the Dutch colonial period greatly influenced the development of Islamic civilization in Indonesia; 3). There were 3 strategies for Islamic da'wah during the Dutch colonial period, including: the transitional da'wah system between Hinduism and Islam, the lecture method in surau, and Islamic boarding schools; 4). Challenges to Islamic civilization during the Dutch colonial period included: Challenges in the fields of education, politics, economy and religion or da'wah; 5). Influential figures during Islamic civilization during the Dutch colonial period included K.H. Hasyim Asy'ari, Prince Diponegoro, Tuanku Imam Bonjol, Prince Antasari, and Teungku Cik Di Tiro. This study has implications for increasing literature on the history of Indonesian Islamic civilization so that it can add to the treasury of historical knowledge in Indonesia.

Islam and the Struggle for Multiculturalism in Singkawang, West Kalimantan: Local Ulama, Theological-Economic Competition and Ethnoreligious Relations

This study explores the dynamics of multiculturalism in Singkawang, the most tolerant city in Indonesia. It surprises every scholar studying conflicts as the city can adequately manage conflicts. It was evidenced by the cessation of the deadly conflict, the Sambas 1999 in the city, and by the establishment of ethnocultural groups inherited since the Dutch colonialism that generated pseudo-multiculturalism, in which all ethnic and religious communities have been tolerant but exclusive and fragile to conflict. Fortunately, as the champ of economic but socio-political competition, the Chinese have an ancestral tradition of sharing their wealth considerably. This is with no regard to either the profane or sacred places or their Muslim counterparts' social or ritual activities. Supposedly, instead of refusing "infidelity" contributions, local ulama appreciate and, in return, struggle to promote the substitution of pejorative calls of Chinese with Tionghoa. In conclusion, theoretically, economic welfare is the mayonnaise poured over Singkawang's "Salad Bowls," maintaining its conducive but pseudo-multiculturalism.

Perkembangan Sosial Masyarakat Pada Masa Penjajahan

The social development of society during the colonial period in various countries can bevary depending on the historical, political and social context of each country.But in general, colonization can have a negative impact on social developmentthe people below. In Indonesia, for example, the Dutch colonization lasted for almost three yearscentury has resulted in various social changes in Indonesian society.During the colonial period, the Dutch had introduced a segregating caste systemIndonesian society into several groups based on race, religion, and statussocial. This caste system has created huge social gaps between people Indonesian natives and people of Dutch or Dutch descent. Before the Dutch controlled Indonesia, there had been exploration the oceans in the context of ancient imperialism and colonialism to the archipelago. Portugal and Spain are two pioneering and enthusiastic countriesin exploring the ocean. So as to prevent that from happeningunfair competition between the two countries, on the initiative of Pope Alexander VI,ruler of the Catholic Religion in the Vatican, felt the need to arrange an expeditionoceans in two countries where the majority of the population is Catholic

The Dynamics of Islamic Education at Ngruki Islamic Boarding School

As a subsystem in national education system, Islamic education system plays a strategic role in the nationâ€TMs intellectual life as well as its character building. Islamic boarding school education system, as one of the varieties of Isl amic educational institutions, is the pioneer and prototype in the holistic human development, that is, noble character. In the context of nation and state, Islamic boarding schools have been proven to play an active role in firmly upholding and defending the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), and they have been at the frontline to fight against the Dutch colonialists long time before Indonesia gained its independence up to nowadays. However, during the previous decades, a number of Islamic boarding schools have gone through nationalist-related distortions. Al-Muâ€TMmin Ngruki Islamic Boarding School is a manifestation of radical stigma that breeds anti-NKRI terrorists. This field research employed a qualitative approach called phenomenology, aiming to describe the dynamics of Islamic education at Al-Mumin Ngruki Islamic Boarding School. The data were collected using in- depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation studies. The results suggested that the existence of Ngruki Islamic Boarding School as a boarding school is closely related to the internalization of Islamic educational values going through a series of dynamics; during the early period, which was very firm and rigid in interpreting Islam, the middle period, which slowly turned into egalitarian, and the modern period, which promotes a moderate mindset in carrying out the institutional functions to an egalitarian and proportional global interaction.

Management of Primary Education for Ethnic Chinese Children during the Dutch Colonial Period 1900-1920

The management of primary education for ethnic Chinese children during the Dutch colonial period 1900-1920, to analyze the primary education of ethnic Chinese children (HCS) by the Dutch Colonial Government in 1900-1920. This research method uses five steps: Topic Selection, Heuristics, Verification, Interpretation, and Historiography. The results showed that the establishment of primary education for ethnic Chinese was due to the large number of immigrant children from China who did not get the proper attention to go to school. Then the Chinese community association Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan (THHK) began to think about the education of its descendants and established Primary Education. Apart from this, Chinese children who attended ELS could also not follow the lessons properly. This reason strengthened the colonial government to build a particular school for ethnic Chinese children, namely Hollandsch Chineesche School (HCS).

Timor Zone: Slave Trading Network from the Traditional Era to the Late Nineteenth-Century Dutch Colonial State

This article examines the continuity and changes of the Timorese slave trade network from the traditional era to the late nineteenth-century Dutch colonial state. Archival records, newspapers, and other literature were used extensively to reconstruct the map of the Timorese slave trading. Grasping the dynamics of change and trade networks of Timor, there were two proposed research questions: First, how did the Timorese slave trading network experience continuity and change from the traditional period until the late nineteenth-century Dutch colonial state? Second, to what extent does the need for labour in the global and Southeast Asian context play in shaping and catalyzing the expansion of the Timorese slave network? Timor and its surroundings were deemed slave enclaves (peripheries) with several trading centres. Traditionally, slave trade routes formed from Timor to Java and Malacca. In addition, it was intended for Dili and Macau during the Portuguese era. During the VOC era, Batavia and Banda were the busiest routes of the Timorese slave trade. Networking was increasingly across-the-board, along with the need for labour to meet the demands of the global market. Henceforward, during the Dutch East Indies, the slave trading network continued expanding to Maurits, Réunion, Macau, Mozambique, and Mombasa and several years after the post-prohibition of slavery, leaving Ende Bay as the only centre of the slavery trade.

Generational Difference, the Category Pemuda and the Several Paradoxes of Becoming Indonesian for Nuaulu in the Moluccan Islands

Being Indonesian is experienced differently depending on age and generation. In 1970 senior Nuaulu men had been young adults under Dutch colonialism. Those who in 2020 occupied key politically influential positions grew up in an independent Indonesia. Conflict with state agencies over resources, plus practical difficulties arising from non-recognition of their religion, have been obstacles to national integration. However, the impact of Christian—Muslim conflict between 1999 and 2003, and the opportunities afforded by reformasi and otonomi daerah, emboldened younger Nuaulu to balance being good Indonesian citizens with the pursuit of a ‘traditionalist pathway to modernity’. This paper charts how educational access and the emergence of youth culture and the category pemuda impacted after 1990 on the organisation of government work groups and appropriate forms of reward. These events threatened traditional authority and yet would ultimately provide a means for achieving territorial autonomy and state recognition for their beliefs and practices.

The Analysis of the Primary School Education with Dutch as the Medium of Instruction during the Dutch Colonial government of Year 1900-1920

The Analysis of the Primary School Education with Dutch as the Medium of Instruction during the Dutch Colonial government of Year 1900-1920

THE PHILOSOPHY OF ORNAMENTS IN DALEM SEGARA MADHU TEMPLE JAGARAGA VILLAGE, SAWAN DISTRICT, BULELENG REGENCY

One part that can be a hallmark of a temple is the carving ornament. Ornaments in sacred buildings, especially temples, of course contain very deep philosophical values. In general, the ornaments on temples, especially Pura Dalem will be related to wayang reliefs, reliefs that tell about the final journey of humans and so on. This is different from the ornaments found in the Pura Dalem Segara Madhu. The uniqueness of Pura Dalem Segara Madhu in Jagaraga Village can be seen in the reliefs located on the walls of the temples. Relief depicting the history of Balinese people against Dutch colonialism. There are also reliefs depicting ships being attacked by sea monsters, people driving cars and others. This uniqueness is a tourist attraction for people to visit the temple. The uniqueness of the ornaments owned by Pura Dalem Segara Madhu, Jagaraga Village, becomes an interesting thing to study with regard to the philosophical values ​​contained in it. By using a qualitative descriptive method, this paper examines the philosophy of ornamentation in the Pura Dalem Segara Madhu. The results of the study are that ornament is a work that is produced in addition to relating to the beauty that is captured by the human senses, it is also related to the values ​​of truth and virtue in the teachings of Hinduism. In addition, it can be understood that all the reliefs contained in the Pura Dalem Segara Madhu Jagaraga are related to each other regarding the struggle of the people of Jagaraga Village. This reaffirms that this temple is not only related to the spiritual life of the community, but also relates to the history of the struggle of the community which is the spirit of social life.

The Fall of Christian Smyrna Through Dutch Eyes in 1922

Besides the Greek majority who populated Smyrna, there were also Turks, Armenians, French, English and Italian minorities in city. Less known was that a mixture of these groups produced a new section of the population: the Levantines. This Dutch colony, comprised of only a few hundred people, was mostly inhabited by Levantines. The acting Dutch consul-general, Arnold Th. Lamping, was an eyewitness of the unfolding catastrophe of the retreat of the Greeks and the carnage inflicted on the Armenian-inhabited neighborhood of Haynots. He witnessed the looting, raping and murder of Christians in Smyrna. Lamping tried to save the Dutch Levantines with the assistance of Captain Wijdekop of the SS Deucalion, who also managed to save Armenian refugees in his ship. Dutch National Archives yield several pictures of the Dutch cemetery currently populated with Dutch Levantines, which was violated and plundered much like the other Christian cemeteries in Smyrna. Finally, Lamping proved with his reports that the film documenting the entry of the Turkish troops was a falsification of history by the Turkish authorities.