Duncan's Multiple Range Test Research Articles (Page 1)

<p>Groundnut (<em>Arachis hypogaea</em>) is one of the commodities with high economic value; however, weather anomalies can affect plant water availability, which in turn impacts groundnut production and productivity. If water availability is not balanced with proper fertilizer application, plant growth may be inhibited. This study aims to determine the role of watering frequency and organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of ground nut. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, located in Sukosari Village, Jumantono District, Karanganyar Regency for a duration of four months, from December 2024 to March 2025. The method used was a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), consisting of two factors and three replications. The first factor was watering frequency (once a day, once every two days, once every three days, and once every four days). The second factor is the organic fertilizer dosage (0; 10; 20; and 30 tons.ha <sup>-1</sup>). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 95% significance level, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% significance level. Regression analysis was performed to determine the recommended dosage, and correlation analysis was used to identify relationships between observed variables. The result showed that watering once every three days resulted in the best 100-seed weight. Watering once a day resulted in the best dry biomass weight. Organic fertilizer dose of 20 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> produced the best plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, number of pods, fresh pod weight, dry pod weight, number of seeds, and seed weight. Organic fertilizer dose of 30 t.ha <sup>-1</sup> produced the best number of leaves at 5 Weeks After Planting (WAP), number of nodes at 5 WAP, and flowering age. Interaction between watering once a day and organic fertilizer dose of 20 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> produced the best dry biomass weight.</p>

Barangan banana is a banana variety that has high economic value, but its production is still carried out conventionally, resulting in limited barangan bananas on the market. The use of tissue culture methods can quickly produce high-quality, disease-free plants regardless of seasonal conditions. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of providing the best ZPT IAA and BA for the growth of the Barangan banana planet. The research was conducted in August-October 2023 at the Biotechnology and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Sebelas Maret University. This research used a two-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 replications. The first factor was the use of ZPT Indole Acetic Acid (concentrations 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ppm and the second factor was the use of ZPT Benzyl Adenine (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 ppm). The variables observed were root emergence time, number of roots, root length, time of leaf emergence, number of leaves, time of shoot emergence, number of shoots, and height of shoots. The observed data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a 5% level test and if there was a significant difference, it was continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the level 5%. The results showed that giving 0.5 ppm IAA increased root length; 0.5 ppm IAA was given optimally for root formation; and 1 ppm IAA increased the shoot height of the Barangan banana plnalet. Giving BA 0.5 ppm root number; BA 1, 5 ppm produces the highest number of leaves; BA 1 ppm increases shoot height of barangan banana plantlets.

<div><p>The use of organic fertilizers and growth stimulants in the form of natural PGR is the main solution to support sustainable coffee cultivation. This research aims to determine the best treatment combination, the best dose of goat manure, and the best concentration of moringa leaf extract for vegetative growth of robusta coffee TBM 1. The research was conducted in Kemuning Village, Ngargoyoso District, Karanganyar Regency in October 2023-April 2024. The method used was a Randomized Complete Group Design (RCBD) consisting of two factors and three replications. The first factor was goat manure (0, 3, 4, and 5 kg.plant<sup>-1) </sup>. The second factor was moringa leaf extract (0, 150, 200, and 250 g.L<sup>-1</sup>concentration). Data analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% error level then continued with <em>Duncan's Multiple Range Test </em>(DMRT) at the 5% error level if there were significant results. The observed variables include plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, and total chlorophyll. The results showed that the application of goat manure and moringa leaf extract affected the vegetative growth of robusta coffee plants. The combination of goat manure 4 kg.plant<sup>-1</sup>and moringa leaf extract at a concentration of 250 g.L<sup>-1</sup>had an effect on increasing chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. Goat manure had no effect on all variables. Without the moringa leaf extract had better effect on plant height and the moringa leaf extract concentration of 250 g.L<sup>-1</sup>affected the increase in leaf area 6 weeks after application.</p></div>

<p>The demand for rice in Indonesia continues to increase but production has decreased. Efforts that can be made are the use of local varieties of mentik wangi rice. Mentik wangi rice has the disadvantages of long life, high stems, and low crop production. As a solution, plant breeding is carried out in the form of mutation by giving gamma irradiation which can improve unwanted genetic traits and produce superior varieties with the dose used of 200 gray. This study aims to evaluate the yield potential of promising mutant strains with 200 gray gamma irradiation on mentik wangi rice and get mutant strains that have superior criteria for short-stemmed, short-lived, and high-yielding. This research was conducted in the rice field of Ngampel Hamlet, Gentungan Village, Mojogedang, Karanganyar, Central Java. The research was conducted in June-October 2023. The design used was a Randomized Complete Group Design (RCBD) with a single factor, namely strains consisting of 14 mutant strains and 1 control strain with 3 repetitions. The results of observations were analyzed by <em>Analysis of Variance </em>(ANOVA) at the 5% level and continued with <em>Duncan Multiple Range Test </em>(DMRT) at the 5% level. All tested strains produced the expected superior criteria, namely short stem, short age, and high productivity.</p>

Ulcers of the foot caused by diabetes (DFU) are among the most severe consequences of diabetes mellitus, significantly diminishing ‎patients’ quality of life and often resulting in persistent infections and potential limb loss. This study aimed to assess the serum levels ‎of four immunological biomarkers: interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and basic ‎fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in patients with diabetes and in patients without foot ulcers, as well as in healthy participants. The ‎study enrolled 90 participants, including diabetic patients with foot ulcers, diabetic patients without ulcers, and healthy controls. ‎Then, the Blood samples were collected and analyzed using ELISA to determine serum concentrations of IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α, and ‎bFGF. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, and ROC curve evaluation. The results indicate that IL-18 ‎and TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in both diabetic groups compared to controls (P < 0.001), indicating persistent systemic ‎inflammation. IL-10 levels were significantly higher in diabetics without ulcers than in controls (P < 0.05), suggesting a compensatory ‎anti-inflammatory response. Interestingly, bFGF was significantly elevated in patients with ulcers (P < 0.001), potentially reflecting a ‎local reparative response. ROC analysis revealed that bFGF had high diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.809) in differentiating DFU ‎patients from healthy individuals. The finding highlighted that the observed cytokine profiles suggest that DFUs are characterized by ‎an inflammatory–reparative imbalance. Elevated IL-18 and TNF-α indicate sustained inflammation, while reduced IL-10 and ‎altered bFGF levels reflect impaired resolution and tissue repair mechanisms. These markers, particularly bFGF, show promise as ‎potential diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring DFU progression‎.

Aims: Acacia mearnsii tree has high economic value, and it can form a symbiosis with rhizobium bacteria. As an erosion control tree that grows in various types of soil, it is necessary to investigate the adaptability of acacia plants while in the nursery. This study aimed to determine the adaptability of acacia seedling growth to various types of soil. Study Design: The research was designed as an experimental study Place and Duration of Study: Padang West Sumatera, Lab of Biotechnology Andalas University, started from April to October 2023. Methodology: The method used in this research is a complete randomized design with seven treatments and five replications. The treatments were humus soil, beach sand, ultisol soil, coal mine, limestone soil, oxisol soil, and sandy loam soil. Variables observed were plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, number of root nodules, crown wet weight, crown dry weight, root wet weight, root dry weight, and plant dry weight. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance, and further statistical analysis was carried out using the Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% significance level. Results: The results of this study indicate that A. mearnsii plants can adapt well to three soil types, including coastal sandy soil, ex-coal mine soil, and sandy clay soil, in addition to humus soil (used as the control treatment). These soil types can be effectively utilized for reclaiming marginal land. The adaptability of A. mearnsii plants is evident from the observed growth and yield parameters, which include an increase in the number of leaves, shoot wet weight, shoot dry weight, root wet weight, root dry weight, shoot-to-root ratio, and overall plant dry weight. Moreover, the parameters that show a positive correlation with plant dry weight include plant height, the number of leaves, and the number of branches. Interestingly, the formation of root nodules in ex-mining soil increased significantly up to 19 times compared to humus soil. Conclusion: In the seven types of soil used as planting media for adaptation study, the A. mearnsii could adapt well to coastal sand, former coal mines and sandy clay soil, thereby providing its promising potential as a soil conservation agent.

The high market demand for tomatoes is driven by increasing public consumption from year to year. This high market demand encourages farmers to increase tomato production with superior quality. Guano fertilizer has strategic value for increasing productivity and quality of tomatoes. The use of environmentally friendly and easily accessible guano fertilizer will reduce farmers' dependence on relatively expensive chemical fertilizers, thereby increasing production cost efficiency. This study not only aims to identify the optimal dose of guano fertilizer for tomato growth, but also contributes to the development of a productive, efficient, and environmentally friendly agribusiness production system. This study used a Completely Randomized Block Design with a single factor: guano fertilizer dosage (0, 26, 51, and 71 g per pot), with nine replications, totaling 36 experimental units. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using soil media in 19 cm pots diameter, from March 13 to May 8, 2023. Guano fertilizer was applied once 10 days after planting (DAP). Observations on plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area were taken biweekly from 14 to 56 DAP. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance in SPSS, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the dose of guano fertilizer that significantly affected the increase in plant height, leaf area and number of leaves of tomato plants was dose 2 of 51 grams.

This research aims to determine the growth response of Cordyceps militaris in several growing media, determine the best growing media for cultivating Cordyceps militaris and determine the effectiveness of cultivating Cordyceps militaris against fire caterpillar larvae (Setothosea assigna). This research was carried out using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design method, with 3 growing media treatments, namely N1 = Bran, N2 = Rice and N3 = Corn. The number of repetition was 6. Data analysis uses Anova, where if the results showed a significant and very siognificant effect, it was continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the growth medium had no significant effect on the density of yellow fungus and white fungus conidia, the viability of yellow fungus and white fungus condidia. The growth media of C. militaris is found in brand media, which is observed from the viability of fungus, both in yellow and white conidia, which can kill Setothosea assigna larvae which are marked in bran, rice and corn media at the age of 11-19 day after application, causing mortality between 93,34-100%,

Spirulina, known for its high protein content, can be developed into tempeh and further processed into flour for bakery products. However, the direct use of spirulina-tempeh flour as a premix presents challenges, particularly in achieving stable volume and texture. This study aimed to determine the most effective modification method for improving the characteristics of spirulina-tempeh flour. Accordingly, two modification techniques were applied: Heat-Moisture Treatment (HMT) and annealing. Following this, statistical analysis was conducted using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (p < 0.05), and the De Garmo method was used to identify the best treatment. Overall, the results revealed that HMT was the most effective method in enhancing flour properties. In particular, the HMT-modified flour exhibited the following values: moisture content 4.82% db, fat content 27.63% db, Ash Content (AC) 2.35% db, protein content 41.40% db, Water Absorption Capacity (WAC) 1.93 g/g db, Oil Absorption Capacity (OAC) 0.38 g/g db, syneresis 77.49% db, swelling volume 4.85 mL/g db, solubility 0.20% db, antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) 49.998 ppm, starch content 1.903% db, and amylose content 0.007% db. Meanwhile, microbiological properties further indicated a Standard Plate Count (SPC) of 2.74 × 10⁴ CFU/g. In conclusion, HMT effectively improved the functional, physicochemical, and microbial characteristics of spirulina-tempeh flour, making it more suitable for use in bakery products.

One of the efforts in processing organic waste is to transform it into materials that can be utilized as value-added products, such as organic fertilizers. Finding the optimal concentration of vegetable waste POC topromote shallot (Allium ascalonicum L. var. Bima) growth and yield is the primary objective of this study. FromJune to August of 2024, researchers in Indonesia's West Java Province visited Puseurjaya Village in theTelukjambe Timur District of Karawang Regency. A single-factor Randomised Block Design (RAK) with sixtreatments in five replicates was utilised for the research. The treatments were as follows: A (no POC), B (100ml/l of vegetable waste POC concentration), C (200 ml/l of vegetable waste POC concentration), D (300 ml/l ofvegetable waste POC concentration), E (400 ml/l of vegetable waste POC concentration), and F (NASA POC 6ml/l). We used F-test variance analysis and the DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) both at the 5% level toexamine the treatment's impact. The characteristics of plant height are affected by the actual administration ofvegetable waste as POC. Treatment B, which consisted of a vegetable waste POC concentration of 100 ml/l,produced the highest plant height at 35 hst, measuring 41.92 cm, in the shallot plants, according to theexperiment.

Phytogenic compounds and enzymes represent promising strategies to modulate gut microbiota and improve nutrient absorption in poultry. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of oregano essential oil and lauric acid (OEA) as well as complex enzyme preparation (CEP) on laying performance, egg quality, nutrient apparent metabolism, and intestinal morphology of Dagu breeder hens. A total of 288 38-wk-old Dagu breeder hens with similar body weight and condition procured, were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 12 hens. Diet feed additives supplement strategies were as follows: a basal diet as control (CON), while the experimental treatment groups received basal diet containing 200 mg/kg of OEA (LCO), 200 mg/kg of CEP (LCE), and 200 mg/kg of OEA + CEP (LOE). The experiment lasted 40 d. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test using SPSS software, with statistical significance declared at P < 0.05. The results showed that OEA + CEP supplementation significantly increased the laying rate to 69.56%, improved the feed-egg ratio to 3.31, and increased the monthly total egg weight to 18.86 kg/bird, and the OEA supplementation had significant reduced the broken-soft egg ratio by 85.19% than the CON group (P < 0.05). Additionally, dietary supplementation with OEA and OEA + CEP increased eggshell strength (7.66%) and Haugh unit (2.01%) level (P < 0.05). Notably, OEA + CEP significantly improved the antioxidant performance of total antioxidant capacity (7.02%), glutathione peroxidase (11.31%), total superoxide dismutase (5.02%), and malondialdehyde (7.93%) on Dagu breeder hens (P < 0.05), and OEA supplemental in diet significantly increased the level of total antioxidant capacity (6.66%) and glutathione peroxidase (7.97%). Compared to the CON group, the apparent metabolizable energy (4.33%), dry matter (4.15%), crude protein (94.92%), calcium (4.83%), and phosphorus (2.53%) levels in the treatment groups significantly increased (P < 0.05). The dietary supplementation with OEA +CEP improved the α-amylase (9.23%), lipase (12.86%), and trypsin (9.99%) activities and the villus to crypt ratio in jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). These findings characterize that the dietary treatment with OEA and CEP alone or in combination improves production performance and health status in Dagu breeder hens. Furthermore, combination OEA and CEP demonstrates the potential value to poultry industry.

Edible film is a thin, edible film used as a food coating. The advantages of edible film include its biodegradability and its ability to maintain the quality and shelf life of the food product it covers. The objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of varying concentrations of sorbitol on the thickness, water vapor transmission rate, and microstructure of whey-chia seed edible film. The present study employed a Completely Randomized Design, comprising three distinct treatments, each with three replicates. The data obtained were analysed using Analysis of Variance, and if there were significant differences between treatments, these were followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. The treatments incorporated the following: P1 (10% sorbitol), P2 (20% sorbitol), and P3 (30% sorbitol). The variables measured in this study were thickness, water vapor transmission rate and edible film microstructure. The findings demonstrated that the incorporation of sorbitol at varying concentrations elicited a highly significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on the thickness of the edible film. However, the water vapor transmission rate test did not yield a significant difference (P&gt;0.05). The mean thickness of the samples ranged from 0.0296 to 0.0303 mm, and the water vapor transmission rate ranged from 4.60 to 5.68 g/mm²/day. Microstructure analysis revealed that the incorporation of sorbitol enhanced the flexibility and uniformity of the distribution of the films at concentrations of 10% and 20%. However, at a concentration of 30%, the films exhibited increased rigidity and reduced flexibility. The utilization of a 20% sorbitol concentration was identified as the optimal treatment.

Background: The livestock industry is a growing field where assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro embryo production (IVEP) enhance production efficiency. However, in vitro embryos show lower developmental competence due to stress and suboptimal culture conditions. Supplementing culture media with growth factor, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can improve embryo development. This study investigates the effect of IGF-1 on the developmental competence of oocytes and early embryonic development. Methods: In this study, cattle oocytes were aspirated from 3-8 mm ovarian follicles, washed and matured in maturation media supplemented with different concentrations of IGF-1 (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 ng/ml) for 24 hours at 38.5oC 5% CO2. Frozen-thawed sperm were used for in vitro fertilization of matured oocytes in fertilization media supplemented with IGF-1. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in IGF-1-supplemented mCR2aa media and embryos were monitored for 8 days until the blastocyst stage. The experiment was replicated six times and data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test using SPSS. Results are presented as means±standard error with graphs generated by GraphPad Prism. Result: IGF-1 @ 50 ng/ml significantly enhanced embryo development, with highest cleavage rates at 2-cell (85.35% ±2.24) and 4-cell (86.10% ±1.90) stages and improved morula (32.53% ±5.11) and blastocyst formation (15.81%±1.07) and IGF-1 @ 100 ng/ml showed moderate benefits, while at lower concentrations i.e. 0 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml and 25 ng/ml had minimal effects. Overall, @ 50 ng/ml IGF-1 was the most effective in promoting oocyte maturation and early embryonic development.

Jema’a Local Government Area is notable for decades of mining activities in Kaduna State, Nigeria. This mining activity increases the potentials for groundwater contamination and health risk impact. This study quantifies and assessed health risk of physico-chemical parameters (with respect to heavy metals) in groundwater around mining sites in Jema’a LGA from April to September 2024. Water and sediment samples were collected bimonthly and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters namely temperatures, pH, salinity, conductivity, Total dissolve solids, dissolve oxygen, transparency, nitrate, phosphate, copper, cadmium, lead and zinc. Measurements were done using electronic meter and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), Duncan multiple range test and Pearson correlation coefficient.All parameters measured were within WHO permissible limit. Results revealed that air temperature ranged from 23.7-31.9°C; surface water temperature, 25.5-31.9°C; pH, 6.60-8.22; salinity, 122-150.5 ppm; conductivity, 254.4-312.67 µmhoS/cm; total dissolve solids, 205.05-219.33 ppm; dissolve oxygen, 3.59-11.04 mg/L; transparency, 26.4-49.11 cm; nitrate, 0.06-8.12 mg/L; phosphate, 0.22-0.35 mg/L and copper, 0.002-0.04 mg/L showed significant (p&lt;0.05) mean temporal variation, while zinc in surface water 0.025-0.30 mg/L; lead 0.04-0.06 mg/kg; copper 0.03-0.04 mg/kg and zinc in sediment 0.12-0.17 mg/kg did not show significant (p&gt;0.05) temporal difference. Cadmium and lead were below detectable limit in groundwater during this study. There were high negative correlation between water transparencies and total dissolve solids content (r = -.76). The result suggest that groundwater around mining sites in Jema’a LGA showed early signs of pollution while health risk assessment showed low health risk, underscoring the need for frequent and comprehensive health risk assessment to evaluate potential bioaccumulation and biomagnification of this pollutants.

Medicinal plants, as an effective source of traditional medicine, have genuine utility, and about 80% of the suburban population relies on plants as primary health care globally, especially in Africa, due to their availability and fewer complications. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial effect of Azadirachta indica extracts in the context of G6PD deficiency and malaria co-infection on clinical isolates, comprising five (5) bacteria and four (4) fungi, using the agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration, including kinetic growth of the isolates, were determined by macrodilution and spectrophotometry methods. The aim of the study is to determine antimicrobial activities and phytochemical constituents of Azadirachta indica (Neem) on multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. The phytochemical and functional group profiling in the extracts were performed using GC–MS standard method and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. In-silico molecular docking analysis of the bioactive compounds in neem extract and oil was determined by computational modelling tools and the molecular Auto Dock software. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA to compare the mean levels of significance of the parameters, where the level of significance was set as (P&lt;0.05), and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to compare the significance between the groups. The results showed that aqueous neem demonstrates narrow antimicrobial potential, while methanol, including oil of neem extracts, displayed broad antimicrobial potential, and aqueous neem gave the strongest inhibitory zone of 14 mm against Escherichia coli. Neem extracts demonstrate broad antifungal potential over amphotericin B, while methanolic neem has a 0.60 mm wide inhibitory zone against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration for neem oil were 2.00 mg/ml stronger. Growth kinetics indicated bacteriostatic effects of neem extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Neem oil and powder contain 14 and 18 phytochemical profiles while α-D-Glucopyranose and n-Hexadecanoic acid were identified at the highest peak area of 21.98 % and 12.31% respectively. In-silico molecular docking identified diethylphthalate as a strong microbial protein inhibitor at -8.5 kcal, low binding energy with S aureus 1txt and E. coli 2ZIP proteins, while 9,17-octadecadienal (Z), methyl 10-methyl hexadecanoate, and oleic acid contributed to neem oil’s antibacterial activity with low binding energy of -8.00 kcal with S aureus 1txt and E. coli 2ZIP proteins. However, the therapeutic importance of neem in combating pathogenic microbes and their sustainability as an alternative medicine is significant. The findings of this research acknowledge and scientifically validate the use of plants against microbial pathogenic activities.

This study was conducted to evaluate the Evaluation of the Nutritional Profile and in-Vivo Studies of Some Local Snacks Produced From Zuru Community, Kebbi State, the snacks were produced from rice, millet, beans, guinea corn, and sesame seeds with the aim of meeting the energy and protein needs of the vulnerable populations. The amino acid, serum biochemical and haematological indices of albino rat fed with prepared snacks were determined using standard methods. The control was the 100% Guinea corn, Chikaka consisted of 99% beans and 1% salt, Gare75% guinea corn and 25% sesame seeds, Yamperinyela consisted of 50% millet, 49% beans and 1% salt, while Hekko consisted of 75% rice, 24% sesame seed and 1% salt. The data obtained were analysed statistically using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (25.0). The data were subjected toa one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the average mean scores separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p&lt;0.05. The protein qualities; NR, BV, NPU, PER and TPD, the Protein quality indices were markedly higher in rats fed with Chikaka3.00±0.57, 85.52±0.57, 80.09±2.88 and 0.67±0.11) and Yamperinyela (1.32±0.01, 81.71±0.58, 71.56±0.58 and 0.82±0.57) while Yamperinyela exhibited superior protein digestibility (76.21±0.57). The produced snacks had the superior amino acid balance compared to the control. The haematological parameters include Packed Cell Volume (%), Total Protein (g/L) and a Cholesterol (mg/dl) indicate that Chikaka and Hekko had highest value total protein 60.11±0.58, and 61.03±0.57 while Gare had the highest value of cholesterol140.30±1.15and they were higher than the control. These formulations have strong potential to serve as alternative protein- and energy-dense snack products that can contribute to improving dietary diversity and reducing protein-energy malnutrition, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Background: The water requirements for Oryza sativa L. need to be known to support its growth. Furthermore, water conditions in rice plantations can affect weed growth. Cyperus rotundus L. is an important weed of rice, so it needs to be controlled so as not to disrupt rice growth. Methods: This research aims to obtain irrigation intensity that is effective in suppressing the growth of Cyperus rotundus L. and identify its density of it, which can reduce rice yields. The research was conducted in a greenhouse at the field laboratory of the faculty of agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, from December 2022 to March 2023 using a factorial randomized block design using two factors. The first factor is irrigation intensity with three levels (daily irrigation, irrigation every 4 days and irrigation every 8 days), while the second factor is the weed density of Cyperus rotundus L. with four levels (without weeds, 1 weed, 2 weeds and 3 weeds), each repeated three times. The data obtained were analyzed using a variance test and if significant differences were found, then a 5% duncan multiple range test was carried out. Result: The results showed that daily irrigation with a density of 2 weeds increased the height of rice plants and the number of rice panicles. However, a density of 1 or 2 weeds reduced the number of tillers by 18.2% in rice plants. A density of 3 sedge weeds resulted in a more significant reduction of tillers by 45.96% and a decrease in the dry grain weight per clump by 34.97%.

Indonesia has abundant natural resources as potential capital for developing coffee commodities. This research aims to determine the effect of applying biochar and N-P-K fertilizer at different doses on soil chemical properties and growth in coffee plants. This research was carried out on the land of Sikapat Village. Sumbang District, Banyumas Regency. Analysis of soil quinua properties was carried out at the Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Unsoed. This research was carried out from September 2023 to February 2024. The method used was an experimental method with a two-factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 3 replications. The factors tried in the research were biochar treatment (B0 = 0 g biochar, B1 = 100 g biochar, B2 = 150 g biochar) and N-P-K fertilizer treatment (P0 = without N-P-K fertilizer, P1 = N-P-K fertilizer 65 g (25 g N fertilizer, 20 g P fertilizer, and 20 g K fertilizer), P2 = N-P-K fertilizer 130 g (50 g N fertilizer, 40 g P fertilizer, and 40 g K fertilizer). The soil chemical property variable tested was pH H₂O. PH KCL, C-organic, N-total, P-total, K-total, and CEC. The observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significant difference level of 5%. The research results showed that the administration of biochar and N-P-K fertilizer at different doses had a real effect on the pH H2O variable, pH KCl, N-total, P-total, plant height, and stem diameter. Meanwhile it had no effect significantly on variables C-organic, K-total, CEC, and K uptake.

This study investigates the invitro effects of florasulam, a widely used herbicide with known environmental impact, on bull epididymal sperm and primary testicular cells. Epididymal spermatozoa were collected from the cauda epididymis attached to one testis of a paired set obtained from a local abattoir and diluted to a concentration of 1 × 108 spermatozoa/mL. The other testis was used to isolate testicular cells, which were then seeded onto 12-well and 96-well plates at the concentration of 5 × 105 and 5 × 104 cells per well, respectively. Sperm samples were exposed to various concentrations of florasulam (0-1000 μg/mL) for 2 h and evaluated for motility (M), plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome integrity (AI), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Likewise, testicular cells were treated with different concentrations of florasulam for 48 h and assessed for cytotoxicity, apoptosis, steroidogenesis, and MMP. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that florasulam exposure significantly reduced sperm motility and MMP at concentrations of 100-1000 μg/mL. Additionally, 10 μg/mL florasulam stimulated cell proliferation, whereas 10, 100, and 500 μg/mL inhibited steroid secretion in testicular cells. Apoptosis was significantly increased at 500 and 1000 μg/mL, and MMP was negatively affected at 1000 μg/mL (p ≤ 0.05). These findings provide the first evidence that florasulam, even at sub-toxic concentrations, can impair male reproductive function by reducing sperm motility and mitochondrial activity, and by inducing apoptosis and hormonal disruption in testicular cells. This highlights its potential risk to cattle fertility and broader environmental reproductive health.

Background: Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), Cowpea Leaves (CL), and Moringa Leaves (ML) are bioactive compounds-rich foods that may be used in functional foods production. The objective of this study was to develop functional composite flour, rich in bioactive compounds from the blends of fermented Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato, Cowpea leaves, and Moringa leaves. The effect of fermentation on the nutritional, functional, antioxidant, and antinutrient properties of the flour was investigated, as well as the optimisation of the flour blends using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Aim: This study aims to produce a composite flour from Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), cowpea, and moringa leaves to obtain a product rich in bioactive compounds that can serve as a panacea for certain degenerative diseases. Methods: Samples of OFSP, CL, and ML were fermented for 24 h, dried, and milled into flours, and their proximate, mineral, antioxidant, and antinutrient properties were determined using standard AOAC methods. Statistical design and analysis were carried out using an optimal mixture design of response surface methodology. Optimal Mixture Model of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) (Design Expert 16.0) was used for the experimental design and statistical analyses. The means were separated by the New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT). A statistical package (SPSS) was also used for some statistical analyses. Significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. The alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase of the selected optimised flour blends were evaluated. Results: Fermentation led to a substantial increase in protein content of cowpea leaves (22.78%) and moringa leaves (23.69%). Reduction in the antinutritional factors such as tannins, saponins, glycosides, and alkaloids was also observed. Increased antioxidant activity, including DPPH scavenging and Fe²⁺ was observed in fermented leaves but not in OFSP. The proximate composition of the sample range is crude protein (13.91–17.00%), crude fibre (7.05–8.56%), and carbohydrate (51.85–65.98%). Samples FBG (88.85% OFSP, 7.50% CL, 3.65% ML) and FB6 (91.2613% OFSP, 7.50% CL, 1.23866% ML) had the highest α-Amylase and α-glucosidase Inhibition, and this positions them as potential blends in the management of diabetes. FRAP values as indicators of reducing power were highest in FBG (4.95), followed by FBA (4.78), FB8 (4.64 mg (Vit. C)/g), and FB6 (4.18 mg (Vit. C)/g), as indicated by the phenolic content of the blends. Chelation ability of Fe²⁺ was strongest in FB8 (52.34%), followed by FBA (49.54%), FB6 (45.41%), and FBG (42.62%). Conclusions: The optimised samples provide nutritional and bioactive-rich samples, which will be potential raw materials as functional foods. The findings revealed the potential of local crops with untapped potential to combat malnutrition, degenerative diseases, secret hunger, and sustainable agriculture through producing high-value-added products.