Dudley Stamp Research Articles

Variation in soil chemistry related to different classes and eras of urbanisation in the London area

Systematic mapping of the chemical environment of urban areas from around the world has demonstrated the strong impact of urbanisation on topsoil geochemical distributions originally controlled by the underlying parent material (PM). The variance of some elements including As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Mo, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn and Zn in urban domains appears to be impacted by a mixture of geogenic and anthropogenic controls. This study evaluates how soil chemistry has been influenced by different eras of urbanisation within London and other UK urban areas using (a) the pre-1940 Dudley Stamp First Land Utilisation Survey data and (b) the modern urban domain principally defined by the aggregate classes of the 2007 Land Cover Map. In the London area, calcium, and possibly a substantial proportion of Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn enrichment observed in soils impacted by pre-1940 urbanisation relative to soils impacted only by post-1940 urbanisation, may be partly related to the destruction of buildings during the period 1940–1941 rather than from the disposal or aerial dispersion of coal ash from domestic fires. Some Pb, Cu, Sb, Sb, Sn and Zn contamination appears to be caused by road traffic (leaded petrol and brake dust). The relationships between pre- and post-1940 urbanised areas in London also characterise most of 20 other urban centres in England and Wales for which BGS holds soil chemistry data.

Reviews of Books

BELFAST IN ITS REGIONAL SETTING. Published for the British Association by the Local Executive Committee, Belfast, 1952. 211 pp. 215.GEOGRAPHY IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL, by E. W. H. Briault and D. W. Shave. Published by the Geographical Association, c/o The Park Branch Library, Duke Street, Sheffield, 1952. Price 2s. post free.AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, by J. H. G. Lebon. Hutchinson, 1952. 190 pages, 7 maps and diagrams. 8/6.PORTS AND HARBOURS, by F. W. Morgan. Hutchinson, 1952. 176 pages, 12 maps and diagrams. 8/6.OUR UNDEVELOPED WORLD, by L. Dudley Stamp. Faber & Faber, London, 1953. 187 pp. 18s.

Michael John Wise CBE MC

Michael John Wise CBE MC

Reflections on Cartography as the British Cartographic Society Celebrates its Golden Jubilee

When John Keates sent out an invitation to as many as he could identify as working in cartography in early 1963, I was in the throes of moving from Cambridge to LSE where there were prospects of a relatively permanent academic post in geography. I had previously given my name to Brigadier Gardiner who had from 1961 been scoping the extent of the cartographic community in the UK. This was initially to establish a basis for the UK’s membership of the International Cartographic Association (ICA) which was being established. I could not spare time to attend the founding meeting of the British Cartographic Society (BCS) in Leicester, but joined as soon as there was a society to join. By then I was certain that I would, if possible, follow an academic career in geography. At that juncture, cartography for me embraced map making and map use, the study of maps over time and their curation. I saw maps as central to the discipline of cartography, as I still do today. The definition of cartography produced by the BCS was essentially accepted by the ICA’s working group on Technical Terms. I was a member of the working group on that subject which was chaired by W. D. C. Wiggins for the Royal Society. Although in 1964 I was unable to participate in the ICA meetings in Edinburgh, I was in contact with several of the founding members of BCS, notably Maling and Willatts. The latter had been a mentor since I was at school. We were related and lived in the same parish, Horton, Buckinghamshire. Thus, I was well aware of the importance of the Land Utilisation Survey (LUS) directed by L. Dudley Stamp. Willatts was the organizing secretary of that survey and its influence on the Geography departments of both LSE and King’s College London, where I spent 3 years as an undergraduate, was immense. Joint teaching arrangements between the two colleges in geography in the interwar period, renewed post-war, offered a huge choice of special courses by experts. Cartography was foremost a practical discipline covering topographic map interpretation, thematic map design often from statistics, but concepts of map design were assumed to exist in the minds of the map makers. Geographers versed in systematic and regional analysis illustrated their research in map form. Their approach to understanding the locality, the region, the country was regarded by Willatts as part and parcel of cartographic training – the aim being to train individuals to produce meaningful maps. Not only had Willatts, as a student, focused his thoughts through sketch maps, but his grasp of how best to portray a phenomenon across geographical space had been tested in the 1930s. This proved sufficiently effective to support his claim to head the maps office set up under Lord Reith in 1941. The Ten Miles to One Inch maps (actually 1 : 625 000) of the Ordnance Survey (OS) published National Atlas were only the first of a series of maps for government, initially for England and Wales, then for its regions. The government Maps Office employed many of those who had been recruited to work on the LUS project at LSE a decade earlier. Several who had joined university geography departments and newer recruits were the core members of the new cartographic organisations of 1963. Thematic maps drawn competently by cartographic illustrators according to the drafts provided by academic map authors became the norm. Their use was limited only by the funds available for block making in journals and books. Black and white hand-drawn linework, later aided by printed patterns on waxed transparent sheets, achieved a very high state of competence in depicting the patterns required by the authors. At times by further exploration of the data, usually manually, cartographers would present authors with patterns which they could make sense of. But sometimes it was thought best to produce the neutral or most objective pattern. In the government Maps Office, ministers or officials raised questions, statistics were plotted by small areas, maps were drafted and discussed. Handling the data manually meant that the cartographers had to manipulate them transparently in the full knowledge of the effect of classification and symbolisation. University geography courses in the 1950s were supported by texts by Debenham, then by Monkhouse and Wilkinson in Britain. The USA had seen the first edition of Elements of Cartography in 1953 supplementing Raisz’s General Cartography updated from a 1938 original edition in 1947. During a 3-year spell in South Africa as a geographer employed to conduct a land use and regional survey of an area the size of Kent (UK), I soon discovered the practicalities of mapping. Working in an inter-disciplinary The Cartographic Journal Vol. 50 No. 2 pp. 105–108 50th Anniversary Special Issue, May 2013 # The British Cartographic Society 2013

Fanny Copeland and the Geographical Imagination

Raised in Scotland, married and divorced in the English south, an adopted Slovene, Fanny Copeland (1872–1970) occupied the intersection of a number of complex spatial and temporal conjunctures. A Slavophile, she played a part in the formation of what subsequently became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that emerged from the First World War. Living in Ljubljana, she facilitated the first ‘foreign visit’ (in 1932) of the newly formed Le Play Society (precursor of the Institute of British Geographers) and guided its studies of Solčava (a then ‘remote’ Alpine valley system) which, led by Dudley Stamp and commended by Halford Mackinder, were subsequently hailed as a model for regional studies elsewhere. Arrested by the Gestapo and interned in Italy during the Second World War, she eventually returned to a socialist Yugoslavia, a celebrated figure. An accomplished musician, linguist, and mountaineer, she became an authority on (and populist for) the Julian Alps and was instrumental in the establishment of the Triglav National Park. Copeland's role as participant observer (and protagonist) enriches our understanding of the particularities of her time and place and illuminates some inter-war relationships within Geography, inside and outside the academy, suggesting their relative autonomy in the production of geographical knowledge.

Extracting digital data from the First Land Utilisation Survey of Great Britain – Methods, issues and potential

The First Land Utilisation Survey of Great Britain (LUSGB), coordinated in the 1930s and 1940s by Professor L. Dudley Stamp, is regarded as one of the most pre-eminent surveys of land utilisation in Britain. This paper considers techniques and methodological challenges in converting the wealth of information within the survey into digital vector format. The first steps of this process involve high resolution scanning of the map types of the LUSGB, followed by georeferencing. Supervised classification image processing techniques are then used in order to create a set of signatures from which, following clean up processes, subsequent vectorisation can take place. The paper then explores the resulting digital data from this semi-automated procedure for consistency in order to assess both the proposed method’s accuracy for digitalisation of historic land change, as well as the respective accuracy of each map type of the original LUSGB. In particular, this paper examines the data produced from the one and ten-inch map series and also examines individual colour layer maps produced as part of the printing process. The paper concludes by reflecting on the potential of the semi-automated approach experimented with as well, as the avenues for future research in this area.

Views and Visions of Land Use in the United Kingdom

As part of a national study aimed at surveying the land use and landscape of the United Kingdom, 1287 surveyors recorded their views and visions of one-kilometre grid squares in which they conducted fieldwork. This study, which took place in 1996, has links to previous national land-use surveys by L. Dudley Stamp (1950) and Alice Coleman (1976, 1977). Of the total sample, 1037 reports are from the observations of school children. Their views relate to six key questions which have been analysed using qualitative research techniques to identify categories of shared responses. Reported in frequency counts, the results highlight a degree of communality in the perceptions of the majority of young people and adults involved. They show their hopes and dreams for a cleaner and varied landscape in the future with more green space, greater provision for well-planned low density housing, and recreation facilities. At the same time their expressed concerns for the management of the environment, housing development, green space provision, recreation and leisure activities indicate a disquiet about the future. This apparent pessimism is most notable in the views for urban locations. For rural locations there is a higher expectation that things will remain more-or-less the same in 20 years time.

Mapping the Modern Nation: Dudley Stamp and the Land Utilisation Survey

Some sixty years ago the first Land Utilisation Survey of Britain was completed.' Co-ordinated by the geographer L. Dudley Stamp between 1930 and 1934 at the LSE, the exercise represents the first comprehensive mapping of land-use in the British Isles.2 Whilst it reflected some of the peculiar aesthetic concerns of the 1930s, the survey's design and use also encapsulated a dominant strain of modernity, landscape aesthetics, planning and reconstruction in the post-war period. It was executed by some two hundred and fifty thousand school children from around ten thousand schools guided by their geography teachers and local education authorities. Each was required to survey their parishes, mapping on Ordnance Survey (OS) six-inch base maps, colouring-in and noting, in standardised codes, the use of each parcel of land. In this project Stamp built upon the tradition of regional survey in Britain and Europe, a tradition which sought to inculcate an early appreciation of natural, vitalistic evolutionary order3 and for him, facilitated an understanding of the functioning unit in a democracy. Survey results were collated in London and transferred to one-inch maps, a format in which they were published for both professional and popular consumption. The Survey formed one of a series of specialist one-inch OS topographical maps which appeared in the inter-war period and guided an

The Land of Britain, 1930-1990: A Comparative Study of Field Mapping and Remote Sensing Techniques

Over fifty years after the Land Utilization Survey, directed by the geographer Dudley Stamp, the first Land Cover Map of Great Britain, derived in digital form from satellite sensor imagery, has been launched. This paper discusses in turn the procedures, logistics and results of the two surveys, and their wider relevance to the recording of landscape changes.

The Geographer and Society

FIFTY YEARS AGO, in 1930, the Royal Geographical Society last organized a series like this one?on that occasion, to celebrate its hundredth year. For the purpose of a searching review of the state of the geographical art, it was in a sense the best of times and the worst of times. The best, because one great founding aim of the Society had been realized: the habitable globe had been explored, and its resources?so far as they could then be known?mapped and charted. The worst, because geography was at that time on the eve of a series of revolutions: revolutions of a fundamental intellectual nature, that were to reverberate through its academic establishment over the succeeding half century, basically affecting its subject matter, its concepts and tech? niques, and its attitudes towards the world that geographers inhabit and try to comprehend. More than any other aspect of geography, those revolutions have affected the human part of it, the part that seeks to understand how people live and work together in geographical space. So in one sense, my task today is impossible: I could not adequately chart, within the space of one hour, the changes that have occurred. And in another sense, it is superfluous: very distinguished recent books by colleagues, appearing over the past couple of years, have more than adequately analysed the evol? ution of human geography. I refer particularly to Michael Chisholm's Human Geography: Evolution or Revolution (Chisholm, 1975) and Ron Johnston's very recent Geography and Geographers (Johnston, 1979). We know where we stand, and how we have got here. The task as I see it tonight is rather different?and interestingly, Ron Johnston's account does not touch on my theme at all. It is to try to show how, in the last halfcentury and in this country, some human geographers have tried better to understand the geography of society in order to contribute to changing it through planning. One of the outstanding traditions of British geography of the past half-century, I want to argue, has been in applied geography, particularly in the relation of geography to the planning process. In telling that tale, 1930 has almost a legendary appropriateness as a starting date; it is almost as if the Society chose its anniversaries for the purpose. For it was in 1930 that Dudley Stamp, then Ernest Cassel Reader in Geography at the London School of Economies, took the first steps to set up his Land Utilisation Survey of Great Britain. He described it to the Society at an afternoon lecture on 16 February 1931 (Stamp, 1931), and later in more detail in his book The Land of Britain: its Use and Misuse (Stamp, 1962). He started in a way that would seem extraordinary to a latterday geographical generation, reared on research councils and research grants. Following the tradition that Sidney Webb had followed when he set up the London School of Economies and Political Science (LSE) in 1894, he went out and begged for money. He did so with the magical success that followed him all his professional life. In less than a decade the survey was substantially complete, the result of an amazing

Africa: the geography of a changing continent by J. M. Pritchard New York, Africana Publishing Corporation, 1971. Pp. vii + 248. $6.50. - Africa: a study in tropical development by L. Dudley Stamp and W. T. W. Morgan New York, London, John Wiley, 3rd edn. 1972. Pp. xi+ 520. $14.95.

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Recent Publications

Book Reviewed in this article: GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. Man, Space, and Environment: Concepts in Contemporary Human Geography. Paul Ward English and Robert C. Mayfield (eds.). REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY. People and Land in Africa: South of the Sahara, Readings in Social Geography. R. Mansell Prothero(ed.). The British Isles. L. Dudley Stamp and Stanleyh. Beaver. New Guinea: The Territory and Its People. D. A. M. Lea and P. G. Irwin Melanesia: A Geographical Interpretation of an Island World. H. C. Brookfield with Doreenhart Hart Mongolia: A Profile. Victor P. Petrov PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. The Study of Landforms. R. J. Small. Recent History of an Ethiopian Delta: The Orno River and the Level of Lake Rudolf. Karl W. Butzer. Founddtions of Climatology: An Introduction to Physical, Dynamic, Synoptic, and Geographical Climatology. E. T. Stringer. Techniques of Climatology. E. T. Stringer. Concepts in Climatology. P. R. Crowe. MAN AND ENVIRONMENT. Atmospheric Pollution. Wilfrid Bach. The Blue Whale. George l. Small. Environmental Geology, Conservation, Land-Use Planning, and Resource Management. P. T. Flawn. Man's Impact on the Global Environment. Man's Impact on Environment. Thomas R. Detwyler. The Hazardousness of a Place: A Regional Ecology of Damaging Events. Kenneth Hewitt and Ian Burton WATER SUPPLY. Interbasin Transfers of Water: Economic Issues and Impacts. Charlesw. Howe and K. William Easter. Renovated Waste Water: An Alternative Source of Municipal Water Supply in the United States. James F. Johnson. POPULATION. The World's Population; Problems of Growth. Quentin H. Stanford(ed.). Philippine Migration: The Settlement of the Digos-Padada Valley, Davao Province. Paul D. Simkins and Frederick L. Wernstedt. ATLASES. The Times Atlas of the World. Houghton Mifflin

Land Use and Resources: Studies in Applied Geography. A Memorial Volume to Sir Dudley Stamp

Land Use and Resources: Studies in Applied Geography. A Memorial Volume to Sir Dudley Stamp

Reviews

BACK OF BOURKE: A STUDY OF LAND APPRAISAL AND SETTLEMENT IN SEMI‐ARID AUSTRALIA, by R. L. Heathcote, 9½> by 6½> inches, xiv and 244 pages, 24 figures, 17 tables. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1965. $6.50. WATER AND THE WORLD, by A. D. Tweedie, 7 by 4? inches, x and 236 pages, maps, diagrams, photos, index. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Ltd., Melbourne, 1966. Paperback, $1.35. FRONTIERS AND MEN, A Volume In Memory of Griffith Taylor (1880–1963), edited by John Andrews, 8¾> by 5½> inches, 186 pages, maps, frontispiece photo. F. W. Cheshire, Melbourne, 1966. $5.75. ADELAIDE, by Michael Williams. 8½> by 6 inches, 40 pages, maps, photos. Longmans Australian Geographies No. 26, Longmans, Melbourne, 1966. 65c. LET ME ENJOY, Essays Partly Geographical, by O. H. K. Spate. 8¾> by 5¾> inches, xii and 303 pages. The Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1965. $5.00. L'HOMME DANS LE PACIFIQUE SUD, by François Doumenge. 9¾> by 8 inches, xxviii and 633 pages, maps, diagrams, photos, index. Publications de la Société des Océanistes, No. 19, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, 1966. 99 francs ($22.70). JAPAN, by R. W. C. Krippner. 8½> by 6 inches, 40 pages, maps, photos. Longmans Australian Geographies No. 25, Longmans, Melbourne, 1966. 65c. A DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS, by T. F. Kennedy. 9¼ by 7¼ inches, 64 pages, maps, text, index. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Wellington, 1966. Limp $1.40, cased $2.50. MONSOON ASIA, by H. Robinson. 9 by 5¾> inches, xv and 559 pages, maps, photographs, tables, bibliography, index. New Certificate Geography Scries, Advanced Level, Macdonald and Evans, London, 1966. 27/6 stg. ANTARCTIC SOILS AND SOIL FORMING PROCESSES, edited by J. C. F. Tedrow. 10 by 8 inches, 177 pages, maps, diagrams, photos. (Antarctic Research Series Vol. 8), American Geophysical Union, Washington, 1966. AFRICA, by Alan B. Mountjoy and Clifford Em‐bleton. 8½> by 5½> inches, 688 pages, maps, diagrams, plates, index. Hutchinson Educational Ltd., London, 1965. $5.15. AN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF EAST AFRICA, by A. M. O'Connor. 8¾> by 5½> inches, ix and 292 pages, maps, diagrams, index. G. Bell and Sons, London, 1966. $6.30. LATIN AMERICA, by H. Blakemore, and THE ARABS, by E. C. Hodgkin, each 7 by 4¾> inches, 128 pages, photos, maps, index. ‘The Modern World’ Series, paper bound, Oxford University Press, London, 1966. $1.30. LATIN AMERICA, by Irmgard Pohl and Josef Zepp, edited by Kempton E. Webb. 8¾> by 5¾> inches, ix and 315 pages, maps, diagrams, photos, index. John Murray, London, 1966. 30/‐ stg. THE MINING INDUSTRY OF THE NORTE CHICO, CHILE, by Leland R. Pederson. 9 by 6 inches, xi and 305 pages, maps, diagrams. Northwestern University Studies in Geography No. 11, Department of Geography, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1966. US$3.75. AN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF KARST WATER, by A. F. Pitty. 8½> by 5½> inches, viii and 70 pages, maps, diagrams. Occasional Papers in Geography No. 5, University of Hull, 1966. 3/6 stg. ARID LANDS, edited by E. S. Hills. 9½> by 6¼>‐inches, xviii and 461 pages, maps, diagrams, photos, index. Methuen, London, 1966. 75/‐stg. THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RETAIL NUCLEATIONS, by Barry J. Garner. 9 by 6 inches, xviii and 208 pages, maps, diagrams. Northwestern Studies in Geography No. 12, Department of Geography, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1966. US$3.75. LONGMANS DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY, edited by Sir Dudley Stamp. 10 by 6½> inches, xv and 492 pages. Longmans, Green, London, 1966. 65/‐ stg. ATLAS OF LANDFORMS, by James L. Scovel, Emmett J. O'Brien, J. C. McCormack and R. B. Chapman. 14½> by 12½> inches, 164 pages, maps, photos, index. Dept. of Earth, Space and Graphic Sciences, U.S. Military Academy, West Point. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1965. $9.95. GEOGRAPHY AS HUMAN ECOLOGY: METHODOLOGY BY EXAMPLE, edited by S. R. Eyre and G. R. J. Jones. 9 by 6 inches, xii and 308 pages, maps, diagrams, photos. Edward Arnold, London 1966. 45/‐ stg. GODS, GHOSTS AND MEN IN MELANESIA, edited by P. Lawrence and M. J. Meggitt. 8¾> by 5¾> inches, 298 pages, index. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1965. $7.50. NEW VIEWPOINTS IN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, by J. Rutherford, M. I. Logan and G. J. Missen. 9¾> by 6¼ inches, xiii and 466 pages, maps, diagrams, photos, index. Martin‐dale Press, Sydney, 1966.

Land Use in Sudan. By J. H. G. Lebon. (Monograph No. 4 of the World Land Use Survey, edited by SirL. Dudley Stamp.) Geographical Publications Ltd. Bude; 1965. Pp. xiii–191, 39 maps and diagrams, 38 plates. 50s.

Land Use in Sudan. By J. H. G. Lebon. (Monograph No. 4 of the World Land Use Survey, edited by SirL. Dudley Stamp.) Geographical Publications Ltd. Bude; 1965. Pp. xiii–191, 39 maps and diagrams, 38 plates. 50s. - Volume 37 Issue 2

ASIA. By L. Dudley Stamp, 12th Edition

ASIA. By L. Dudley Stamp, 12th Edition

Africa: A Study in Tropical Development. By L. Dudley Stamp. London: John Wiley, 2nd edition, 1964. Pp. x, 534, ill., maps. 79s.

Africa: A Study in Tropical Development. By L. Dudley Stamp. London: John Wiley, 2nd edition, 1964. Pp. x, 534, ill., maps. 79<i>s</i>.

Reviews

THE ATLAS OF BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, 15 by 20 inches, xii and 200 pages, with about 22 pages of gazeteer, and 14 half‐pages of “fold‐out” notes on sources, etc., including a key to the geological pages. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1963. £26/5/‐ Sterling. JOURNAL OF AN OVERLAND EXPEDITION IN AUSTRALIA from Moreton Bay to Port Essington ... during the years 1844–1845. London, T &/W. Boone, 1847. 8¼ by 5¼ inches; xx and 544 pages, illustr., together with DETAILED MAP OF DR. LEICHHARDTS ROUTE IN AUSTRALIA from Moreton Bay to Port Essington. London, John Arrowsmith, 1847, 3 sheets, 32 by 26 inches. Australiana Facsimile Editions No. 16 Adelaide, Libraries Board of South Australia, 1964. 1 vol. and portfolio of same format. £3/10/0. ENTDECKUNGEN AUF VIER KONTINENTEN Berichte deutscher Forschungsreisenden. Ausgewählt und eingeleitet von Herbert Scurla. Berlin, Verlag der Nation, 3 Auflage, 1963. 6 by 8 inches approx., 638 pp., maps, illustr. 12.60DM. THE EARTH SCIENCES, by A. N. Strahler, 10½ by 7½ inches, xii and 629 pages, maps, tables, photographs, figures, appendices. Harper and Row Inc., New York, Evanston and London, 1963. $9.98. CHISHOLM'S HANDBOOK OF COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY, by L. Dudley Stamp and S. Carter Gilmour, 8 5/8 by 5 3/8 ins., xiii and 915 pages, maps, tables, appendix, index. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 17th edition, London, 1963. 127/– (Aust.). THE REGIONS OF AUSTRALIA, by Alan D. Tweedie and Kenneth W. Robinson, 8½ by 5½ inches, xii and 228 pages, maps, tables, figures, photographs. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., Croydon, 1963. A30/–. AFRICA, by D. A. Sherriff, 10 by 7½ inches; 96 pages, maps, illustrations, and index. Oxford Visual Geographies, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, London, 1963. A31/–. REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF ANGLO AMERICA, by C. L. White, E. J. Foscue, T. L. McKnight, 7 by 10 inches, xvii and 524 pages, maps, figures, index. Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, New Jersey, 1963, $8.95. GEOLOGY FOR GEOGRAPHERS, by R. Kay Gresswell, 8½ by 5½ inches, 202 pages inc. prelims, 80 plates, 68 figures, 7 tables, index, Hulton Educational Publications, London, 1963. A19/9. VEGETATION AND SOILS: A WORLD PICTURE, by S. R. Eyre, 91/4 by 6 inches, xvi and 324 pages, 32 plates, 30 figures, 3 appendices, place and plant name indexes. Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1963. 36/– Sterling. THE ECONOMIC PATTERN OF MODERN GERMANY, by Norman J. G. Pounds, 133 pages, maps, plates, index. John Murray, London, 1963. 18/– sterling. SOUTHEAST CEYLON: TRENDS AND PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT, by Rudolph Wikkramatileke, 9 by 6 ins., xii and 163 pages, 22 maps, 33 photographs, 27 tables, bibliography, no index. University of Chicago, Department of Geography, Research Paper No. 83, 1963.

Book Reviews : Some Aspects of Medical Geography, by L. Dudley Stamp, C.B.E., D.SC., D.LIT., LL.D., EKON.D., D.SC.NAT. University of London Heath Clark Lectures 1962. 107 pp. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. London, 1964. £1 1s. 0d. [GA/19

Book Reviews : Some Aspects of Medical Geography, by L. Dudley Stamp, C.B.E., D.SC., D.LIT., LL.D., EKON.D., D.SC.NAT. University of London Heath Clark Lectures 1962. 107 pp. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. London, 1964. £1 1s. 0d. [GA/19

Law, History and Land Use

The Common Lands of England and Wales By Dr. W. G. Hoskins and Prof. L. Dudley Stamp. (The New Naturalist: a Survey of British Natural History.) Pp. xvii + 366 + 28 plates. (London: William Collins, Sons and Co., Ltd., 1963.) 42s. net.