Dual Processing Research Articles

The role of working memory and visual processing in prototype category learning

To investigate whetherworking memory and visual processing havethe same role or differentrolesin A/B and A/not A prototype category learning,the present study adoptedan A/Bor A/not A category learningtask in control and dual conditions. The results of Experiment 1 showed that an additional dual visual working memory taskrather thanadualverbal working memory task reduced accuracy of the A/B task, whereasnodual tasksinfluencedaccuracy of the A/not A task. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that an additionaldual visual processing task impairedaccuracy of the A/B task, whereas the dual visual processing task did not influence accuracy of the A/not Atask. These results indicate that visual working memory and visual processing play different roles in A/B and A/not A prototype category learning, andsupport that thesetwo types of prototype category learning are mediated by differentmemory systems.

How crowdfunders are influenced by entrepreneurial passion A dual information processing perspective

We incorporate Entrepreneurial Passion into a dual theory of information processing and theorize that passion can be used as information in analytical thinking, and as an heuristic, in intuitive thinking. This conceptual framework leads us to predict that passion is associated to more positive judgments, but also at identifying moderating factors that predict when passion is less likely to do so. We test the role of two factors in the context of crowdfunding. The correlational evidence is consistent with predictions that passion is less influential if displayed in combination with low preparedness, i.e. in conditions of incoherence/disfluency, and when the judgment is important for the decision maker. This conceptual framework reconciles some of the contradictory findings of prior evidence and improves the predictive power of the Entrepreneurial Passion theory. The results also suggest that affective cues have the power to influence decisions in contexts, such as crowdfunding, characterized by large numbers of non-professional investors.

Examining the Relationship Between Exercise-Related Cognitive Errors, Exercise Schema, and Implicit Associations.

To better understand exercise-related cognitive errors (ECEs) from a dual processing perspective, the purpose of this study was to examine their relationship to two automatic exercise processes. It was hypothesized that ECEs would account for more variance than automatic processes in predicting intentions, that ECEs would interact with automatic processes to predict intentions, and that exercise schema would distinguish between different levels of ECEs. Adults (N = 136, Mage = 29 years, 42.6% women) completed a cross-sectional study and responded to three survey measures (ECEs, exercise self-schema, and exercise intentions) and two computerized implicit tasks (the approach/avoid task and single-category Implicit Association Test). ECEs were not correlated with the two implicit measures; however, ECEs moderated the relationship between approach tendency toward exercise stimuli and exercise intentions. Exercise self-schema were differentiated by ECE level. This study expands our knowledge of ECEs by examining their relationship to different automatic and reflective processes.

Mitochondria-targeted nanotheranostic: Harnessing single-laser-activated dual phototherapeutic processing for hypoxic tumor treatment

<h2>Summary</h2> Realizing maximum tumor suppression along with preventing tumor regrowth by optimizing the photon usage in phototherapy remains a major challenge. Herein, a mitochondria-targeted phototheranostic nanoformulation (<b>MsPDTT NPs</b>) was prepared from a molecular theranostic encapsulated into phospholipids. Notably, under single 690 nm laser excitation, <b>MsPDTT NPs</b> can perform dual-mode photoacoustic and near-infrared fluorescence imaging and potent photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) because of efficient excited-state deactivation pathways (through radiative and energy transfer to generate reactive oxygen species and non-radiative relaxation). The reference <b>RsPDTT NPs</b> lacking the mitochondria-targeting feature exhibit only the PTT property. Based on biological results, the <b>MsPDTT NP</b> therapeutic response can be switched to PDT and PTT under normoxic and hypoxic environments and maximize the overall efficacy of phototherapies without any noticeable side effects. The current findings suggest the potential of using simultaneous PDT/PTT with proper photon utilization as a promising theranostic approach for hypoxic tumor photoablation.

Thinking fast and slow in the evaluation of injury plausibility in child protection

In evaluating injury in children, child protection paediatricians are tasked with determining whether the history given by parents or caregivers is valid with respect to explaining injury causation. This presentation summarises metacognition and in particular the dual processing theory of ‘‘fast and slow thinking” to explain how complex information in contexts of uncertainty is processed to produce decisions and responses, applied to a child protection context. An example is used that resembles abusive head trauma which focuses on understanding the difference between likelihood and plausibility in forensic interpretations of injury causation.

Early childhood teachers' mathematics-specific professional competence and its relation to the quality of learning support

Teacher expertise research uses different approaches, among them competence models. The model of mathematics-specific professional competence in this study differentiates action-related and reflective competence, which pertain to different types of professional demands according to dual processing theories and should positively impact teaching quality. The cross-sectional study with early childhood teachers investigates the structure of teacher competence and its relations to the quality of learning support in line with the notion of adaptive teaching when playing board games. The findings support a differentiation of competences according to the model (structural validity evidence). Expected relations between competences and the quality of the learning support are partially supported (predictive validity evidence). The study hence adds to research on teacher expertise by developing a specific understanding of competence in line with existing theories. Affordances of using competence models, as well as difficulties and open questions with relation to the emerging approach are discussed.

Employee engagement in brand value co-creation: An empirical study of Vietnamese boutique hotels

Although employee engagement is essential to hotel performance, few studies have identified context-specific manifestations of employee engagement in the boutique hotel business. Drawing on the service-dominant logic and dual processing theory, this study investigated the experiential and rational factors driving employee engagement in hotel brand value co-creation. Data collected from 570 employees working in boutique hotels in Vietnam showed that under the influence of organizational tenure, internal brand communication and external social media brand communication facilitate the employee perceived service climate, which, in turn, triggers employee engagement in brand value co-creation. The study provides beneficial implications for employee management in boutique hotels.

Inhibitory control in prospective memory: An event related potential comparison of task-switch and dual task processing

This study cross-validates reported changes in behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) correlates of prospective memory (PM) inhibitory control performance applying different PM response selection demands (Bisiacchi et al., 2009). Participants were randomly assigned to a control group condition with no PM requirement, or to either inhibit ongoing task processing to respond to PM task cues (task-switch; TS) or provide an ongoing task response prior to providing a PM button press (dual-task; DT). The behavioural data indicated that ongoing task reaction time (RT) performance was similar in the DT, TS, and control group conditions. PM cue detection mechanisms reflected by the N300 did not differ between PM tasks. However, early occurring (400–700 ms) PM late parietal complex (LPC) amplitudes recorded over anterior electrode sites were larger in the TS compared to the DT-PM condition, and this difference persisted during the 700–1000 ms epoch. Thus, ERP correlates of PM task-set remapping were significantly altered via the induction of different PM response production rules retrieved from retrospective memory (RM). The enhancement of anteriorly distributed TS LPC amplitudes between 400 and 700 ms led to the suggestion that increased inhibition in this group condition was accompanied by heightened frontally mediated neural activations that support prepotent ongoing task response inhibition processing.

Exploring community pharmacists' clinical decision-making using think aloud and protocol analysis.

Clinical decision-making (CDM) is the dynamic process used to gather, interpret and evaluate data to select an evidence-based choice of action. As the role of the pharmacist becomes more patient-focused, effective CDM skills are increasingly vital to achieve patient outcomes centred on quality, safety and efficacy. To examine how community pharmacists reason through a clinical problem and what factors assist or hinder decision-making. Fifteen New Zealand registered community pharmacists in central Auckland were presented with a bacterial conjunctivitis case. Think Aloud and protocol analysis were employed to examine pharmacists' cognitive processes when working through the case. Factors that affect CDM were explored through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Pharmacists used pattern recognition and analytical reasoning to diagnose and recommend treatment. Three main factors affecting CDM were: 1. community pharmacy environment, where pharmacy size and layout prevented patient privacy; 2. clinical knowledge, which was outdated and limited by poor access to up-to-date resources; and 3. patient factors, where CDM was affected by time, patient's attitudes, and language barriers. When uncertain, pharmacists typically referred patients to their GP to ensure patient safety and believed offering treatment was not within their scope of practice. Pharmacists used dual processing when encountering a familiar case. Further research is required to explore how pharmacists apply CDM when exposed to less familiar, more complex cases presenting greater ambiguity. Barriers in community pharmacy deter effective CDM skills and could inhibit community pharmacists from fulfilling their expanding role within the modern healthcare system.

Dual pathways to bias: Evaluators' ideology and ressentiment independently predict racial discrimination in hiring contexts.

Despite organizations' professed commitment to fairness, thousands of employees file race-based discrimination claims every year. The current article examines how people deviate from impartiality when evaluating candidates in hiring decisions. Researchers have argued the ideological endorsement of elitism (i.e., scoring high in social dominance orientation) can lead to discrimination against racial minorities. We examined whether an opposing ideological commitment-egalitarianism-can also produce partiality, but in favor of minority applicants. Inspired by dual processing models and Nietzsche's philosophical theorizing, we also forwarded and tested a novel, affective predictor of racial biases in evaluation: ressentiment toward the socially powerful. Across 4 studies, we found evaluators' ideologies and ressentiment independently shaped evaluations of equally qualified candidates in hiring contexts. Participants who endorsed elitism showed a preference for White candidates, whereas those who endorsed egalitarianism evaluated Black candidates more favorably. Individuals who experienced stronger ressentiment toward the social elite also preferred Black over White applicants. Studies 3 and 4 tested and supported a novel intervention-inducing a calculative mindset-as a method for attenuating evaluators' ideological and ressentiment driven impartiality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Dual Laser Beam Processing of Semiconducting Thin Films by Excited State Absorption.

We present a unique dual laser beam processing approach based on excited state absorption by structuring 200 nm thin zinc oxide films sputtered on fused silica substrates. The combination of two pulsed nanosecond-laser beams with different photon energies—one below and one above the zinc oxide band gap energy—allows for a precise, efficient, and homogeneous ablation of the films without substrate damage. Based on structuring experiments in dependence on laser wavelength, pulse fluence, and pulse delay of both laser beams, a detailed concept of energy transfer and excitation processes during irradiation was developed. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the thermal and electronic processes during ablation. To quantify the efficiency improvements of the dual-beam process compared to single-beam ablation, a simple efficiency model was developed.

Electrocatalysis for Chemical and Fuel Production: Investigating Climate Change Mitigation Potential and Economic Feasibility.

The manufacture of goods from oil, coal, or gas to everyday consumer products comprises in more or less all cases at least one catalytic step. Compared to conventional hydrothermal catalysis, electrocatalysis possesses the advantage of mild operational conditions and high selectivity, yet the potential energy savings and climate change mitigation have rarely been assessed. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the electrocatalytic oxidation of crude glycerol to produce lactic acid, one of the most common platform chemicals. The LCA results demonstrated a 31% reduction in global warming potential (GWP) compared to the benchmark (bio- and chemocatalytic) processes. Additionally, electrocatalysis yielded a synergetic potential to mitigate climate change depending on the scenario. For example, electrocatalysis combined with a low-carbon-intensity grid can reduce GWP by 57% if the process yields lactic acid and lignocellulosic biofuel as compared to a conventional fossil-based system with functionally equivalent products. This illustrates the potential of electrocatalysis as an important contributor to climate change mitigation across multiple industries. A technoeconomic analysis (TEA) for electrocatalytic lactic acid production indicated considerable challenges in economic feasibility due to the significant upfront capital cost. This challenge could be largely addressed by enabling dual redox processing to produce separate streams of renewable chemicals and biofuels simultaneously.

Reflections on Study Strategy Modifications Using Cognitive Load Theory and Dual Processing Theory in the First Year ofMedical School.

Navigating the beginning of medical school can be challenging for students. The new learning environment and the increased volume and complexity of information presented within a short period of time demand more efficient and effective study strategies. We describe the experience and perspective of a first-year medical student, as well as the adjustment of study strategies based on the application of cognitive load theory and dual processing theory. We provide practical approaches that promote intentional and individualized studying planning and better knowledge retention, which may also improve the wellbeing of the new medical students.

Signal configurations: Exploring set-theoretic relationships in angel investing

Anchored in signaling theory, we use a configurational approach to examine how new ventures credibly communicate their underlying firm quality, using a unique dataset of 117 new ventures that sought investment from a prominent angel group located in the Northeastern United States. Unlike existing research, which employs econometric models to reflect one best solution, we use crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (cs/QCA) to understand signal configurations during the angel investment decision-making process. Our findings suggest that there are multiple paths to our three outcomes, passed small group screening, passed large group presentation, and passed due diligence/invested, validating notions of equifinality. Signals are complementary and configurations differ by industry sector. We also find that effective signal configurations differ by stage of investment, thereby offering evidence of cognitive dual processing on the part of the angel investors. We contribute to the literature on signaling by linking our findings to recent work on signal interactions and by highlighting the configurational and temporal aspects of signaling in the angel investment context. Implications are discussed.

Rise of 'Lonely' Consumers in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A Synthesised Review on Psychological, Commercial and Social Implications.

Loneliness is a pervasive problem recognised as a serious social issue, and the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated loneliness to greater prominence and concern. We expect a rise of a massive group of ‘lonely’ consumers who are deeply entrenched in the social isolation caused by COVID-19. There is an urgent need to revisit the phenomenon of lonely consumers to better prepare academic researchers, public policy makers and commercial managers in the post-COVID-19 era. Thus, this study conducts a synthesised review on past studies of lonely consumers. Based on an inductive analysis of 56 articles, 74 key themes are identified. These key themes are further categorised into five major clusters by way of a co-occurrence network analysis. Respectively, the five clusters address the psychological implications related to the dynamics between nonhuman attachment and consumers’ loneliness, the commercial implications related to the paradoxical motivations of affiliation and self-affirmation in product selection and the dual information processing mechanism in response to advertisement appeals, and the social implications related to consumers’ well-being in an ageing society and the anthropomorphic companionship in a virtual world. A list of research questions is proposed that concludes the review study.

How online advertising competes with user-generated content in TripAdvisor. A neuroscientific approach

Drawing on cognitive load theory, congruence research, and dual processing models, the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of online advertising in social media. To this end, three separate studies were conducted. First, using eye-tracking and electroencephalography, we examine the differences, based on whether or not an ad is embedded, in subjects’ visual attention and engagement in a TripAdvisor webpage. Our findings showed that synergies between social media content and advertising content positively affect users’ visual attention. A second study, using an online survey, assessed the impact of congruent/incongruent ads on ad recall. A third study, using eye-tracking, assessed the impact of congruent/incongruent ads on visual attention. Our findings suggest that consumers exposed to online ads for very limited time periods rely on less effortful, more heuristic, context-based processing strategies. Congruent ad-media contexts can act as peripheral cues, activating knowledge structures and facilitating message processing.

Behavioral modification decreases approach bias in young adults with internet gaming disorder

BackgroundOne of the key symptoms of Internet gaming disorder is the impulsive pursuit of Internet games, which causes individuals with this disorder to have a tendency to approach gaming cues. Dual processing theory states that this approach bias is caused by the suppression of reflective processing and the hyperactivity of impulsive processing. Therefore, reverse modification training for approach bias can suppress impulsive processing, thereby reducing or treating the disorder. MethodIn this study, 48 individuals with Internet gaming disorder were selected and randomly assigned to the following two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The 24 participants in the experimental group received a 4-day stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) approach bias modification treatment, whereas the 24 participants in the control group received a corresponding SRC pseudomodification training. ResultsThe approach response time of both groups to the gaming cues was significantly shorter than that to the neutral cues at baseline. After the modification, the response time of the experimental group to the gaming cues significantly increased, whereas the scores for Internet gaming disorder severity, anxiety level and craving significantly decreased. However, the control group subjects did not show these effects. ConclusionThe current results imply that individuals with Internet gaming disorder show approach bias toward Internet gaming cues, and SRC reverse modification training can significantly correct this bias and therefore have therapeutic effects to some extent.

The Morra Game as a Naturalistic Test Bed for Investigating Automatic and Voluntary Processes in Random Sequence Generation.

Morra is a 3,000-years-old hand game of prediction and numbers. The two players reveal their hand simultaneously, presenting a number of fingers between 1 and 5, while calling out a number between 2 and 10. Any player who successfully guesses the summation of fingers revealed by both players scores a point. While the game is extremely fast-paced, making it very difficult for players to achieve a conscious control of their game strategies, expert players regularly outperform non-experts, possibly with strategies residing out of conscious control. In this study, we used Morra as a naturalistic setting to investigate the necessity of attentive control in generation of sequence of items and the ability to proceduralize random number generation, which are both a crucial defensive strategy in Morra and a well-known empirical procedure to test the central executive capacity within the working memory model. We recorded the sequence of numbers generated by expert players in a Morra tournament in Sardinia (Italy) and by undergraduate students enrolled in a course-based research experience (CRE) course at Lawrence Technological University in the United States. Number sequences generated by non-expert and expert players both while playing Morra and in a random number generation task (RNGT) were compared in terms of randomness scores. Results indicate that expert players of Morra largely outperformed non-experts in the randomness scores only within Morra games, whereas in RNGT the two groups were very similar. Importantly, survey data acquired after the games indicate that expert players have very poor conscious recall of their number generation strategies used during the Morra game. Our results indicate that the ability of generating random sequences can be proceduralized and do not necessarily require attentive control. Results are discussed in the framework of the dual processing theory and its automatic-parallel-fast vs. controlled-sequential-slow polarities.

Modeling attitude ambivalence and behavioral outcomes from hotel reviews

PurposeThis study aims to offer a conceptual framework that elaborates on how tourists’ perception of contradictory features in reviews’ factuality and comprehension – within a single hotel review and across multiple hotel reviews – trigger attitude ambivalence and psychological discomfort, which determine their behaviors – choice deferral and hotel booking intentions. It also investigates the moderating role of anticipated conflicting reactions (ACRs) through contradictory features on consumers’ attitude ambivalence.Design/methodology/approachUsing a Chinese setting, researchers collected data from 524 inbound tourists who were the consumers of hotels in Beijing. The study used IBM Amos 23.0 to test measurement and structural models for the proposed relationships. It also used PROCESS macro 3.4 for the moderation analysis.FindingsThe findings reveal a positive association between contradictory features in reviews and the resulting ambivalence that affects consumers’ discomfort and leads to the decision to defer the choice of hotel. Conversely, consumers’ discomfort has a positive impact on the hotel booking intentions. ACRs have positive moderating effects on the associations between contradictory features and consumers’ attitude ambivalence.Originality/valueBy investigating the contradictory features in hotel reviews, this study extends the body of research on dual information processing (i.e. the heuristic–systematic model) and the literature on service management, psychological behaviors, travel intermediaries and hotel firms. Future research directions are recommended for tourism and hospitality researchers.

A dual foveal-peripheral visual processing model implements efficient saccade selection.

We develop a visuomotor model that implements visual search as a focal accuracy-seeking policy, with the target's position and category drawn independently from a common generative process. Consistently with the anatomical separation between the ventral versus dorsal pathways, the model is composed of two pathways that respectively infer what to see and where to look. The “What” network is a classical deep learning classifier that only processes a small region around the center of fixation, providing a “foveal” accuracy. In contrast, the “Where” network processes the full visual field in a biomimetic fashion, using a log-polar retinotopic encoding, which is preserved up to the action selection level. In our model, the foveal accuracy is used as a monitoring signal to train the “Where” network, much like in the “actor/critic” framework. After training, the “Where” network provides an “accuracy map” that serves to guide the eye toward peripheral objects. Finally, the comparison of both networks’ accuracies amounts to either selecting a saccade or keeping the eye focused at the center to identify the target. We test this setup on a simple task of finding a digit in a large, cluttered image. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, increasing by one order of magnitude the radius of the visual field toward which the agent can detect and recognize a target, either through a single saccade or with multiple ones. Importantly, our log-polar treatment of the visual information exploits the strong compression rate performed at the sensory level, providing ways to implement visual search in a sublinear fashion, in contrast with mainstream computer vision.