TiO 2 nanotube electrodes are commonly used in photoelectrocatalytic applications; however, their poor conductivity limits their electrochemical potential. In this work, we have prepared self-doped TiO 2 nanotube electrodes by electrochemical anodization followed by electrochemical cathodic polarization. Electrochemically self-doped TiO 2 nanotube (SD-TNT) electrodes were prepared by cathodic polarization and subsequently decorated with Pt nanoparticles (3.3 ± 0.6 nm) via impregnation and electrochemical reduction. SD-TNT supports a complete Pt voltammetric profile and enables ethanol electro-oxidation in the dark. In contrast, Pt-decorated pristine nanotubes (Pt/TNT) exhibit only hydrogen adsorption/desorption features and no anodic currents in acidic media. Under simulated solar irradiation, pristine TNT exhibits the highest photocurrents and product formation. At the same time, both self-doping and Pt decoration decrease the photocurrent density, highlighting a trade-off between enhanced dark conductivity and increased recombination in highly defective TiO 2 . Nevertheless, Pt/SD-TNT electrodes combine dark electrocatalytic activity with photoresponse, operating in a dual mode that is relevant for devices under intermittent illumination. These results clarify the distinct roles of self-doping and Pt decoration on TiO 2 nanotube electrodes, highlighting a trade-off between maximizing photocurrent and enabling Pt-based electrocatalysis on a normally rectifying semiconductor support. • ~3 nm Pt nanoparticles deposited on TiO 2 nanotubes (TNT) by adsorption/reduction. • On undoped TiO 2 , Pt voltammetry is limited to the cathodic region in acid. • Self-doping activates TiO 2 nanotubes for dark Pt-catalyzed ethanol oxidation. • Pt and self-doping (SD) lower TiO 2 photocurrent, revealing a conductivity trade-off. • Pt/SD-TNT electrodes work in dual mode: dark and photoassisted ethanol oxidation.

A novel fluorescent AuAg nanoparticles taking lemon yellow as template and their dual signal detection mode for free chlorine

Coupling between dual resonance modes of plasmonic nanorod arrays and emission of R6G in plasmon resonance energy transfer

ABSTRACT：In this study, we report a planar-integrated memristor fabricated with a CMOScompatible HfO₂/Al₂O₃ bilayer, in which voltage-controlled redistribution of oxygen vacancies at the HfO₂/Al₂O₃ interface enables reversible switching between analog and digital resistive states within a single device. Comprehensive surface and interface analyses-including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) profiling, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and temperaturedependent electrical transport-reveal that low-voltage operation (<1 V) induces gradual modulation of interfacial oxygen vacancy concentration, leading to continuous conductance tuning characteristic of analog switching. In contrast, high-voltage pulses (>2 V) trigger abrupt filamentary conduction via field-driven aggregation of oxygen vacancies, resulting in binary resistive behavior. The dual-mode functionality is directly correlated with the electric-fieldmediated evolution of interfacial defect profiles and energy barriers, as supported by conduction mechanism modeling (e.g., Poole-Frenkel emission and space-charge-limited conduction).Experimental validation through simulated array configurations empirically validates the device's capacity for achieving robust compatibility with diverse neural network architectures through its multi-model operational capabilities. This functional versatility demonstrates critical crossplatform adaptability essential for neuromorphic computing implementations. This dynamically mode-switchable device between dual resistance switching modes offers a scalable solution for energy-efficient reconfigurable neuromorphic systems, demonstrating promising potential in next-generation intelligent sensing-computing co-architectures.

Abstract Upon interaction between light and matter, particularly in solid-state materials, elementary excitations can be classified into collective and individual excitations. In this theoretical study, we investigate the interaction between a linear atomic chain and a linearly polarized laser field. Our findings reveal that both plasmon resonance, a form of collective excitation, and high harmonic generation, which arises from individual excitation, can occur simultaneously. The signals from these excitations exhibit different dependencies on the parameters of the atomic chain and the laser pulse. By adjusting factors such as pulse width, the relative intensities of these excitations can be controlled. The ability to observe and manipulate this dual excitation mode in a solid-state system lays the groundwork for further research into laser-matter interactions.

In this study, novel derivatives based on the 3-methoxypropanamide core were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. These compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum antiseizure activity, with (R)-46 emerging as the lead candidate. Following intraperitoneal administration, (R)-46 showed ED50 values of 35.6 mg/kg (MES), 8.4 mg/kg (6 Hz, 32 mA), and 19.1 mg/kg (6 Hz, 44 mA), significantly elevating seizure thresholds in multiple models without affecting grip strength. Chronic treatment suppressed seizure progression in the PTZ kindling model, with minimal impact on hippocampal inflammatory markers or amino acids profile. Importantly, (R)-46 exhibited antinociceptive effects in formalin-, capsaicin-, oxaliplatin- and streptozotocin-induced pain models. Pharmacokinetic and in vitro ADME-Tox studies indicated favorable drug-like properties. Mechanistic studies suggest dual mode of action, including 5-HT2C receptor agonism and inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels. These results support further preclinical development of (R)-46 as a promising candidate for treating epilepsy and pain-related disorders.

Microfluidic technology， an emerging micro-nano technology， facilitates the precise manipulation of trace liquids via diverse microstructures. It is distinguished by its miniaturization and cost-effectiveness. Among the synthetic materials employed for microfluidic chips， polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS）， a polymer material， has emerged as the optimal choice for fabricating microfluidic chips. This preference stems from its straightforward manufacturing process， high transparency， outstanding chemical stability， and biocompatibility. Biosensors developed by integrating aptamers， which serve as specific biological receptors， into PDMS microfluidic chips are termed PDMS microfluidic aptasensors. These aptasensors capitalize on the distinctive advantages of aptamers as biological recognition elements in conjunction with microfluidic technology. Microfluidic technology transforms the interactions between biomolecules into readable signals that are readily processed and reported， thereby offering sensing methods characterized by high specificity and sensitivity. This advancement significantly propels the development of point-of-care testing （POCT） for biomarkers， enabling extensive applications in areas such as cancer screening and pathogen detection， and achieving rapid， accurate， and portable testing. The attributes of PDMS microfluidic aptasensors encompass low cost， minimal consumption， short processing time， and disposability. These features effectively curtail the consumption of samples and reagents and shorten the testing duration in the POCT realm. Moreover， optimizing microchannel designs， aptamer immobilization methods， and signal amplification strategies can further enhance the performance of PDMS microfluidic aptasensors and expand their detection range. This paper elaborately expounds on the definition and development of microfluidic technology， the application research of PDMS materials and their preparation processes in microfluidic chip manufacturing， as well as the development and processing of PDMS microfluidic aptasensors. It also enumerates the applications of optical， electrochemical， and dual-mode PDMS microfluidic aptasensors based on dual detection modes in the field of biomarker POCT， thus providing theoretical support for the future development and application of novel microfluidic aptasensors.

Accurate detection of Cd (II) based on His-Pd@Apt/PANI@Au-modified needle electrochemical ratiometric/colorimetric dual-mode sensor combined with a WeChat mini program.

The global prevalence of diet-related chronic conditions, such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes, has created an urgent need for objective, low-burden dietary monitoring tools. Traditional mobile health applications often suffer from high user friction due to manual data entry requirements and significant recall bias. This paper proposes an integrated system for meal image recognition and healthy meal recommendations designed to simplify personalized nutrition management. The system utilizes a sophisticated multimodal architecture, leveraging the Gemini 1.5 Flash API as a visual reasoning engine to identify ingredients and dishes directly from user-captured images with high precision. The backend is built on Supabase, employing a relational PostgreSQL database to maintain strict data integrity across multidimensional user biometric models, nutritional histories, and curated recipe datasets. A key innovation is the dual mode “Fridge Vision” pipeline, which integrates a real-time ingredient scanner for immediate health impact summaries and an automated recipe recommendation engine. The architecture utilizes Supabase Edge Functions for low- latency, serverless execution of generative AI logic, complemented by client-side image compression to optimize scan times and minimize API latency. Experimental evaluations of similar multimodal pipelines in literature indicate a Top 1 classification accuracy of approximately 89% and high correlation with dietitian-led assessments for caloric content. The results demonstrate that the proposed system offers a scalable, secure, and user-centric solution that effectively bridges the gap between automated image perception and personalized metabolic guidance, fostering long-term dietary adherence in health-conscious populations worldwide

The Groove Gap Waveguide ( GGW ) technology has emerged as the foremost candidate for realizing filters in millimeter-wave ( mm -Wave) frequency bands. For satellite communication, multi-mode (dual and triple mode) filters are the need of the hour in view of stringent specifications and compact footprint requirement. This paper introduces a comprehensive design of multi-mode filters (dual and triple-mode filters) using groove gap waveguide technology for high-power SATCOM applications at Q-band (38 GHz). Inter-modal couplings are realized using square corner-cut structures for both Chebyshev and quasi-elliptic filters (in cascaded triplet as well as in cascaded quadruplet topologies) and are discussed in detail. A novel design for triple-mode 6-pole quasi-elliptic filter in cascaded quadruplet topology is presented. This design critically employs Virtual Negative Coupling ( VNC ) to generate the required transmission zeros ( TZs ), thus ensuring optimal selectivity. Furthermore, the strategic use of separate inter-cavity coupling irises are introduced to decouple the tuning variables, which significantly enhances design flexibility and provides independent control over the coupling coefficients. The paper addresses all the practically useful variants of multi-mode filters that are potential candidates for high-power filters in next-generation SATCOM applications. This work validates the practical viability of high-power GGW multi-mode filters. Experimental results are provided through the successful fabrication and measurement of both four-pole dual-mode Chebyshev filter and the novel six-pole triple-mode quasi-elliptic filter. The measured results are in good agreement with the full-wave electro-magnetic simulation results.

The endophytic entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum Petch EAMa 01/58-Su shows strong potential for managing Phthorimaea absoluta, a major tomato pest. We evaluated this strain at the threshold-recommended application time on heterogeneous populations, covering pre- and post-mining stages and individuals arriving after treatment to assess its protective effect against subsequent infestations. Pre-mine sprays caused up to 36% total mortality and significantly reduced larval survival, gallery formation and adult emergence. Post-mine sprays reached 78.12% mortality, shortened pupal duration, reduced adult emergence and resulted in post-mortem sporulation. At 9 days post inoculation (DPI), histology revealed intercellular colonisation of tomato leaves and systemic infection of P. absoluta larvae within mines. In plants sprayed prior to infestation, females showed a slight preference for treated plants and minor larval penetration at 2 DPI. Despite this early behavioural response, long-term effects were evident, and total mortality reached 28.6% at 2 DPI and 31.3% at 14 DPI, indicating induced systemic resistance (ISR) activation supported by marked induction of ethylene/jasmonic acid-related genes (SlACO1, SlACS6, SlERF1, SlAOS2, SlOPR3 and SlWRKY70), despite only trace fungal DNA in distal tissues. Our results provide the first evidence that endophytic M. brunneum can penetrate tomato leaves and directly infect P. absoluta larvae within mines, while simultaneously priming systemic defences (ISR). This dual mode of action complements activity against pre- and post-mining stages and may contribute to protection against subsequent reinfestations, supporting the incorporation of this strain into P. absoluta integrated pest management programmes. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

The treatment of cancer can be improved by optimising the drug dose during therapy. To meet the challenge, simple and sensitive techniques are essential to monitor the concentrations of an anticancer drug like epirubicin (EPR) in the patient's blood. In this work, we synthesised nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) for dual mode fluorometric and smartphone assisted colorimetric detection of EPR. The synthesised N-CDs exhibited usual excitation dependent fluorescence, high aqueous solubility and excellent photostability properties. The blue fluorescence emission was effectively quenched by addition of EPR through the inner filter effect. In addition, the observed colour change of N-CDs with addition of EPR was quantified by using a portable and easy to handle smart phone device. The N-CD based dual mode sensing technique was successfully applied for detection of EPR in real human blood samples with satisfactory recovery. Furthermore, these N-CDs showed antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (S. flexneri and K. pneumonaie) bacteria.

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of graphene oxide (GO) and silanized graphene oxide (SiGO) on the mechanical as well as thermal properties of glass fiber/epoxy (GFRP) laminated composites. GO was functionalized with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to yield SiGO, which led to improved dispersion in the epoxy along with interfacial bonding. Laminates were manufactured via hand lay‐up and by integrating 0.1–1.0 wt.% of GO and SiGO using ultrasonic dual mode mixing (UDMM) technique in GFRP. Mechanical testing unveiled pronounced enhancements, with 0.7 wt.% SiGO composites exhibiting ~45% higher tensile strength, 98% higher tensile modulus, 76.8% higher flexural strength, and 89.9% higher flexural modulus relative to neat laminate, credited to improved filler dispersion as well as matrix–filler adhesion. Thermal assessment implied elevated decomposition temperatures, higher char residue, and increased glass transition temperatures, affirming improved thermal stability. SEM fractography backed these outcomes. The results exhibit that silanized GO efficiently improves mechanical strength and thermal stability in GFRP laminates, providing a potential for high‐performance composites in state‐of‐the‐art engineering applications.

DNA nanomachines have been widely applied in biosensing; however, further enhancing their signal amplification capability and assay reliability remains a major challenge. Herein, a novel strategy was proposed to construct a multifunctional three-dimensional DNA nanomachine for the development of an electrochemical and colorimetric dual-mode biosensing method for detecting the estrogen pollutant 17β-estradiol. Aptamer recognition-triggered catalytic hairpin assembly, together with a cascade Nb.BbvCI-assisted DNA polymerization reaction, drove the amplified assembly of the DNA nanomachine composed of multiple triangular prism units. The abundant Mg2+-dependent DNAzymes formed on the nanomachine enabled its efficient walking on an iron-based metal-organic framework (Fe-MOF)-modified electrode, thereby generating an electrochemical signal. Meanwhile, numerous G-quadruplexes were formed accompanying the DNA nanomachine assembly, thereby enabling sensitive colorimetric signal readout through the excellent peroxidase-mimicking activity of the formed G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzymes, synergistically promoted by released Fe-MOFs. Consequently, the proposed method exhibited wide linear ranges of 0.01 pg mL-1 to 1 ng mL-1 (electrochemical) and 0.1 pg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 (colorimetric) with detection limits as low as 3.9 fg mL-1 and 10.5 fg mL-1, respectively. In addition, the method showed simple operation, excellent repeatability, and enhanced reliability through cross-validation between the dual detection modes. Therefore, this work provides a robust and sensitive approach for monitoring environmental estrogen pollutants.

ABSTRACT The adsorptive separation of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at elevated temperatures presents a significant industrial challenge, yet offers substantial potential for energy savings. Here, we report a tunable π ‐basic platform within a family of porous coordination polymers (PCPs), derived from NTU‐65 , a soft framework that exhibits C 2 H 2 ‐specific gate‐opening behavior. Through systematic ligand functionalization with plana, π ‐conjugated units, we precisely engineered the framework's pore chemistry. The optimal material, NTU‐65‐th , confines C 2 H 2 via a dual chelation mode: its two carbon atoms engage with densely packed π systems, while its two hydrogen atoms interact with electronegative anions, generating a selective trapping effect, not observed for CO 2 . This mechanism, verified by modeling and In situ spectroscopy, creates a significant difference in binding energies. As a result, NTU‐65‐th achieves both high C 2 H 2 uptake and promising C 2 H 2 /CO 2 separation at 353 K, along with facile regeneration. This work demonstrates that precise pore chemistry modulation can overcome the trade‐off between affinity and selectivity at elevated temperature, offering a new route for advancing energy‐efficient separation materials.

Abstract This study investigates thermal irreversibility in hybrid nanofluid convection under dual‐heating modes in a porous enclosure. Understanding such irreversibility is important for improving thermal management in energy and engineering systems. The problem considers dual‐energy transport in which the fluid and solid phases have different temperatures, including the effects of radiation, internal heat generation, and an inclined magnetic field. Two heating configurations are examined: cross‐shaped and irregular star‐shaped heaters. Additionally, the governing equations are solved using a finite volume method combined with a point‐in‐polygon technique to accurately identify heating regions. The results show that irregular heating significantly enhances fluid motion and temperature gradients compared with cross‐shaped heating. Increasing porosity improves heat transport in both fluid and solid phases. In contrast, the magnetic field reduces heat transfer efficiency due to flow damping. The study concludes that optimized heater geometry and porous structure can effectively reduce thermal irreversibility and enhance thermal performance. The main novelty lies in the combined use of dual‐heating configurations and the point‐in‐polygon finite volume approach for analyzing hybrid nanofluid convection.

In-sensor computing has emerged as a promising paradigm to overcome power consumption and latency bottlenecks in vision systems. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable in-sensor image enhancement strategy based on an In2Se3/PdSe2 ferroelectric heterojunction. The photodetector exhibits a broadband spectral response (400-1550 nm) and a high external quantum efficiency exceeding 104%. By synergistically leveraging electrostatic and ferroelectric fields to tune the band alignment, we achieve programmable carrier collection efficiency, leading to a gate-tunable nonlinear photocurrent response. This hardware-level nonlinearity enables dual imaging modes for adaptive imaging: a low-light signal amplification mode to boost brightness and an overexposure recovery mode to compress contrast. By implementing a programmable photoresponse into a single photodetector, our approach bypasses redundant data transmission, providing a compact and energy-efficient solution for intelligent vision systems.

The regenerative braking system in electric vehicles is an advanced energy recovery technology that enhances overall efficiency by converting kinetic energy, typically lost during braking, into electrical energy for battery storage. Unlike conventional friction-based braking systems that dissipate energy as heat, the proposed design employs a DC motor operating in dual mode—acting as a motor during propulsion and as a generator during deceleration. The recovered electrical energy is conditioned through power electronic components such as rectifiers, MOSFET-based control circuits, and DC-DC converters to ensure stable voltage regulation and safe battery charging. This approach not only improves vehicle energy utilization and extends driving range but also minimizes mechanical wear, reduces maintenance costs, and supports sustainable transportation. By optimizing energy conversion and storage, the system contributes significantly to the development of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient electric mobility solutions

Duck plague virus (DPV), a member of the alpha-herpesvirus, causes duck plague (DP), thereby posing a serious threat to the waterfowl industry. The DPV UL54-encoded protein shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm to modulate viral replication. However, the role of the UL54 protein in the evolutionary process remains unknown. This study is conducted from an evolutionary perspective to explore the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling characteristic of UL54 protein. First, we analyzed the co-evolution on DPV whole genome and its UL54 gene using molecular evolutionary methods. Next, we constructed phylogenetic trees based on UL54 nucleotide sequences and the corresponding amino-acid sequences from different alpha-herpesvirus stains. Based on these phylogenetic trees, we selected strains that are genetically close to DPV, and performed UL54 gene sequence alignment between DPV and those phylogenetically related strains. Then, we discovered there were specific mutation sites in UL54 gene of DPV. Finally, we constructed recombinant plasmids with genetic mutations to detect the influence of mutation sites on the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling property of the UL54-encoded proteins. The results showed that DPV exhibited dual modes comprising co-evolution with its natural hosts and cross-species transmission, meanwhile UL54 genes from different viral strains exhibited marked evolutionary divergence. Further investigation revealed there were three specific mutation sites (Lys269, Leu348 and Leu377) in UL54 amino acid sites, which were correlated with evolution of DPV. Mutation at these sites significantly impacted the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling property of the UL54-encoded protein. Our study provides a rationale for understanding the evolutionary mechanism of DPV and exploring new therapeutic strategy.

Anecdotal reports about smokers with low SARS-CoV-2 infection rates prompted a search for nicotine and its pyrolysis products as SARS-CoV-2 main protease (MPro) inhibitors. From this search, 3-vinylpyridine was discovered as a weak binder for the MPro S1 subsite and was used subsequently as a de novo starting point for covalent inhibitor design that quickly yielded a highly potent inhibitor, SR-A-174, with an IC50 value of 60 nM. Representing a novel class of MPro inhibitors, SR-A-174 features an N,N-diaryl-α,α-dichloroacetamide scaffold that facilitated rapid exploration of alternative covalent warheads and various N-substituents, leading to the identification of multiple inhibitors with potent antiviral activity. Eight such MPro inhibitor structures were determined, all demonstrating covalent binding to catalytic Cys145 of MPro. In six determined structures, binding is dominated by the covalent bond plus van der Waals contacts, which contrasts with the extensive hydrogen bond networks formed with peptidomimetic inhibitors such as nirmatrelvir. Strikingly, two N,N-diaryl-α,α-dichloroacetamide inhibitors exhibit an unprecedented dual covalent modification mode of the catalytic dyad, forming bonds to both Cys145 and His41 with a concomitant loss of both chlorides and displacing the inhibitors from the S1 subsite. This dyad-targeting reactivity suggests a novel route for bioconjugation of both cysteine and histidine.