Dry Human Skulls Research Articles

DOSIMETRY AND DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF INTRAORAL AND EXTRAORAL BITEWINGS IN DETECTING APPROXIMAL CARIES

<h3>Background</h3> Traditionally, interproximal caries has been diagnosed radiographically by intraoral bitewing radiographs. Although this has been the conventional practice, the challenge of accommodating the film/ image receptor in the mouth, especially in patients with a gag reflex, has affected image acquisition and quality. A new method of acquiring bitewings with an extraoral approach has been recently introduced but the quality and diagnostic efficacy along with the radiation dosage of these techniques have not been well studied. <h3>Objective(s)</h3> The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of intraoral and extraoral bitewings (IOBs and EOBs) in their ability to detect proximal caries and to compare the effective doses from both techniques. <h3>Study Design</h3> Human teeth with or without proximal caries were used in this study. Carious lesions were created with different degrees of decalcification on 60 teeth (120 surfaces). These teeth were then placed into sockets of dry human skulls. Intraoral bitewings were acquired using a Kavo LM/CM109 wall-mounted X-ray tube with exposure parameters of 70 KVp, 7 mA, and 0.125 second. Extraoral bitewings were acquired with a Planmeca Promax at 74 kVp,7 mA, and 7.5 seconds. Two radiologists and a general dentist scored the radiographs using standardized software (MiPACS) and display monitors. Dose measurements were done on an anthropometric RANDO phantom. OSLdot dosimeters were used at 24 sites for radiation dose measurements. Fifteen exposures were performed for each dosimeter, and absorbed dose was calculated as an average of the15 exposures using the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 2007) tissue weighting factors. <h3>Results</h3> For the diagnosis of interproximal caries, extraoral bitewings showed a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 93.4%, whereas intraoral bitewings showed sensitivity of 94.5% and specificity of 96.8%, Interim dosimetry analysis showed that the doses for IOBs and EOBs were comparable but were slightly different for intraoral membranes. <h3>Discussion/Conclusions</h3> EOBs showed comparable results to IOBs in the detection of approximal caries and had similar effective doses.

Accuracy of linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography images versus direct skull measurements

Background: To assess whether the linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were as accurate as the direct skull measurements. Methods: Nine dry human skulls were marked with gutta-percha at reference points to obtain Twenty-two linear measurements on each skull. Ten measurements in the cranio-caudal plane, two measurements in the antero-posterior plane, and ten measurements in the medio-lateral plane. CBCT linear measurements obtained using stitching software were measured and compared with direct skull measurements. Results: The absolute Dahlberg error between direct linear measurements and linear measurements on stitched CBCT images ranged from (0.07 mm to 0.41 mm). The relative Dahlberg error ranged from (0.2% to 1.8%). Moreover, Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranged from (0.97 to 1.0) indicating excellent agreement. Conclusion: Stitched CBCT linear measurements were highly comparable to the direct skull measurements using a digital caliper.

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Morphometric Analysis of the Clivus in Human Dry Skulls: A Radioanatomical Study

Morphometric Analysis of the Clivus in Human Dry Skulls: A Radioanatomical Study

Baha Attract Implantation Using a Small Incision: Initial Report of Surgical Technique and Surveillance.

ObjectivesTo determine the appropriate anatomical borders of implantation on the temporal bone in a cadaver study, and to develop a simplified surgical technique for Baha Attract implantation through a small incision along the hairline using anatomical evidence and a navigation system.MethodsIn a cadaver study, 20 human adult dry skulls were used to find flat areas of the temporal bone for Baha Attract magnet implantation. Four borders of the “optimal surgical site” were defined: Asterion line, occipitomastoid suture line, sigmoid sinus line, and digastric groove line. In three patients, we implanted the Baha Attract according to the newly developed surgical procedure and validated the feasibility of this technique with a navigation system.ResultsWe identified the appropriate position of the implant on the temporal bone, suggesting a simplified surgical technique for Baha Attract with a small incision. We determined the spot of implantation, and the implants were inserted through a small surgical incision (<2.5 cm) under local anesthesia; the procedure lasted approximately 30 minutes.ConclusionThe optimal surgical site of the temporal bone is a safe and easily accessible location for implantation of the Baha Attract.

Study of Pterygospinous and Pterygoalar Bars in Relation to Foramen Ovale in Dry Human Skulls

Abstract Background Anatomical knowledge of bony bridges around the foramen ovale may be helpful for diagnostic and invasive neurosurgical procedures like electroencephalogram analysis, trigeminal rhizotomy, biopsy of cavernous sinus tumors, and mandibular nerve block.Lateral pterygoid plate forms an important landmark for mandibular anesthesia; therefore, any variation related to lateral pterygoid plate is likely to create confusion during the maneuver of anesthesia. Aims and Objective The aim of the study was to explore any bony obstacle within and around Foramen ovale. Obstacles in form of ossified complete or incomplete ligaments. Additional foramina formed by ligaments or any bony enlargement might disturb the structures passing through the Foramen ovale. Methods Around 530 dried crania (from medical colleges in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh) were observed to find ossified ligaments and foramen formed by them. Crania associated with bilateral enlarged lateral pterygoid plate other than the average width of 1.5 cm were included in this study. Length of ligaments and width of pterygoid plate were measured by digital Vernier calipers. Results Out of 530 crania, unilateral 52 ossified pterygospinous ligament (incomplete 31 and complete 21) were observed. Among them some rare variation was found along with ossified pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligament, one cranium along with unilateral pterygospinous bar was also having bar within foramen ovale, forming an accessory osseous compartment, found to be rare kind of variation. Another unilateral complete pterygospinous bar was enclosing two foramens instead of one. Only single cranium was found to have pterygoalar bar, related medial to foramen ovale. One cranium was associated with bilateral enlarged lateral pterygoid plate (i.e., 2.5 cm) was also found to be obliterating the space, that is, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal space for surgeons. Conclusion This study would provide the anatomical knowledge of these bony bridges around the foramen ovale and may be helpful for diagnostic and neurosurgical procedure like microvascular decompression by percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia, percuatneous biopsy of cavernous sinus tumor and mandibular nerve block by lateral subzygomatic route. Thus, lateral pterygoid plate forms an important landmark for mandibular anesthesia.

Morphometric Analysis of the Foramen Magnum in Dry Human Skulls in Northeastern Brazil

Introduction The successful identification of the deceased is vital to the progress of any forensic investigation. This process of identification is facilitated by the determination of age, gender, and ethnicity. One of the main biological traits to be established from skeletal remains is the gender of the individual. In situations in which there are fragmented and mutilated skeletal remains, gender determination is relatively difficult, and it becomes important to establish the accuracy of individual bones. The basal region of the occipital bone is covered by a large volume of soft tissue and is therefore in a relatively well-protected anatomical position and, as such, classification of gender using the occipital bone may prove to be useful in cases of significantly disrupted remains. The present study aims to describe and analyze the morphological aspects of the foramen magnum (FM) in the population of the northeastern region of Brazil. Material and Methods A total of 159 dry skulls (88 males and 71 females) were subjected to measurement by a digital caliper (DIGIMESS®, Instrumentos de Precisão Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil) and was assessed for anteroposterior diameter (APD) and transverse diameter (TD), FM area, FM index (FMI), anterior, posterior and maximum lateral intercondylar distance. The measurement of all of these parameters sought to classify the FM in nine different types. Results The pentagonal type was the most found in males (11.31%), and the biconvex in females (18.86%). The less frequent type in males was the pear type (2.53%), and in females the less frequent types were the pentagonal and the heptagonal types (2.53% each). Using the traditional anthropological classification of Martin et al,13 the most common type of FM was the brachytrematous, with 49.68% of the total skulls. The APD, TD and FM area were higher in males than in females, only in the oval FM type. Conclusion The sexual dimorphism of the dimensions of the FM is established. However, there is a wide variability in the shape and measures in different populations, and to our knowledge this is the first study that shows the different types of the FM in the population of the northeastern region of Brazil.

Comprehensive anatomy of the foramen ovale critical to percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy: cadaveric study of dry skulls.

Percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy (PSR) is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a serious condition that results in lancinating, episodic facial pain. Thorough understanding of the microsurgical anatomy of the foramen ovale (FO) and its surrounding structures is required for efficient, effective, and safe use of this technique. This morphometric study compares anatomical and surgical orientations to identify the variations of the FO and assess cannulation difficulty. Bilateral foramina from 174 adult human dry skulls (348 foramina) were analyzed using anatomical and surgical orientations in photographs from standardized projections. Measurements were obtained for shape, size, adjacent structures, and morphometric variability effect on cannulation. The risk of potential injury to surrounding structures was also assessed. The authors identified 6 distinctive shapes of the FO and 5 anomalous variants from the anatomical view, and 6 shapes from the surgical view. In measurements of surface area of this foramen obtained using the surgical view, loss (average 18.5% ± 5.7%) was significant compared with the anatomical view. Morphometrically, foramen size varied significantly and obstruction from a calcified pterygoalar ligament occurred in 7.8% of specimens. Importantly, 8% of foramina were difficult to cannulate, thus posing a 12% risk of inadvertent cannulation of the foramen lacerum. Significant variability in the FO's shape and size probably affected its safe and effective cannulation. Preoperative imaging by 3D head CT may be helpful in predicting ease of cannulation and in guiding treatment decisions, such as a percutaneous approach over microvascular decompression or radiosurgery.

Reliability and accuracy of cone beam computed tomography versus conventional multidetector computed tomography for image-guided craniofacial implant planning: An in vitro study.

To assess the reliability and accuracy of linear measurements on three-dimensional (3D) cross-sectional images, both acquired with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multi-detector row CT (MDCT). Bone thickness was evaluated with regard to image-guided planning of craniofacial implant surgery. Five dry human skulls were used. Cuts were made with a circular bone saw at the ideal implant positions in the nasal, orbital, and temporal regions prior to acquisition of CBCT and MDCT scans. After imaging examination, bone width was assessed by three independent observers using a caliper and defined as a reference. In the next step, cross-sectional images of the regions with the aforementioned cuts were reconstructed from 3D virtual models generated from the digital DICOM datasets with the use of 3D image-based planning software. Subsequently, linear measurements were performed. The systematic difference and interobserver and intraobserver variation of MDCT and CBCT linear measurements were compared with the physical measurements at different locations in the nasal, orbital, and temporal region, respectively. Also, the potential influence of different gray-level values was investigated. The quantitative accuracy of distance measurements was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and variance component analyses. Only differences with P values < .05 were considered significant. All radiologic measurements showed a significant overestimation of the bony dimensions, reaching more than the used voxel sizes of 0.3 mm for CBCT and 0.5 mm for MDCT. For CBCT, an average measurement bias of 0.39 to 0.53 mm and for MDCT of 0.57 to 0.59 mm was found. MDCT images showed less interobserver variation in linear measurements on cross-sectional images from 3D virtual models compared with CBCT images. Contrast settings statistically significantly influenced linear measurements of bone width for CBCT images (P < .0015) and interobserver variation on MDCT imaging (P < .029). Both CBCT images (KaVo 3D eXam Imaging System) and MDCT images (Aquilion ONE, Toshiba) showed a highly consistent submillimeter overestimation of the anatomical truth in assessing bone thickness of nasal, orbital, and temporal regions of ex vivo specimens. When using CBCT and MDCT images for presurgical assessment, one should be aware of the overestimation of the cortical bone thickness.

Incidence of Sutural Bones at Asterion in Dry Human Skulls in Northeast Brazil

In this study 60 (26 male and 54 female) dry adult human skulls halves of individuals from Northeast Brazil were analyzed to determine the type of asterion depending on the presence or absence of sutural bone, and its distance to other important bone reference points in the skull. Damaged and pathological skulls were excluded from this study. Morphometric measurements were taken on both sides of the skull with the help of Vernier caliper accurate to 0.01mm, the distance of the asterion to: 1‐ the root of the zygomatic arch (A‐RZA); 2‐ the apex of the mastoid process (A‐AMP); 3‐ the suprameatal crest (A‐SMC); and 4‐ the external occipital protuberance (A‐EOP). The morphological variability of the asterion in relation to the presence of sutural bone (Wormian) was analyzed according to the classification of Morales‐Avalos et al. (2011). The results were statistically analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the other comparisons with Student t‐test, using GraphPad Prism version 6.00 for Windows, California USA. Values of p&lt;0.05 were considered significant. Our study revealed that type II (absence of sutural bones) was commoner than type I (presence of sutural bones) asterion. Type I asterion was observed in 19 (31.67%) of the cases, and common more in males (18.34%). Type I occurred more on the left side in males (11.67%), whereas in females on the right side (8.34%). Type II asterion was occurred more in females (43.34%), and common more on the right side in both the genders. In the 26 male skulls halves the mean diameter of the A‐RZA was 47.23±5.35 mm (39.36–59.23 mm) and 47.31±6.03 mm (37.52–62.47 mm); mean of A‐AMP was 66.15±4.81 mm (56.14–73.31 mm) and 67.62±6.94 mm (49.27–76.45 mm); mean of A‐SMC 39.31±4.21 mm (31.0–45.83 mm) and 39.23±3.83 mm (35.16–49.36 mm); mean of A‐EOP was 60.15±3.95 mm (56.13–69.57 mm) and 58.62±4.09 mm (50.19–65.22 mm), on right and left sides, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the right and left sides (p&gt;0.05). In the 54 female skulls halves the mean diameter of the A‐RZA was 43.24±5.31 mm (36.34–55.67 mm) and 43.35±4.93 mm (36.15–54.23 mm); mean of A‐AMP was 65.35±6.09 mm (45.76–75.35 mm) and 63.76±8.72 mm (35.18–73.39 mm); mean of A‐SMC 38.82±4.95 mm (33.36–55.10 mm) and 38.82±3.67 mm (34.38–47.83 mm); mean of A‐EOP was 57.88±5.91 mm (51.0–76.14 mm) and 58.88±4.98 mm (47.25–70.28 mm), on right and left sides, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the right and left sides (p&gt;0.05). There was also no statistical difference between the right and left sides between the sexes (p&gt;0.05). The study did not show statistical difference in the measurements taken between male and female skulls in this population. However, it revealed that the Brazilian population has a high incidence of type I asterion, different from previous studies. This data may be of use when planning for surgical approaches to the skull and also when interpreting radiological images.Support or Funding InformationCAPESThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Metoptic Canal and Warwick's Foramen: Incidence and Morphometric Analysis by Several Reference Points in the Human Orbit.

Several canals and foramens in the human orbit are well known in the literature. However, little is known about some minor canals or structures including metoptic canal and Warwick's foramen. The aim of the present study was to make morphometric measurements and to determine the incidence of the metoptic canal and Warwick's foramen in the Turkish population. Ninety-two dried human skulls were examined. All skulls were obtained from the Turkish population and collection of the Anatomy Department of the Akdeniz University. The metoptic canal and Warwick's foramen were identified in the skulls. Incidence of these structures and diameters were determined. Morphometric measurements were made using various reference points in the orbit. Of the 92 dry human skulls, the metoptic canal was detected in 20 of them. This canal was detected unilaterally. The metoptic canal was observed in 11 (11.9%) dry skulls in the right side, whereas it was observed in 9 (9.7%) dry skulls in the left side. There were no statistically significant differences according to the side for any of the measurements recorded (p>0.05). The Warwick's foramen was observed in 12 (13.0%) skulls of all dry skulls. This foramen was also present unilaterally and was right sided in 7 (7.6%) skulls and left sided in 5 (5.4%) skulls. Determination of additional foramen in the orbit is contributed to the literature. The presence of the metoptic canal and Warwick's foramen and their relationship with other structures in the orbit may have clinical significance in surgical operations.

Accuracy of linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography images versus direct skull measurements.

Background: To assess whether the linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were as accurate as the direct skull measurements. Methods: Nine dry human skulls were marked with gutta-percha at reference points to obtain Twenty-two linear measurements on each skull. Ten measurements in the cranio-caudal plane, two measurements in the antero-posterior plane, and ten measurements in the medio-lateral plane. CBCT linear measurements obtained using stitching software were measured and compared with direct skull measurements. Results: The absolute Dahlberg error between direct linear measurements and linear measurements on stitched CBCT images ranged from (0.07 mm to 0.41 mm). The relative Dahlberg error ranged from (0.2% to 1.8%). Moreover, Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranged from (0.97 to 1.0) indicating excellent agreement. Conclusion: Stitched CBCT linear measurements were highly comparable to the direct skull measurements using a digital caliper.

3D Printed Temporary Veneer Restoring Autotransplanted Teeth in Children: Design and Concept Validation Ex Vivo.

(1) Background: Three-dimensional printing is progressing rapidly and is applied in many fields of dentistry. Tooth autotransplantation offers a viable biological approach to tooth replacement in children and adolescents. Restoring or reshaping the transplanted tooth to the anterior maxilla should be done as soon as possible for psychological and aesthetic reasons. However, to avoid interfering with the natural healing process, reshaping of transplanted teeth is usually delayed three to four months after transplantation. This delay creates a need for simple indirect temporary aesthetic restoration for autotransplanted teeth. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a digital solution for temporary restoration of autotransplanted teeth using 3D printing. (2) Methods: Four dry human skulls and four dry human mandibles were scanned using cone beam computed tomography to create 3D models for 15 premolars. Digital impression of the maxillary arch of one of the skulls was captured by intra oral scanner. The digital work flow for the design and fabrication of temporary veneers is presented. The seating and adaptation of the 3D printed veneers were evaluated using stereomicroscopy and micro-computed tomography. (3) Results: Evaluation of the veneer seating using stereomicroscopy showed that the mean marginal gap at all of the sides was below the cut-off value of 200 µm. The overall mean marginal gap was 99.9 ± 50.7 µm (median: 87.8 (IQR 64.2–133 µm)). The internal adaptation evaluation using micro-computed tomography showed an average median gap thickness of 152.5 ± 47.7 (IQR 129–149.3 µm). (4) Conclusions: The present concept of using temporary veneers that are designed and fabricated with CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) technology using a DLP (digital light processing) printer may present a viable treatment option for restoration of autotransplanted teeth.

A new segmentation algorithm for measuring CBCT images of nasal airway: a pilot study.

BackgroundThree-dimensional (3D) modeling of the nasal airway space is becoming increasingly important for assessment in breathing disorders. Processing cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of this region is complicated, however, by the intricate anatomy of the sinuses compared to the simpler nasopharynx. A gold standard for these measures also is lacking. Previous work has shown that software programs can vary in accuracy and reproducibility outcomes of these measurements. This study reports the reproducibility and accuracy of an algorithm, airway segmentor (AS), designed for nasal airway space analysis using a 3D printed anthropomorphic nasal airway model.MethodsTo test reproducibility, two examiners independently used AS to edit and segment 10 nasal airway CBCT scans. The intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of the nasal airway volume was evaluated using paired t-tests and intraclass correlation coefficients. For accuracy testing, the CBCT data for pairs of nasal cavities were 3D printed to form hollow shell models. The water-equivalent method was used to calculate the inner volume as the gold standard, and the models were then embedded into a dry human skull as a phantom and subjected to CBCT. AS, along with the software programs MIMICS 19.0 and INVIVO 5, was applied to calculate the inner volume of the models from the CBCT scan of the phantom. The accuracy was reported as a percentage of the gold standard.ResultsThe intra-examiner reproducibility was high, and the inter-examiner reproducibility was clinically acceptable. AS and MIMICS presented accurate volume calculations, while INVIVO 5 significantly overestimated the mockup of the nasal airway volume.ConclusionWith the aid of a 3D printing technique, the new algorithm AS was found to be a clinically reliable and accurate tool for the segmentation and reconstruction of the nasal airway space.

Accuracy of linear measurements using low dose cone beam computed tomography protocol versus direct skull linear measurements: An in vitro study

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging has been widely used for different dental applications over the last few years. It delivers a high dose of radiation compared to conventional imaging modalities. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of linear measurements conducted using a low dose CBCT protocol in comparison with direct skull linear measurements. Methods: Ten dry human skulls were included in the study. 12 linear measurements were measured directly on each skull between 23 chosen anatomical landmarks using a digital calliper. Radio-opaque markers were then glued on these anatomical landmarks. Each skull was then scanned using low dose CBCT protocol operated at 90 kVp, 7.1 mA, for 9 sec. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the accuracy of linear measurements conducted using the low dose CBCT protocol when compared with direct linear measurements. Relative Dahlberg Error value ranged from 0.8% to 1.9%. Conclusion: Reducing mAs using a low dose CBCT protocol does not affect the accuracy of linear measurements used in craniofacial imaging tasks as compared with those taken directly on the skull by a digital calliper.

Evaluation of the cone-beam computed tomography accuracy in measuring soft tissue thickness in different areas of the jaws.

Purpose:Due to the extensive use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in dentistry, especially in measuring thicknesses of hard and soft tissues, and the fact that CBCT has low contrast resolution, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of CBCT in measuring soft tissue thickness.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, pink baseplate wax as a soft tissue simulation was overlaid in different areas of the jaws on the dry human skull, and the probe was used to determine the thicknesses of 1, 2, 3, and 5 mm. These thicknesses were then measured accurately with a digital caliper by one person four times at interval of a week. The skull was scanned using two CBCT scanners, and the different thicknesses of wax were measured by two observers four times with a week interval. The CBCT measurements were compared with digital caliper measurements as a reference.Results:Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between CBCT and digital caliper measurements for thickness < 2 mm (P > 0.05).Conclusions:Statistically, the difference between digital caliper and CBCT measurements was < 0.1 mm, but this difference is not clinically important. The accuracy of CBCT in measuring soft tissue thickness was 0.1 mm.

Morphology and Morphometric Study of Mastoid Process in Human Dry Skulls with its Clinical Implications

Morphology and Morphometric Study of Mastoid Process in Human Dry Skulls with its Clinical Implications

Morphometric Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in Foramen Magnum

Introduction: The establishment of human sex identity is of paramount importance in the field of forensicmedicine especially when it comes to medico legal cases of disputed sex, completely decomposed or charredbodies, and decapitated cadaveric remains, exhumation of skeletonized remains where skull is recoveredand referred to a forensic expert for opinion by the police, etc.Methodology: Study sample includes 77 dry human skull bones obtained from department of forensicmedicine, department of anatomy and student volunteers of T.O.M.C.H & R.C. T. The sex of the skullbone is estimated by using morphological characteristics. The anterio-posterior diameter and the transversediameter of the foramen magnum is measured using a Vernier caliper. The results are tabulated in MicrosoftExcel 2013 document and the areas of foramen magnum were calculated using the formulae derived byRoutal and Teixeira. Statistical analysis for correlation between the measurements and the sex of the skullwas performed using SPSS software.Results: Majority of skulls belonged to the female sex with maximum distribution in 25 to 35 age groupfollowed by 18 to 25 age group. The length, breadth, and the area of foramen magnum are found to be largerin males than females. However, statistically significant sex differences were observed only for the breadthand areas of the foramen magnum.Discussion: Our findings with regard to the sexing potential of foramen magnum dimensions found astatistically significant difference for breadth of the foramen magnum but the sexual dimorphism index andlogistic regression for the same does not indicate a significant difference. The present research also reportsa statistically significant sex differences in the area of foramen magnum as derived by formula given byTeixeira and Radinsky which is similar to that reported in earlier studies.Conclusion: Parameters analyzed for sexual dimorphism of foramen magnum the area of the foramenmagnum proves to be a better predictor of sex compared to other features but foramen magnum alone shouldnot be considered for sexual differentiation unless the skull is mutilated.

Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of Hypoglossal Canal and its Variations in Human Dry Skulls of North Karnataka Region

Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of Hypoglossal Canal and its Variations in Human Dry Skulls of North Karnataka Region

Quantitative Analysis of the Vascular and Neural Compartments of the Jugular Foramen in Dry Skulls.

To compare the right and left sides and the endo?exocranial orifices of the jugular foramen (JF) considering the vascular compartment (VC) and the neural compartment (NC). A total of 20 human dry skulls belonging to the inventory of Medical Faculty, Department of Anatomy, were included in this study. Numerical values were obtained using direct anatomical and also computed tomography measurements. The endocranial and exocranial VC occupied wider areas on the right side than on the left side (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the surface area of the endocranial and exocranial NC in terms of the sides (p > 0.05). The length of the endocranial VC was greater on the right than on the left side. The right exocranial VC was wider than the left exocranial VC. However, the widths and lengths of the endocranial and exocranial NC showed no statistically significant difference between the sides (p > 0.05). The right-sided dominance of JF observed in this study was attributed to the length of endocranial VC and the width of exocranial VC.