Removal Of Drug Research Articles

Chemical Epigenetic Regulation of Adeno-Associated Virus Delivered Transgenes.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a powerful gene therapy vector that has been used in several FDA-approved therapies as well as in multiple clinical trials. This vector has high therapeutic versatility with the ability to deliver genetic payloads to a variety of human tissue types, yet there is currently a lack of transgene expression control once the virus is administered. There are also times when transgene expression is too low for the desired therapeutic outcome, necessitating high viral dose administration resulting in possible immunological complications. Herein, we validate a chemically controllable AAV transgene expression technology in vitro that utilizes bifunctional molecules known as chemical epigenetic modifiers (CEMs). These compounds employ endogenous epigenetic machinery to specifically enhance transgene expression of episomal DNA. A recombinant AAV (rAAV) was designed to both deliver the reporter transgene as well as deliver a synthetic zinc finger (ZFs) protein fused to FK506 binding protein (FKBP). These synthetic ZFs target a DNA-binding array sequence upstream of the promoter expressing the AAV transgene to specifically enhance AAV transgene expression in the presence of a CEM. The transcriptional activating compound CEM87 functions by recruiting the epigenetic transcription activator bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), increasing AAV transgene activity up to fivefold in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293T cells. The highest levels of transgene product activity are seen 24 h following CEM87 treatment. Additionally, the CEM87-mediated enhancement of different transgene products with either Luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP) was observed in multiple cell lines and enhancement of transgene expression was capsid serotype independent. The impact of CEM87 activity can be disrupted through drug removal or chemical recruitment site competition with FK506, thus demonstrating the reversibility of the impact of CEM87 on transgene expression. Collectively, this chemically controllable rAAV transgene technology provides temporal gene expression control that could increase the safety and efficiency of AAV-based research and therapies.

Adsorption of azo dyes and Naproxen by few-layer MXene immobilized with dialdehyde starch nanoparticles: Adsorption properties and statistical physics modeling

Novel Eco-friendly composite materials (DSP-M) were organized by combining few-layer MXene with the hydrophilic biomaterial dialdehyde starch nanoparticles (DASNP) and immobilizing DASNP on the surface of few-layer MXene by the dialdehyde-based cross-linking method. In addition to the study on the adsorption performance and mechanism of prohibited dyes (Rhodamine B, RB and Congo Red, CR) in food industry, the removal and mechanism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Naproxen, NPX) residues in pharmaceutical field were also investigated. DSP-M was physiochemically characterized via series of analytical techniques and the dye adsorption isotherms at three temperatures were quantified. The results show that DSP-M exhibited excellent adsorption performance for all three selected adsorbates, and the Langmuir maximum monolayer adsorption capacity were 678.19 mg/L for RB, 754.41 mg/L for CR and 166.71 mg/L for NPX, respectively, and it agreed well with the Langmuir, pseudo–second order and intraparticle diffusion models. The statistical physics model was employed to further explore the adsorptive mechanism. The characteristics of DSP-M after adsorption and the simulation results indicate that the removal of RB, CR and NPX by DSP-M was mainly a physical adsorption process involved with hydrogen bonding, electrostatic force and van der Waals force.

Healthcare-Associated Infections Caused by Mycolicibacterium neoaurum.

Mycolicibacterium neoaurum is a rapidly growing mycobacterium and an emerging cause of human infections. M. neoaurum infections are uncommon but likely underreported, and our understanding of the disease spectrum and optimum management is incomplete. We summarize demographic and clinical characteristics of a case of catheter-related M. neoaurum bacteremia in a child with leukemia and those of 36 previously reported episodes of M. neoaurum infection. Most infections occurred in young to middle-aged adults with serious underlying medical conditions and commonly involved medical devices. Overall, infections were not associated with severe illness or death. In contrast to other mycobacteria species, M. neoaurum was generally susceptible to multiple antimicrobial drugs and responded promptly to treatment, and infections were associated with good outcomes after relatively short therapy duration and device removal. Delays in identification and susceptibility testing were common. We recommend using combination antimicrobial drug therapy and removal of infected devices to eradicate infection.

In five wastewater treatment plants in Xinjiang, China: Removal processes for illicit drugs, their occurrence in receiving river waters, and ecological risk assessment

Residues of illicit drugs are frequently detected in wastewater, but data on their removal efficiency by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the ecological risks to the aquatic environment are lacking in this study. The research evaluates the residues, mass load, drug removal efficiency, and risk assessment of illicit drugs in WWTPs and aquatic environments (lakes) in Xinjiang, China. Initially, the concentration (incidence) and mass load of 10 selected illicit drugs were analyzed through wastewater analysis. The detected substances included methamphetamine (METH), morphine (MOR), 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), methadone (MTD), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ketamine (KET), and codeine (COD), with concentrations ranging from 0.11 ± 0.01 ng/L (methadone) to 48.26 ± 25.05 ng/L (morphine). Notably, morphine (59.74 ± 5.82 g/day) and methamphetamine (41.81 ± 4.91 g/day) contributed significantly to the WWTPs. Next, the drug removal efficiency by different sewage treatment processes was ranked as follows: Anaerobic-Oxic (A/O) combined Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) treatment process > Oxidation ditch treatment process > Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic (A2/O) treatment process > Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic combined Membrane Bio-Reactor treatment process. Finally, the research reviewed the concentration and toxicity assessments of these substances in the aquatic environment (lakes). The results indicated that Lake1 presented a medium risk level concerning the impact of illicit drugs on the aquatic environment, whereas the other lakes exhibited a low risk level. As a result, it is recommended to conduct long-term monitoring and source analysis of illicit drugs, specifically in Lake1, for further investigation. In conclusion, to enhance the understanding of the effects of illicit drugs on the environment, future research should expand the list of target analytes.

Synthesis of a Chemically Modified Biosorbent Based on the Invasive Plant Leucaena leucocephala and Its Application in Metformin Removal

The present study investigated the use of a biosorbent produced from Leucaena leucocephala pods for the removal of metformin from aqueous solutions. The pods were subjected to chemical and thermal treatments and were referred to as L. leucocephala modified, which was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters investigated in the sorption process were temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH, and initial metformin concentration. The experimental data were in accordance with the Langmuir isothermal model. The maximum adsorption capacity reached was 56.18 mg g−1 at 313 K. In the kinetic study, stability was achieved in 300 min, with 53.24% removal, and the pseudo-first-order model agreed well with the experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters indicated a spontaneous, favorable, and exothermic reaction. The presence of NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 negatively affected metformin adsorption. Thus, the importance of the study was that a developed material showed promising results in the removal of metformin, particularly because it is an innovative material, and there are no studies in the literature on drug removal using L. leucocephala.

Removal of enalapril maleate drug from industry waters using activated biochar prepared from Butia capitata seed. Kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamic, and DFT calculations

Porous biochar was fabricated from Butia capitata (Bc) seed, which was used to uptake enalapril maleate from synthetic wastewater. Activated biochars were fabricated by blending Bc and ZnCl2 at 1:1 (BcB-1.0) or 1:1.5 (BcB-1.5) proportions and furtherly pyrolyzed at 600 °C. The elemental analysis, Boehm titration, hydrophobic balance ratio, FTIR, TGA, and N2 isotherm characterized the carbon-based materials. They presented a hydrophilic behavior with diverse polar groups on their surface. BcB-1 and BcB-1.5 biochars have a total pore volume of 0.392 and 0.492 cm3 g−1 and a surface area of 1267 and 1520 m2/g, respectively. The kinetics and isothermal data were adequately adjusted to the fractal-like pseudo-second-order and Liu models. The employment of BcB-1.0 and BcB-1.5 for treating synthetic wastewater containing high levels of pollutants had elevated efficiency in their removals (up to 99.06%). We also conducted a DFT computational study, density functional theory (DFT), to examine the interactions between enalapril and a graphitic domain of biochar by using these calculations, the most stable configuration presented interaction energy of −88.7 kJ mol−1 implies a face-to-face π–π stacking interaction involving the enalapril phenyl segment and an aromatic ring of the graphitic domain, as well as London dispersion arising from the proximity of ethoxy/pyrrolidine to biochar carbon atoms, with interatomic distances of 3.31 Å for the former and 3.60 Å /3.48 Å for the latter. Also, the DFT calculations agreed with the thermodynamic data calculated from the isotherms (283–318 K).

Monitoring and optimizing the biocatalytic degradation of efavirenz with immobilized Trametes versicolor laccase on Ti2NTx MXene: A lab-scale wastewater treatment plant process

The study presents efavirenz as a model antiviral drug for enhanced antiviral drug removal from wastewater using a combined activated sludge and biocatalytic degradation. The simulated lab-scale wastewater treatment was set up and monitored according to the OECD 303 A guidelines and connected to a recirculating bioreactor operated at optimal conditions. The biological treatment of efavirenz by the activated sludge was poor, as evidenced by the inadequate efavirenz removal at the end of days 30 and 35, which stood at 20.3% and 30.9% for 5 and 25 ppm spikes, respectively. Alternatively, the combined unit significantly reduced efavirenz concentrations to 38.1% and 40.9% by the end of days 30 and 35, highlighting its potency. The bioreactor contained Trametes versicolor laccase immobilised on Ti2NTx MXene biocatalyst with 256 U/mg laccase activity. The immobilisation resulted in a pH-tolerant biocatalyst which showed improved activity at multiple pH ranges (pH 4, 5.5 and 6.5) and reduced charge transfer resistance confirmed by EIS studies. At optimal conditions, the LC-MS studies showed six degradation fragments after 240 mins at 65% efavirenz degradation. At the same time, 85% degradation was achieved with six degradation fragments in 240 min with the laccase-assisted degradation using azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) as a mediator.

Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and Phenol

Domestic, agricultural, and industrial waste has been investigated as a substitute for activated carbon adsorbents. For instance, the transformation of tea waste to biochar can be utilized as a substitute for activated carbon adsorbents. In this study, tea waste-based biochar adsorbents (biochar, biochar/reduced graphene oxide (biochar/rGO), biochar/reduced graphene oxide/deep eutectic solvent-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (biochar/rGO/DES-CTAB), and biochar/reduced graphene oxide/deep eutectic solvent-glycerol (biochar/rGO/DES-glycerol)) were synthesized by simple thermal treatment of tea waste and sucrose followed by modification with reduced graphene oxide and deep eutectic solvents. The obtained materials were characterized using a range of spectroscopy techniques, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and pH at point of zero charge (pH PZC). The obtained results showed that the principal material, i.e., biochar was modified, and FTIR results confirmed the presence of added functional groups. SEM images revealed surface structural changes, and BET showed a decrease in pore size from 10.16 nm to 6.87 nm. The synthesized materials were applied for the removal of ZDV and phenol from the aqueous medium. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to optimize operating parameters such as the adsorbent dose, solution pH, contact time, and initial concentration. Pseudo-first-order (PFO), Pseudo-second-order (PSO), and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) kinetic models were determined to investigate the mechanism of the adsorption process. The coefficient of correlation, R2, was used to determine the best fit of the kinetic models. The adsorption results showed that the DES-glycerol-modified adsorbent was more efficient in removing the pollutants ZDV and phenol than biochar, biochar/rGO, and biochar/rGO/DES-CTAB adsorbents. In addition, the results showed that an acidic medium of pH 2.00 and a contact time of 1 h 30 min and 30 min is sufficient for removing ZDV and phenol, respectively, from an aqueous medium.

#5781 DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS (D-AIN): HOW TO IDENTIFY THE RESPONSIBLE DRUG?

Abstract Background and Aims The mainstay of D-AIN treatment is the removal of the responsible drug. However, it is not always easy to identify the culprit drug as this entity mainly affects elderly patients on multiple medications, they rarely associate systemic symptoms (rash, fever), and the timeline regarding the diagnosis and the associated drug is not always clear. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment are delayed, making full renal function recovery less likely. The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) has demonstrated to be useful in the identification of the involved drug in other hypersensitivity-mediated lymphocyte T diseases such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome or Dress Syndrome. For this reason, we wonder if this test could be relevant in identifying the responsible drug in D-AIN. The aim of this study is to test LTT in patients with clinical and histological diagnosis of D-AIN. Method We have conducted a retrospective observational study in which we have collected data from 2019 to 2022 from our electronic databases. Results: We have registered 9 cases of D-AIN diagnosed with histological confirmation in whom the LTT had been performed. 22.2% of these patients were men. The mean age was 48.1 years (standard deviation of 15.8). None of them had previous chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mean peak creatinine at diagnosis was 4.66 mg/dl (standard deviation of 1.95). Regarding the typical symptoms of the D-AIN, three patients (33%) presented with fever and none of them suffered from rash. 6 patients had sterile pyuria (66%). All of them received steroid treatment. Concerning the LTT results, 7 cases were positive for one of the drugs the patient was taking, and 2 were negative. Among the positive cases, the identified drugs were 1 case of beta lactams (piperacillin), 1 case of PPIs (omeprazole), 1 case of metamizole, 1 case of paracetamol, 1 case of eslicarbazepine and 2 cases of NSAIDs (dexketoprofen), while the negative cases have not been suspected of taking any culprit drug. Conclusion LTT may be a useful test to identify the responsible drug for D-AIN, especially in patients taking multiple medications in which may be included some of great importance like immunotherapy (typical cause of D-AIN) in oncological treatments. In negative cases, it could be expected that the patient had taken medications difficult to be identified in the clinical history or, in some situations, the drug hapten responsible for kidney damage might be a drug metabolite and not the drug itself, which cannot be detected by the test.

Activated Carbon and Zeolite Promoted Removing Aromatic Antibiotic Such as Cefixime and Amoxicillin from Aqueous Environment: Synthesis of Pyrrol Derivatives Using Amoxicillin

In this research new derivatives of pyrroles in good yields were prepared using multicomponent reactions of amoxicillin, activated acetylenic compounds, and alkyl bromides in water as solvent at room temperature in the presence of catalytic amounts of active carbon. The short time of reaction, high yields of product, and easy separation of them are some advantages of this procedure. In this research, the adsorption process was investigated for cefixime and amoxicillin as antibiotic drugs removal using active carbon and zeolite as organic and natural adsorbents in continuous and batch reactors in lab-scale, and the experiments were continued continuously using an adsorbent that absorbed more the two drugs. According to obtained results, the active carbon adsorbed both cefixime and amoxicillin but the zeolite did not adsorb the amoxicillin but adsorbed the high percentage of cefixime in the batch procedure. It can be concluded that some advantages of the continuous process compared to batch reactor are high performance of adsorbent, short time of process, and high percentage of adsorption.

Efficient removal of veterinary drugs from aqueous solutions using magnetically separable carbonaceous materials derived from cobalt and iron metal-organic frameworks.

Rapid synthesis of carbon-based magnetic materials derived from cobalt and iron metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), ZIF-67, and MIL-100(Fe), by microwave-assisted method, followed by carbonization under a N2 atmosphere is described in this study. The carbon-derived MOFs (CDMs) were evaluated for the removal of theemerging pollutants sulfadiazine (SDZ) and flumequine (FLU)used asveterinary drugs. The study aimed to link the adsorption behavior with their surface properties and elemental composition. C-ZIF-67 and C-MIL-100(Fe) showed hierarchical porous structures with specific surface areas of 295.6 and 163.4 m2 g-1, respectively. The Raman spectra of the CDMs show the characteristic D and G bands associated with defect-rich carbon and sp2 graphitic carbon, respectively. The CDMs exhibit cobalt species (Co3O4, CoO, and Co) in C-ZIF-67 and iron species (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and Fe) in C-MIL-100 (Fe) which are related to the magnetic behavior of CDMs. C-ZIF-67 and C-MIL-100 (Fe) had saturation magnetization values of 22.9 and 53.7 emu g-1, respectively, allowing easy solid-liquid separation using a magnet. SDZ and FLU removal rates on CDMs follow pseudo-second-order kinetics, and adsorption isotherms fit the Langmuir model based on regression coefficient values. Adsorption thermodynamics calculations showed that the adsorption of SDZ and FLU by CDMs was a thermodynamically favorable process. Therefore, these properties of C-ZIF-67 and C-MIL-100 (Fe) and their regeneration ability facilitate their use as adsorbents for emerging pollutants.

Efficient Removal of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs from Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents Using Magnetite Nanoparticles Synthesized Red Mud.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-023-06404-7.

Statistical Analysis of Methotrexate Degradation by UV-C Photolysis and UV-C/TiO2 Photocatalysis.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid analog and has been used to treat a wide variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. The wide use of these substances has led to the continuous discharge of the parent compound and its metabolites in wastewater. In conventional wastewater treatment plants, the removal or degradation of drugs is not complete. In order to study the MTX degradation by photolysis and photocatalysis processes, two reactors were used with TiO2 as a catalyst and UV-C lamps as a radiation source. H2O2 addition was also studied (absence and 3 mM/L), and different initial pHs (3.5, 7, and 9.5) were tested to define the best degradation parameters. Results were analyzed by means of ANOVA and the Tukey test. Results show that photolysis in acidic conditions with 3 mM of H2O2 added is the best condition for MTX degradation in these reactors, with a kinetic constant of 0.028 min-1. According to the ANOVA test, all considered factors (process, pH, H2O2 addition, and experimentation time) caused statistically significant differences in the MTX degradation results.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of the Antidepressant Sertraline in Aqueous Solutions by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Antidepressants are one of the main pollutants in the aquatic environment. They are being widely studied due to their widespread use, possible health effects, and partial removal from wastewater treatment plants by conventional methods. Photocatalysis is an effective and ecologically beneficial method in wastewater treatment. In the present study, the photocatalytic degradation of sertraline hydrochloride (SERT) in water using nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) was investigated. The ZnO-NPs were synthesized from zinc gluconate as a precursor by the sol–gel method. The crystal structure, morphology, surface charge, and textural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analyses, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The removal of SERT in water was explored by different processes: H2O2/UV, ZnO-NPs/H2O2/UV, and ZnO-NPs/UV. Our results indicate that the combination of both UV illumination and the ZnO-NP as a catalyst was necessary for the efficient degradation of the drug. Nearly complete removal of SERT (98.7%) was achieved in 30 min with the ZnO-NPs/UV process at room temperature. The photodegradation of SERT follows first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0678 min−1. The results reveal that SERT degradation with ZnO-NPs/UV is pH-dependent, as the maximum drug removal was achieved at pH 11. Initial drug concentration, catalyst dose, and hydrogen peroxide concentration were also crucial in the removal of SERT. Our findings indicate that the high specific surface area and porous structure of ZnO-NP enhance its photocatalytic performance toward photodegradation of SERT, i.e., ZnO-NP is an efficient nanophotocatalyst for the degradation of SERT under UV irradiation.

Comparative study on removal of platinum cytostatic drugs at trace level by cysteine, diethylenetriamino functionalized Si-gels and polyethyleneimine functionalized sponge: Adsorption performance and mechanisms

To efficiently remove trace Pt-based cytostatic drugs (Pt-CDs) from aqueous environments, a comparative investigation was conducted on the adsorption behavior of three commercial adsorbents including cysteine-functionalized silica gel (Si-Cys), 3-(diethylenetriamino) propyl-functionalized silica gel (Si-DETA) and open-celled cellulose MetalZorb® sponge (Sponge). The research on the adsorption of cisplatin and carboplatin encompasses investigations of pH dependence, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and adsorption thermodynamics. The obtained results were compared with those of PtCl42− to better understand the adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption of cisplatin and carboplatin by Si-Cys was significantly better than Si-DETA and Sponge, which suggested that in chelation-dominated chemisorption, thiol groups provided high-affinity sites for Pt(II) complexation. Adsorption of the anion PtCl42− was more pH dependent and generally superior to that of cisplatin and carboplatin, benefiting from the contribution of ion association with protonated surfaces. The removal process of aqueous Pt(II) compounds occurred by the hydrolysis of complexes in solution and subsequent adsorption, and the specific adsorption process was explained by the synergistic action of ion association and chelation mechanisms. The rapid adsorption processes involving diffusion and chemisorption were well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The isotherm studies suggested monolayer adsorption, consistent with the Langmuir model. Indicated from the adsorption enthalpy results, the chelation of cisplatin and carboplatin with thiol groups was an endothermic reaction, while the adsorption of PtCl42− was exothermic. At 343 K, Si-Cys achieved 98.5 ± 0.1 % (cisplatin) and 94.1 ± 0.1 % (carboplatin) removal. To validate the obtained findings, the described process was applied to urine samples doped with Pt-CDs as analog of hospital wastewaters and the removal was very efficient, ranging from 72 ± 1 % to 95 ± 1 %, when using Si-Cys as adsorbent, although limited matrix effects were observed.

Pharmaceuticals Removal from Wastewater with Microalgae: A Pilot Study

Urban wastewaters contain pharmaceuticals that are not appropriately removed in conventional wastewater treatments, limiting treated water reuse. Microalgae have been shown to remove pharmaceuticals from urban wastewater in laboratory trials, but few studies have been conducted under natural conditions. In this work, pharmaceutical removal was assessed in a pilot-scale microalgal tertiary wastewater treatment in real conditions. Even after secondary treatment, the water contained measurable amounts of pharmaceuticals (an average of 218.4 ng/L) that significantly decreased to 39.83 ng/L at the exit of the microalgal system. Pharmaceuticals’ average removal rates were slightly higher in the summer (79.1%) than in autumn (71.1%). Antibiotics and antipsychotics were better removed (88.8 and 86.4%, respectively) than antihypertensives (75.3%) and others (Bezafibrate and Diclofenac; 64.0%). Physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater influenced pharmaceutical removal; significant positive correlations were observed between anti-hypertensive drug removal and ammonium concentration (r = 0.53; p < 0.05), total nitrogen and total pharmaceutical removal (r = 0.46; p < 0.05), and total nitrogen and antipsychotic drug removal (r = 0.47; p < 0.05). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of microalgal tertiary treatment in the removal of pharmaceuticals.

Facile synthesis of hierarchical porous MOFs via competition coordination strategy: A sustainable adsorbent for efficient removal of fluorine-containing drugs

Construction of hierarchically porous structure of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can improve the accessibility of active sites and mass transfer rate to improve practical applications effects such as adsorption efficiency. Rapid synthesis of hierarchically porous MOFs (HP-MOFs) at an industrial scale is extremely important from the perspective of sustainable development and economical practicality. Here, we propose a strategy to rapidly synthesize HP-MOFs at room temperature, using hydroxy double salts (HDS) as an intermediate to combine two ligands with different electronegativity to generate competitive coordination during the nucleation stage. Using this method, we can obtain HP-Zn-MOFs within 20 min at room temperature, with larger pores (average pore size > 8 nm) and higher space–time yield (STY > 3000 kg m−3 d−1). All the raw materials are low cost and low toxicity, which is consistent with the concept of green chemistry. More than that, the as-synthesized HP-Zn-MOFs have an excellent adsorption effect in removing fluorine-containing drugs (FCDs) through multiple interactions, showing good reusability, practical application, and good adsorption for other drugs. This work demonstrates the feasibility of the green synthesis of HP-MOFs through competition coordination methods at room temperature, which highlights the potential for the elimination of contaminants.

Cost-Effectiveness and Budget Impact of a Novel Antithrombotic Drug Removal System to Reduce Bleeding Risk in Patients on Preoperative Ticagrelor Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

Antithrombotic drugs, including the P2Y12 inhibitor ticagrelor, increase the risk of perioperative bleeding in patients requiring urgent cardiac surgery. Perioperative bleeding can lead to increased mortality and prolong intensive care unit and hospital stays. A novel sorbent-filled hemoperfusion cartridge that intraoperatively removes ticagrelor via hemoadsorption can reduce the risk of perioperative bleeding. We estimated the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of using this device versus standard practices to reduce the risk of perioperative bleeding during and after coronary artery bypass grafting from the US healthcare sector perspective. We used a Markov model to analyze the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of the hemoadsorption device in three cohorts: (1) surgery within 1 day from last ticagrelor dose; (2) surgery between 1 and 2 days from last ticagrelor dose; and (3) a combined cohort. The model analyzed costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Results were interpreted as both incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and net monetary benefits (NMBs) at a cost-effectiveness threshold of $100,000/QALY. We analyzed parameter uncertainty using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The hemoadsorption device was dominant for each cohort. Patients with less than 1 day of washout in the device arm gained 0.017 QALYs at a savings of $1748(USD), for an NMB of $3434. In patients with 1-2 days of washout, the device arm yielded 0.014 QALYs and a cost savings of $151, for an NMB of $1575. In the combined cohort, device gained 0.016 QALYs and a savings of $950 for an NMB of $2505. Per-member-per-month cost savings associated with device was estimated to be $0.02 for a one-million-member health plan. This model found the hemoadsorption device to provide better clinical and economic outcomes compared with the standard of care in patients who required surgery within 2 days of ticagrelor discontinuation. Given the increasing use of ticagrelor in patients with acute coronary syndrome, incorporating this novel device may represent an important part of any bundle to save costs and reduce harm.

Starch modified NiFe layered double hydroxide composites for better adsorption and photocatalytic removal of reactive dye and piroxicam-20 drug.

One of the most omnipresent problems to the environment is the efficient removal of textile dyes and non-steroidal drugs from wastewater. For this purpose, renewable, sustainable, and biodegradable biopolymers are used. In this study, starch (S) modified NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites were successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation method and have been examined as a catalyst for the effective adsorption of reactive blue 19 dye, reactive orange 16 dye, and piroxicam-20 NSAID from wastewater and photocatalytic degradation of reactive red 120 dye. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalyst were assessed by XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, FE-SEM, DLS, ZETA, and BET. The coarser and more porous micrographs are shown in FESEM, indicating the homogeneous dispersion of layered double hydroxide on starch polymer chains. The S/NiFe-LDH composites have a slightly greater SBET (6.736m2/g) than NiFe LDH (4.78m2/g). The S/NiFe-LDH composite shows remarkable ability in the removal of reactive dyes. The band gap value of NiFe LDH, S/NiFe LDH (0.5:1), and S/NiFe LDH (1:1) composites was calculated as 2.28eV, 1.80eV, and 1.74eV, respectively. The qmax assessed from Langmuir isotherm for removal of piroxicam-20 drug, reactive blue 19 dye, and reactive orange 16 was 2840mg/g, 149.47mg/g, and 182.4mg/g, respectively. The activated chemical adsorption without product desorption is predicted by the Elovich kinetic model. With reactive red 120 dye, S/NiFe-LDH shows photocatalytic degradation within 3h of irradiation of visible light with 90% removal efficiency and follows a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The scavenging experiment confirms the involvement of electrons and holes in photocatalytic degradation. With a little decline in adsorption capacity up to five cycles, starch/NiFe LDH was easily regenerated. So, the suitable adsorbent required for wastewater treatment is nanocomposites of LDHs and starch as they enhance the chemical and physical attributes of the composite structure with greater absorption capabilities.

Assessing the feasibility of a downstream heterogeneous Fenton process for the oxidative degradation of biologically treated ranitidine, diclofenac, and simvastatin

This work assesses the feasibility of coupling the heterogeneous Fenton process to biologically treated domestic sewage to remove diclofenac, ranitidine, and simvastatin (50 µg L−1 each). The catalyst was a purified natural zeolite, which was impregnated with iron (2Fe4A). First, batch tests (10 g L−1 catalyst, 2 g L−1 H2O2, and pH 7) were performed to gather information about the performance of the process. Simvastatin could not be significantly removed as its molecular dimensions were larger than the zeolite pores. Drugs removal by adsorption and mineralization were not observed. After five cycles of 30 h each, leached iron was approximately 2%, with no significant change in the drugs removal performance. Second, a fixed-bed reactor packed with 2Fe4A was placed after the exit of the biological reactor, with hydraulic retention time of 12 min. 98 and 82% of diclofenac and ranitidine, respectively, were removed, as well as 93% of the added hydrogen peroxide. The coupled system was stable for, at least, 10 days. The operating cost of the heterogeneous Fenton process combined to the biological one was estimated and, although diclofenac and ranitidine could be significantly removed in a short period of time, it was concluded that it is a relatively expensive process that has the disadvantages of high hydrogen peroxide consumption and size exclusion effects.