The development of effective drug delivery systems for subcutaneous or intradermal injection requires systems with improved bioavailability and biocompatibility. Systematic physicochemical and biological interrogation of carnauba-wax/red-palm-oil lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) stabilized with d-α-tocopheryl-PEG-1000-succinate and polysorbate-40 shows that purposeful matrix engineering yields a robust sub-50nm carrier for under-skin delivery. Cryo-TEM and SAXS reveal hybrid morphology dominated by 30-40nm toroidal disc-shaped particles. Orthogonal analytics via multidetection asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and WAXS confirm that loading with quinine or dihydroartemisinin leaves size and crystallinity unchanged, achieving approximately 90% encapsulation efficiencies and particle stability up to 18 months at 4°C. Formulations containing red palm oil and the dual-surfactant corona exhibited reduced size dispersity compared with single-component formulations. Long-term viability assays in primary human fibroblasts and macrophages, and ex vivo cultured human skin, underscore excellent biocompatibility up to 0.024% (w/v) lipid. Fluorescein-labeled LNPs traversed the dermis and hypodermis, while only nanomolar lipid concentrations appeared in the receiver medium, indicating a sustained local depot. Overall, this study provides insights into the relationship between formulation composition, particle morphology and measured physicochemical and biological properties relevant to under-skin administration.

Hydrogels are prevalent materials with applications ranging from drug delivery systems, contact lenses and tissue engineering scaffolds. However, they require considerable perturbation to observe their nanoscale, solution-phase structures necessary for predicting bulk properties. Although studies suggest that methylcellulose, a quintessential hydrogel material, can be described by a semiflexible biopolymer network model, there remain demonstrable inconsistencies in the predicted concentration dependence of rheological properties and in the observation of higher-order features. Here we image solvated hydrogels with high spatiotemporal resolution via liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy to avoid desolvation and shear artefacts. Corroborated by scattering and scanning electron microscopy, we observe that methylcellulose hydrogels form a network with high persistence length and micrometre-scale fibril bundles arranged in hierarchical assemblies, providing a more accurate prediction of bulk rheology. In addition, network structures are observed for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose. These observations across multiple-length scales lead to a clearer understanding of how nanoscale structure impacts microscale structure and macroscopic behaviour, aiding the development of more accurate structure-property relationships for hydrogel materials.

Recently, lipid-polymer nanoparticles incorporating bile acids (BAs) have garnered significant interest in drug delivery research. Due to their amphiphilic nature, self-assembling properties, and steroid skeleton, BAs can serve as both drug-solubilizing and membrane-penetrating agents, facilitating drug transport across cell membranes. BAs exhibit diverse bioactivities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects, which further increase their potential for therapeutic applications. Their carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups allow for easy derivatization, enabling the synthesis of a wide range of BA-based (macro)molecules. Introducing BAs into polymer systems leads to stable and biocompatible nanocarriers with high affinity to cell membranes, enabling the encapsulation, delivery, and controlled release of bioactive molecules. This review provides a comprehensive overview of polymers containing bile acids (BAs) as drug delivery vehicles. We first explore the biological roles and therapeutic potential of BAs. This is followed by a discussion of the synthetic strategies used to prepare polymers containing bile acid moieties. Finally, we assess the advantages and key challenges that will shape the future development of polymeric BA-based drug delivery systems.

Lung cancer is a highly malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. Exploring effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches is of paramount importance. This study aims to develop a nanomedicine delivery system with dual capabilities for drug loading and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), investigating its targeted drug delivery function and MRI tracking capability for lung cancer.
Method: This study prepared folate-targeted albumin magnetic nanoparticles for carboplatin encapsulation (FA-CBP-BMNs), characterized them, and determined the encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity, and release rate. Cellular function and MRI imaging capabilities were investigated via MTT assays, ICP-MS quantification, and cell capture experiments. In vivo tracking capability, antitumor effects, and biosafety were evaluated using a mouse model.
Results: The particle size of FA-CBP-BMNs was 186.37 ± 5.49 nm, with morphological analysis revealing spherical dispersion. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity were 12.25 ± 3.72% and 95.38 ± 4.19%, respectively. FA-CBP-BMNs exhibit sensitivity to the pH of the release medium, demonstrating enhanced sustained-release targeting properties in acidic environments. MRI imaging indicates that FA-CBP-BMNs improve relaxation efficiency. In vitro, they inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells. In vivo, they efficiently recognize and track tumor cells while exhibiting favorable antitumor effects, along with good biocompatibility and safety.
Conclusion: This study successfully developed a multifunctional targeted sustained-release drug delivery system, FA-CBP-BMNs, integrating drug loading and MRI imaging capabilities. FA-CBP-BMNs demonstrated significant advantages in targeted therapy and diagnosis of lung cancer, opening new avenues for its treatment and diagnosis with promising clinical application value.

Background: Local delivery after resection of high-grade glioma, particularly glioblastoma (GBM), aims to increase intratumoral drug exposure while limiting systemic toxicity. The only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved implantable intracranial chemotherapy is the carmustine (1,3-bis[2-chloroethyl]-1-nitrosourea; BCNU)-impregnated polyanhydride wafer (Gliadel wafer), indicated for newly diagnosed high-grade glioma and recurrent GBM. More than two decades of clinical use and randomized data show that intracavitary chemotherapy is feasible and confers a modest survival benefit in carefully selected patients. Nevertheless, Gliadel wafer has not altered the overall poor prognosis of GBM because of biological resistance to nitrosoureas, constrained brain-parenchymal pharmacokinetics, and device-related adverse effects. Objective: The aim is to synthesize clinical and preclinical evidence defining the current limitations of Gliadel wafer and to outline strategies for next-generation local delivery systems, with emphasis on GBM within the broader high-grade glioma setting. Methods: A narrative review of randomized and observational clinical studies, pharmacokinetic studies, and preclinical investigations evaluating Gliadel wafer and potential next-generation local delivery systems in GBM and other high-grade gliomas was performed. Results: The literature delineates key limitations of Gliadel wafer: short diffusion distances and burst-weighted carmustine release, high tumor cell resistance to carmustine due to heterogeneity, and device-related side effects. Emerging approaches to address these limitations include (i) multidrug systems with synergistic effects against GBM cells; (ii) advanced biomaterials that enable controlled and sustained release; and (iii) targeted agents with minimal off-target effects. Testing newer generations of local drug-delivery systems in more predictive translational models, such as patient-derived organoids and spontaneous large-animal glioma models, is essential to maximize the translatability of preclinical studies to human studies. However, broader adoption of spontaneous large-animal glioma models is constrained by ethical oversight, animal-welfare considerations, cost, and limited availability compared with rodent platforms. Conclusions: Next-generation local drug-delivery systems should include multiple synergistic tumor-selective drugs that can be released in a controlled, sustained manner deep into the residual tumor. Preclinical testing of these systems should be conducted in clinically relevant animal models that are more translatable than those used in early Gliadel wafer studies.

Cycloparaphenylenes (CPP) and their heteroatom-doped derivatives are emerging as interesting nanocarriers due to their adjustable electronic structures and π-conjugated frameworks. This study used density functional theory (DFT) to examine the structural, electrical, and adsorption characteristics of virgin CPP, nitrogen-doped CPP (N-CPP), and oxygen-doped CPP (O-CPP) in relation to two anticancer agents, hydroxyurea (HU) and thioguanine (TG). Geometry optimization verified the inherent stability of all carriers, whereas doping induced localized distortions that increased reactivity. Electronic tests indicated a consistent decrease in the energy gap after medication adsorption. HU functioned as a weak electron donor, resulting in little gap narrowing, whereas TG operated as a robust electron acceptor, causing substantial band-gap quenching-particularly in TG@O-CPP, where the gap practically disappeared, resulting in metallic-like behavior. Adsorption energies (−0.10 to −1.13 eV) and recovery periods revealed divergent kinetics: HU complexes desorbed almost quickly, while TG demonstrated more robust binding and extended residence lengths, especially on O-CPP. Charge-transfer research validated the contrasting donor–acceptor functions of HU and TG, supported by global reactivity indices indicating heightened electrophilicity and reduced hardness upon TG adsorption. The findings identify TG@O-CPP as the most promising system, with improved adsorption strength, substantial charge transfer, notable band-gap reduction, and adjustable electrical responsiveness. These results provide significant insights for the systematic design of CPP-based nanostructures in biosensing applications that need rapid reaction and in drug-delivery systems that require controlled release.

This study scrutinizes the effect of thermal radiation and Stefan blowing on the chemical reactive flow of Boger nanofluid across a stretched sheet with Darcy Forchheimer medium and heat generation using an intelligent computational framework based on Artifice neural network-Bayesian regularization. Furthermore, Brownian motion and thermophoresis properties have been examined. The suggested model of how Stefan blowing affects the chemical reactive flow of a Boger nanofluid with thermophoresis effects and Brownian motion has useful applications in a number of industrial and engineering operations. In chemical reactors, nano-coating technologies, and polymer processing, this model is essential for improving heat and mass transport processes. While the Boger nanofluid model accurately depicts non-Newtonian behaviour pertinent to biofluids and complex lubricants, Stefan blowing consideration offers insights on evaporation or suction effects. For the purpose of maximizing nanoparticle dispersion in cooling systems, fuel cells, and medicinal devices like targeted drug delivery systems where exact control over particle motion and chemical reactivity is crucial, Brownian motion and thermophoresis are also critical. The velocity profile improves as the Stefan blowing parameter values rise, but the thermal and concentration profiles decrease.

Over 15% of acne patients manifest moderate to severe clinical presentations, accompanied with bacterial infection, long-term inflammatory responses, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and post-acne skin atrophy. Although microneedles (MNs) represent an effective transdermal drug delivery system for acne treatment, the therapeutic effects on the restoration of dysregulated lipid metabolism and the prevention of atrophic acne scars are still lacking. Herein, we develop proteoglycan-mimetic comb polymer (HMC)-based dissolving microneedles (HMC-PEP MNs) with encapsulation of therapeutic peptides. This system effectively targets the acne pathophysiological pathways involving bacterial colonization, lipid dysregulation, chronic inflammation and impaired tissue repair. Specifically, HMC enables sustained release of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides via multiple non-covalent interactions. HMC-PEP MNs display significant efficacy via eradicatingCutibacterium acnes infection, suppressing pro-inflammatory mediator expression, and reducing the TREM2/M2 macrophage ratio. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals that HMC-PEP MNs effectively regulate cholesterol and linoleic acid metabolism, inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling transduction, and reduce keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation by inhibiting the IGF1/IGF1R/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Interestingly, HMC-PEP MNs also promote collagen synthesis and ameliorate fibroblast dysfunction, thereby preventing the formation of post-acne dermal atrophy. This study presents an effective therapeutic strategy for acne and elucidates the underlying mechanisms of HMC-PEP MNs, demonstrating considerable promise for clinical translation.

This study investigates the efficacy of co-assembled, physically cross-linked nanocarriers comprising tannic acid (TA) and a P(DMAEMA-co-OEGMA) random/statistical double-hydrophilic copolymer for ovalbumin (OVA) encapsulation. TA-based nanocarriers, prepared at varying TA molar ratios (10% w/v and 20% w/v), exhibited nanoaggregates of different sizes, as revealed by dynamic light scattering, with Nanocarrier 1 system showing populations of 11 and 109 nm, while Nanocarrier 2 formed a single population of 75 nm in size. Notably, both colloidal systems demonstrated stability under thermal treatment and resilience to changes in salt concentrations higher than 0.15 M, but disassembly phenomena in basic media. Utilizing these nanocarriers for OVA loading via electrostatic interactions revealed strong positive charges (~30 mV) for all protein-loaded nanocarrier cases. In particular, they demonstrated sizes within the desired range (Rh = 96–118 nm) and considerable stability over 20 days and in the presence of serum proteins. Overall, this study underscores the importance of physical cross-linking as a viable strategy for the formation of tunable nanometric hydrocolloids for effective protein encapsulation, with significant implications for drug delivery systems.

The orthodontic landscape is currently witnessing a significant technological evolution with the emergence of direct 3D-printed aligners (DPAs), which promise to close the digital workflow loop by eliminating the geometric limitations and solid model waste inherent to traditional thermoformed clear aligners (TCAs). This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the material science governing this transition from inert thermoplastic sheets to reactive photocurable resins. We explore the fundamental chemistry of DPA materials, and the pivotal role of post-processing in ensuring mechanical integrity and biocompatibility. Beyond passive mechanics, this review highlights preclinical research in functional material engineering, detailing how experimental DPAs are being investigated for the integration of antibacterial agents, remineralization fillers, and drug delivery systems. Furthermore, we evaluate the limited but emerging clinical data on DPAs, contrasting their shape-memory properties and force delivery profiles with conventional appliances, while critically addressing emerging safety concerns regarding monomer elution and microplastic generation. We conclude that while DPA technology offers superior dimensional control, comprehensive life cycle assessments and long-term in vivo trials are essential to fully substantiate their clinical efficacy, overall sustainability, and potential as advanced orthodontic appliances.

Microfluidic technologies have emerged as powerful tools in pharmaceutical sciences, offering precise control over fluid handling, mixing, and mass transfer at the microscale. These unique characteristics have enabled significant advances in controlled pharmaceutical formulation and drug screening, addressing key limitations of conventional bulk-scale methods, such as poor reproducibility, high material consumption, and limited physiological relevance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in microfluidics for pharmaceutical applications, with a focus on formulation control, nanocarrier and advanced drug delivery system fabrication, controlled release, and stability enhancement. The role of microfluidic platforms in high-throughput and physiologically relevant drug screening, including cell-based and organon-chip models, is critically discussed. Furthermore, the integration of microfluidics with emerging technologies such as automation, artificial intelligence, digital microfluidics, and advanced analytical tools is highlighted as a driver of datadriven and continuous pharmaceutical development. Key challenges related to scalability, standardization, regulatory acceptance, and ethical considerations are also examined. Finally, future perspectives emphasize the growing translational potential of microfluidics in continuous manufacturing, personalized medicine, and precision therapeutics. Overall, this review underscores the transformative impact of microfluidic technologies on modern pharmaceutical formulation and drug screening, positioning them as integral components of next-generation drug development pipelines.

Design and Development of Standardized Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract in Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) Formulation

In this work, the usability of tamoxifen-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles as a drug release system was investigated. Optimal conditions for nanoparticle preparation were determined, and the nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to AFM and SEM images, the nanoparticles ranged in size from 50 to 800 nm. The release of tamoxifen from nanoparticles in simulated stomach and small intestine media was investigated, and it was found that after 5 h, only 8% of the immobilized drug was released in the stomach medium, whereas 92% was released in the small intestine medium. The results show that tamoxifen-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles have the potential to serve as a controlled drug-delivery system.

Objectives: Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to produce a simple, accurate, and precise method for the estimation of Magnolol (MO) in self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system. Method: Analysis of this method was carried out using reverse phase Nucleodur C-18 column. For this study Mobile phase used was acetonitrile: H2O (90:10% v/v), the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, chromatogram of MO was determined at wavelength 290 nm, and sharp peak was obtained at retention time of 3.496 min. Validation of the developed method was done according to International Conference on HarmonizationQ2 (R1) guidelines. Results: MO showed linearity at 2–10 μg/mL with R2 of 0.9983. The % mean recovery was determined to be 95.01%, suggesting that the approach was accurate, and from the relative standard deviation, which was found to be varying from 0.53% to 1.96% for both intra-day and inter-day precision, that is, clearly <2%, indicates that the method was precise. It was observed that the detection and quantification limits, that is, limit of quantification and limit of detection, were, respectively, 0.50 and 1.52 μg/mL. Finally, for the developed method, Robustness study was performed by doing small variations in pH, flow rate, ratio of mobile phase, and the result showed that the developed method was robust, as the percentage relative standard deviation and % recovery were under a specific limit. Conclusion: This indicates that the method that was developed was accurate, linear, précised and robust. Furthermore, it can be used to estimate MO in Pharmaceutical formulations.

Facile preparation of dual pH/thermo-responsive MOF@chitosan hydrogel microspheres through reactive spray drying for sustained curcumin release and enhanced hemostasis.

Intranasal delivery of chitosan-coated bilosomes for repurposing Olmesartan in Alzheimer's disease therapy: Formulation, optimization, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.

Fluorinated polymeric nanoplatform relieves tumor hypoxia and enhances chemo-sonodynamic therapy.

Gastric fluids, allowing it to remain buoyant in the stomach for a prolonged period. This system is used to: Prolong gastric residence time (GRT) to improve drug absorption, especially for drugs that are absorbed in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. Provide a slow, continuous release of the drug at a desired rate. Better control fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations. These systems work by using effervescent reactions or low-density materials to remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting the normal gastric emptying rate. A floating drug delivery system (FDDS) is a type of gastroretentive drug delivery system designed to have a bulk density lower than While floating, the system slowly releases the drug at a controlled rate, which enhances the drug's bioavailability and therapeutic effect by increasing the time it stays in the upper gastrointestinal tract. FDDS have a lower density than gastric fluids (~1.004 g/cm³), so they float on the stomach contents. While floating, the drug is released slowly, and the system gradually empties from the stomach once the release is complete. The development of Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) represents a promising approach to achieve prolonged gastric retention and controlled drug release

Conventional chemotherapy is significantly hampered by the inherent hydrophobicity of chemotherapeutic agents, limited tumor-specific targeting, and inadequate intratumoral accumulation, all of which undermine its clinical efficacy. Nonselective distribution of cytotoxic agents leads to suboptimal drug concentrations within tumor tissues, causing systemic toxicity in healthy organs. Tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoplatforms offer a promising strategy for enhancing specificity and efficacy. This study demonstrates the successful development of a nanodrug delivery system, CASS@PTX nanoparticles, where CASS is a cinnamaldehyde-based, disulfide-containing polymer engineered with dual-stimulus responsiveness to glutathione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplification. This system disrupts intracellular redox homeostasis in tumor cells, triggering the release of encapsulated paclitaxel (PTX) while enhancing chemotherapeutic efficacy through redox-dependent sensitization. GSH consumption and ROS overproduction create a prooxidative microenvironment that enhances PTX-induced apoptosis. Preclinical validation using in vitro cytotoxicity assays and in vivo tumor models demonstrates potent synergistic anti-tumor effects with minimal systemic toxicity. This cascading ROS self-generation strategy represents a promising approach for overcoming multidrug resistance and improving the therapeutic outcomes of cancer chemotherapy.

In this study, a stable nanocrystalline drug delivery system for indomethacin (IND) was rapidly developed by integrating machine learning methods with Hummer Acoustic Resonance (HAR) technology. This system effectively enhanced the solubility of IND and demonstrated excellent scalability. High-throughput screening using HAR technology identified P188-PVA as the optimal composite stabilizer for IND nanocrystal suspensions. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to thoroughly investigate the interaction mechanisms between the drug and stabilizers. Systematic design and optimization of IND nanocrystal formulation parameters and HAR process conditions were conducted using an integrated modeling approach combining Box-Behnken design (BBD) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Various statistical metrics were employed to evaluate and compare the predictive accuracy and generalization capability of BBD-RSM and ANN models, thereby identifying the optimal formulation. HAR technology was successfully used to scale up the optimal formulation by 5- and 50-fold, demonstrating its initial potential for scalability. Freeze-drying, spray-drying, and fluidized-bed drying techniques were evaluated for solidifying the prepared nanocrystal suspensions. Multiple analytical techniques were employed to characterize the particle size and solid-state properties of IND nanocrystals. PXRD and DSC analyses confirmed the crystalline nature of the IND nanocrystals. In vitro dissolution experiments indicated that IND nanocrystals exhibited significantly improved dissolution compared to raw IND. Additionally, the concepts and methodologies proposed in this study could also be applied to the development of other poorly water-soluble drugs.