Drop Sensor Research Articles

Justification of the Locations of Differential Pressure Sensors for Coarse and Fine Filter Elements Installed one Inside the Other in a Single Gas Filter Housing

Statement of the problem. The relevant task of ensuring the uninterrupted operation of modern gas pressure reduction systems is to develop and comprehensively substantiate the possibility of using two-stage filters for natural gas purification in gas reduction points and theoretically substantiate the method for calculating the pressure drop in cylindrical filter elements (CFE). Results. It is proved that when gas flows in the upper cross section of the filter, the pressure drop will be less than in lower cross sections, including the pressure drop in the lowest cross section. This leads to a larger amount of leaking gas, to a larger mass of impurities settling in the lower part of the filter elements of cylindrical coarse and fine cleaning and to a greater degree of their clogging. Therefore, it is recommended to place gas pressure sensors in the lower part of the internal volume of the coarse and fine-cleaned CFE, so that the flow direction of the coarse and finely purified gas washing the sensors at the location of the hole for measuring statistical pressure is tangential to the side surface of the sensor tube. Then the flow direction of the roughly and finely purified gas entering the holes of the sensors is carried out at an angle of 90° and the pressure gauges measure the static pressure. Conclusions. The locations of pressure drop sensors on coarse and fine filter elements installed one inside the other in a single gas filter housing are substantiated. The proposed arrangement of differential pressure sensors will significantly increase the possibility of receiving an earlier signal about the degree of clogging of the gas filter at the control room, as well as have a significant amount of time for timely removal of blockages formed in the coarse cleaning CFE and replacement of fine cleaning CFE.

Enhancing Agricultural Practices Through IoT-Based Smart Farming Technologies: A Case Study on Banana Crop Yield Optimization

Aims: Smart farming and precision agriculture have emerged as transformative paradigms in modern agricultural practices, leveraging technological innovations to enhance productivity, sustainability, and efficiency in food production. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the concepts and technologies related to smart farming. The work proposed implements a sensor assisted IoT based model to enhance the overall yield of banana crop, by monitoring the current conditions existing at the site and predicting the alterations to achieve optimal conditions for conducive and healthy growth, further early identification and prediction of infection causing pathogens to have also been embedded in the model. Model designed has been tested on the farm field of banana crop located in the premises of Amity University Lucknow Campus equipped with moisture and humidity sensors (DHT11), NPK soil nutrient sensor, PIR motion sensor (HC-SR501), pH Sensor (pH -450), rain drop sensor along with camera installed drone for infection identification. Data from sensors and drone camera were monitored at regular intervals for future predictions about health and productivity estimate of the crop.

Solar Panel Cleaning System with Voltage Drop Detection

bstract: This research suggests a unique voltage drop sensor and LDR (light-dependent resistor) based solar panel dust removal detecting system. Whereas the voltage drop sensor gauges the voltage differential between the solar panel's input and output, the LDR sensor counts the amount of light reflected from the panel's surface. The system is able to precisely identify the existence of dust and assess its level of intensity by evaluating the aggregated data from these sensors. Afterwards, an automatic dust removal device, like a water spray system or robotic brush, can be started using this information. The suggested method improves the overall performance and lifespan of solar photovoltaic systems by providing an automated, economical, and efficient alternative for the removal of dust from solar panel

HYGIENE HIVE MONITOR

In modern days, we desire a healthy and hygiene-friendly environment for our society. We see multiple dustbins with an overflow of waste in urban areas. This situation is created pathogens, which spread diseases in our society. Its affect clean India mission. So, we designed the system aimed at improve the effectiveness and sustainability of waste collection and disposal processes. In this setup, once the dustbin reaches its maximum capacity, a notification containing its live location is dispatched to the corporation. The detection of the dustbin's capacity is facilitated by employing an ultrasonic sensor. Then level of garbage is displayed by LCD and the level is sent to the corporation. This helps the timely collection of garbage. As the rain is fell into the trash can; the stink was affecting our society. The rain drop sensor detects the rain drops; trashcan will be automatically close. This helps to reduce the stench and improves healthy environment. If suppose, after sending the live location notification, the dustbin does not cleaned by workers then the notification sent to the higher authority. Then if the dustbin is empty or less than capacity of 80, message is sent to the corporation (Cleaned). It is helping the higher official, whether the workers are working properly or not. We used an efficient and cheap component to make this project economical. It can be easily understood by the workers. It reduces the overflow of garbage. A system is used to improve our nation. Concluding that the system helping us to save the time, energy, cost, and fuel. Improve the concept of less human and speedup process. Key Words: Ultrasonic sensor, raindrop sensor, IR sensor, IoT, Dustbin

Экспериментальное исследование осциллирующего течения в трубном пучке

Oscillating reciprocating flows are found in a variety of engineering applications. The mechanisms of oscillating flows have not been sufficiently studied. Oscillating flows can be created artificially to increase heat transfer equipment by intensifying heat transfer. Thus, this paper studies the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a tube bundle under the influence of oscillating flow. The assessment of heat transfer and the hydrodynamic flow pattern in a tube bundle during flow oscillations is carried out on the basis of experimental studies. Flow oscillations have been created by a pneumatic system that drove a pulsator. The time characteristic of the pressure drop of the tube bundle has been recorded using an oscilloscope and pressure drop sensors. To assess the dynamics of flow velocity, the high-speed shooting method is used. The heat exchange of a tube bundle has been determined by the electrical power expended to maintain a constant temperature on the tube side of the bundle. For the first time, heat transfer and the hydrodynamic flow pattern with asymmetrical flow oscillations in an inline tube bundle are studied experimentally. It is shown that the shape of oscillations of flow velocity and pressure drop depend on frequency. It has been found that with increasing frequency there is an increase in the values of flow velocity and pressure drop. It has been determined that for certain moments of time, the flow velocity and pressure drop during asymmetrical oscillations exceed symmetrical ones. It has been established that the heat transfer rate of a bundle increases by 1,7 times with an increase in frequency. It has been shown that asymmetrical oscillations are more effective in intensifying heat transfer than symmetrical ones by an average of 1,1 times. Analysis of the results obtained has showed the possibility of intensifying heat transfer in a tube bundle using oscillating flows. Thus, oscillating flows can be used to increase the efficiency of heat exchange equipment. The results obtained on the hydrodynamic flow pattern can be used in mathematical modeling of oscillating flows, which are necessary to expand the operating parameters of the study and determine the most effective ones.

Evaluation of Three Soil Moisture Profile Sensors Using Laboratory and Field Experiments.

Soil moisture profile sensors (SMPSs) have a high potential for climate-smart agriculture due to their easy handling and ability to perform simultaneous measurements at different depths. To date, an accurate and easy-to-use method for the evaluation of long SMPSs is not available. In this study, we developed laboratory and field experiments to evaluate three different SMPSs (SoilVUE10, Drill&Drop, and SMT500) in terms of measurement accuracy, sensor-to-sensor variability, and temperature stability. The laboratory experiment features a temperature-controlled lysimeter to evaluate intra-sensor variability and temperature stability of SMPSs. The field experiment features a water level-controlled sandbox and reference TDR measurements to evaluate the soil water measurement accuracy of the SMPS. In both experiments, a well-characterized fine sand was used as measurement medium to ensure homogeneous dielectric properties in the measurement domain of the sensors. The laboratory experiments with the lysimeter showed that the Drill&Drop sensor has the highest temperature sensitivity with a decrease of 0.014 m3 m-3 per 10 °C, but at the same time showed the lowest intra- and inter-sensor variability. The field experiment with the sandbox showed that all three SMPSs have a similar performance (average RMSE ≈ 0.023 m3 m-3) with higher uncertainties at intermediate soil moisture contents. The presented combination of laboratory and field tests were found to be well suited to evaluate the performance of SMPSs and will be used to test additional SMPSs in the future.

Perancangan Prototipe Rain Drop Sensor Berbasis Arduino Uno

In Indonesia, the climate is mostly hot and humid, and most of the rainfall occurs. As a result, people are less aware of how much rain occurs inside rooms, homes, and offices. We need a warning to explain the problem so that we can take the necessary action when it rains. By creating Arduino-based rain sensors and implementing the fourth industrial revolution in everyday life, the study aims to raise awareness of rain unknowingly. The initial method is the implementation of the Raindrop Sensor based arduino which is an Arduino standard board based on the ATmega328P microcontroller. The Rain Drop Sensor Module works when it rains, when the electric vibration buzzer rains into sound vibration, then the buzzer will provide sound information. The research results of the sensor value of more than 500 with the green light indicator lighting the Buzzer does not emit noise then the conditions are not rainy or can be meant the weather is medium bright, then the sensor value is less than 500 by the indicator Buzzer on then emits the sound and the red lighting indicator color lighting, then indicates the rain condition.

Experimental Investigation of the Transition between Intermittent and Annular Two-Phase Flow Through Orifice Plates

In several industries, specifically in the petroleum industry, single and multi-phase flows through restrictions are commonly found. The restrictions are installed for multiple purposes e.g. control the flow and measurement. This research focuses on an experimental study of two-phase (air-water, air-oil) flows through orifice plates, with different restriction sizes ($\beta$) to better understand the effects of viscosity in three flow patterns: elongated bubble, slug flow and annular flow. The experimental set up allows to visualize the flow with high-speed camera and measure the differential pressure signature, allowing a detailed discussion on the influence of Reynolds, Froude and aspect ratio ($\beta$) for each flow pattern. This research demonstrates that with simple data analysis (PDF, PSD) of a low frequency pressure drop sensor installed in the singularity, it is possible to determine not only the flow pattern upstream the restriction, which has been done before in the literature, but also determine several properties of the flow upstream and downstream, such as the intermittent factor of the flow, the oscillation wave downstream the restriction, among others. This paper shows that any restriction properly instrumented can be used to determine the flow pattern in a system, which is usually an unknown variable. The analysis shows how the transition of flow patterns can be observed based on both probability density functions and power spectrum density of the differential pressure signature.

Dual Axis Solar Panel Weather Monitoring System

Abstract: This analysis presents associate degree analysis of a dual-axis solar chase system with weather updates mistreatment Arduino By 2035 the alternative energy can become the foremost used supply of energy for the generation of electricity or we are able to say the production of electricity within the world. this may conjointly result in greater use of inexpensive digital technology. Most of the star panels area unit mounted kind, thus so as to maximize the facility generation, we tend to area unit mistreatment the star huntsman which can follow the rotation of the sun throughout the day. If we tend to compare the total output of twin also as single-axis star huntsman system, we found that it's higher performance in terms of current, voltage, and power output. there's a rise in performance of around twenty fifth of the facility. we tend to area unit mistreatment the lightdependent resistors (LDRs) as a detector as a chase mechanism for the sun radiations and 2 servomotors connected vertically and horizontally to direct the position of the panel. The planned automatic huntsman is that it controls the elevation and orientation angles of electrical device specified the panel can maintain perpendicular to the daylight for the maximum absorption of sunshine rays. And computer code half is completed with the assistance of code written in Arduino Uno controller. Keywords: Solar panel, Arduino UNO, Light detecting resistors (LDRs), servo motors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, rain drop sensors.

Analysis of Drop Sensor Accuracy in Central Infusion Peristaltic Monitoring Based on Computer Using Wireless Communication HC-11

In some hospitals, the infusion is still done manually, where medical personnel observe the liquid droplets directly and then control the rate using a mechanical resistor (clamp). This method is certainly far from accurate. An infusion pump is a medical aid that functions to control and ensure the correct dose of infusion fluid given to patients treated. The purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of the infrared photodiode as a drop sensor based on the readings of the infusion pump monitoring system. This module consists of a photodiode infrared drop sensor module, a comparator circuit, a monostable circuit, a stepper motor, an L298N motor driver, and an ATmega328 microcontroller. The droplets were detected by an infrared photodiode sensor, then compared with a comparator and monostable circuit as an oscillator developer, and then the flow rate and residual volume readings were generated by the ATmega328 microcontroller. Next, this data has sent to the computer via the HC-11 wireless. The results of the flowrate module measurement show the highest error value of 3% at the 30 ml/hour setting and the lowest error value of 2.5% at the 60 ml/hour setting. Meanwhile, the results of the flow rate measurement using an infusion device analyzer obtained the highest error value of 4% at the setting of 30 ml/hour and 60 ml/hour, and the lowest error value of 0.8% at the setting of 100 ml/hour. Monitoring the infusion pump was designed centrally to facilitate the nurse's task in monitoring the infusion dose given to the patient accurately. Based on this research, the accuracy of the infrared sensor and photodiode is very good by looking at the existing error rate.

Analysis of the Drop Sensors Accuracy in Central Peristaltic Infusion Monitoring Displayed on PC Based Wireless (TCRT5000 Drop Sensor)

In some hospitals the infusion is still done manually, medical staff observes fluid drip directly and then controls its rate using a mechanical resistor (clamp), this method is certainly far from the level of accuracy. Infusion pump is a medical aid that has functions to control and ensure the correct dose of infusion fluid that is given to patients under treatment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the accuracy of the TCRT5000 as a drop sensor, based on readings of the infusion pump monitoring system. This module consists of a TCRT5000 drop sensor module, comparator circuit, monostable circuit, stepper motor, L298N motor driver, and ATmega328 microcontroller. The droplets are detected by the TCRT 5000 sensor, then amplified by a comparator and monostable circuit, then the flow rate and remaining volume readings are generated by the ATmega328 microcontroller. Furthermore, this data is sent to the Personal Computer (PC) via wireless HC-11. The results of the flow rate module measurement show that the highest error value is 4% at the 30 ml/hour setting, and the lowest error value is 1% at the 60 ml/hour setting. While the results of the flow rate measurement using an Infuse Device Analyzer, the highest error value is 2,2% at the 30 ml/hour setting, and the lowest error value is 0,58% at the 100 ml/hour setting. This infusion pump monitoring is designed centrally to facilitate the nurse's task in monitoring the infusion dose accurately that is given to the patient.

Differential pressure sensor for hydraulic drive of traction vehicles

Hydraulic systems equipped with working bodies hydraulic drive are widely used in road construction, agricultural, reclamation, forestry, military-technical and other surface vehicles. Depending on the operating conditions and modes, hydraulic drive elements are subjected to self-destruction, for example, high-pressure hoses hydraulic system, which reduces the machines’ working life (resource), increases operating costs and worsens the environmental situation. There are various systems and methods for protecting the hydraulic drive to militate these negative consequences. The analysis of conditions, operating modes and factors affecting the machines’ hydraulic system state, methods and systems for protecting the hydraulic drive, the causes of high-pressure hoses of destruction and the negative impact of consequences on the environment shows that the problem of finding a new technical solution remains. A new design solution is proposed for protecting the hydraulic drive, which is equipped with two adjustable throttles, two reverse valves and a pressure drop sensor that includes a diaphragm forming the positive and negative chambers.

Development of Principle and Methodological Provisions for Installation Site and Design of Pressure Drop Sensors for Coarse and Fine Purification Filtering Cartridges Located in a Single Vessel of a Two-Stage Gas Filter

The article is dedicated to the development of principles and methodological provisions for pressure drop sensors layout for coarse and fine purification filtering cartridges located in a two-stage gas filter vessel. It has been found out that static gas pressure in the lower part of the coarse and fine purification filtering cartridges is always greater than in the upper part. This conditions proportionately higher amount of flowing gas, and hence greater amount of solid particles deposited in the lower part of cylindrical filtering cartridges and, as a consequence, greater degree of filtering material contamination. Measuring pressure drop in the lower part of filtering cartridge, which is more clogged with solid particles, makes early signal at the operator console possible, which provides time for technical staff to urgently remove accumulated blockages from the coarse purification cartridge and replace the cylindrical fine purification filtering cartridges.These methodological provisions allow the possibility for reliable sensor design and precise determination of installation locations in filter parts designed for crude, coarsely purified and finely purified gas flow, which can be used within engineering practice.

P105 Chronic vagal nerve stimulation suppress thirst through decreasing vasopressin secretion in the rats with chronic heart failure

Abstract Introduction Chronic right cervical vagal nerve electric stimulation (VS) exerted prognostic benefits in heart failure rats. Exploring the mechanism is significant for clinical application. This study examined the effect of VS on arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion and drinking behavior in the rats with chronic heart failure. Methods After a week recovery of myocardial infarction (MI), surviving rats after were randomly instrumented to VS group and sham stimulation (SS) group. A drop sensor was used to record real-time fluid consumption. Blood samples were collected weekly from the 3rd week during the 6 weeks treatment. Results Vagal stimulation did not change the daily fluid consumption (Mean ± SE, 76.2 ± 1.1 vs. 77.8 ± 2.1 ml/kg/day, n = 6, P < 0.05). Thirst, which is defined as per drinking volume (PDV), significantly increased during the early weeks after MI (Fig A), while VS significantly suppressed PDV (Fig B is the data of 6th week) by increasing the drinking intervals. The level of plasma AVP was increased to about 2 fold during 6 weeks observation in the SS group, however, VS suppressed this upregulation (Fig C). Conclusion These results suggest that VS may activate vagal afferent components which related to inhibition of AVP secretion and then suppressed the augmentation of thirst. Frequent drinking small volume may benefit for homeostasis in CHF. Abstract P105 Figure. Drinking behavior and AVP

Design and Development of an IoT Based Intelligent Controller for Smart Irrigation

Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly developing area in the world because users can enormously benefit from real-time monitoring and controlling of remotely located devices over the internet, without being physically present at the location of the device. In the field of agriculture, development of efficient IoT based smart irrigation systems are similarly a valuable requirement for farmers, because they can remotely monitor crops and remotely control parameters in the field such as water supply to plants and collect data for further research purposes. In this research, a low cost IoT and weather based intelligent controller system is developed. First, an efficient drip irrigation system which can automatically control the water supply to plants based on soil moisture conditions is developed. This system brings greater benefits in terms of saving water, compared to traditional pre-scheduled watering systems. Next, this water efficient irrigation system is given IoT based communication capabilities to remotely monitor soil moisture conditions and to manually control water supply by a remote user with different features. Further, temperature, humidity and rain drop sensors are integrated to the system and is upgraded to provide monitoring of these parameters by the remote user via internet. These weather parameters of the field are saved in real time in a remote database. Finally, a weather prediction algorithm is implemented to control the water supply according to the existing weather condition. The proposed IoT based intelligent controller system will provide an effective method to irrigate farmer’s cultivation.

新型插入式电磁流量计流场适应性研究

插入式电磁流量计工作原理是基于法拉第电磁感应定律，管道中气体、液体介质流经传感器探头时切割磁感线，引起磁感应电动势，因此探头周边流场的分布情况对流量计的测量结果会产生比较大的影响。文中采用Fluent流体仿真软件对电磁流量计传感器的多种几何模型进行仿真分析，观察传感器在流场中形成的高速绕流区域和边界层，研究传感器周边流场变化给电极带来的影响。提出将传感器的物理结构进行优化，将传感器的探头位置设计安装于传感器两边，并将圆柱体的物理结构模型改成椭圆型和椭圆水滴型。通过进一步建模仿真发现，椭圆水滴型传感器测量的信号强度更强、稳定性也较高。 The working principle of the inserted electromagnetic flowmeter is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when the gas or liquid medium passes through the sensor probe, the magnetic induction line is cut and the magnetic induction electromotive force is generated. Therefore, the distribution of the flow field around the probe will have a great influence on the measurement results of the flowmeter. In this paper, fluent fluid simulation software is used to simulate and analyze various geometric models of electromagnetic flowmeter sensors. The high-speed flow around the sensor and the boundary layer are observed, and the influence of the flow field around the sensor on the electrode is studied. The physical structure of the sensor is op-timized; the probe position is designed and installed on both sides of the sensor, and the physical structure model of the cylinder is changed into elliptical and elliptic water drop type. Through further modeling and simulation, it is found that the signal intensity and stability of elliptic water drop sensor are higher.

A Simple Compensation Method for the Accurate Measurement of Magnetic Losses With a Single Strip Tester

We present a new method for the accurate characterization of soft magnetic sheets using a permeameter based on the precise compensation of the magnetomotive force (MMF) drop in the flux-closing yoke. It has been developed in order to overcome the systematic uncertainty affecting the value of the magnetic field strength in single sheet testers when obtained, according to the standards, through the measurement of the magnetizing current. This phenomenon is more critical to high-permeability materials, because of the reduced MMF drop across the sample. While additional sensors and auxiliary windings have been proposed in the literature, a novel approach is demonstrated here, based on the use of the permeameter upper half yoke as the MMF drop sensor and of an auxiliary winding on the lower half yoke, implementing compensation. This solution, dispensing one from dealing with the usually small signal levels of the conventional MMF drop sensors (e.g., Chattock coils), provides the best results with the introduction of wedge-shaped magnetic poles, in order to accurately define the magnetic path length. The method is validated by the measurements of power loss, apparent power, and hysteresis cycles on non-oriented and grain-oriented Fe-Si steel sheets, which are compared with local measurements performed on the same samples using H-coil and B-coil across a uniformly magnetized region.

Creep strain measurement using a potential drop technique

This paper will demonstrate the use of a potential drop sensor to monitor strain. In particular, the suitability of the technique to high temperature or harsh environment applications presents an opportunity for monitoring strain in components operating under creep conditions. Monitoring creep damage in power station components is a long standing technological challenge to the non-destructive evaluation community. It is well established in the literature that strain rate serves as an excellent indicator of the progress of creep damage and can be used for remnant life calculations. To facilitate the use of such strain rate based evaluation methods, a permanently installed, strain sensitive, potential drop technique has been developed. The technique has very simple and robust hardware lending itself to use at high temperatures or in harsh environments. Strain inversions are presented and demonstrated experimentally; a room temperature, plastic deformation experiment is used for validation and additionally an accelerated creep test demonstrates operation at high temperature (600°C+). Excellent agreement is shown between potential drop inverted strain and control measurements.

Three Degrees of “G”s: How an Airbag Deployment Sensor Transformed Video Games, Exercise, and Dance

Three Degrees of “G”s: How an Airbag Deployment Sensor Transformed Video Games, Exercise, and Dance

Sensitivity analysis of a directional potential drop sensor for creep monitoring

Recent research efforts indicated that directional potential drop (PD) measurements could be exploited for in-situ creep monitoring. The present work investigates the sensitivity of such measurements with a square-electrode configuration to geometrical and material variations caused by creep. This measurement technique is based on a modification of the conventional PD technique as it measures simultaneously two resistance values in orthogonal directions. Under uniaxial stress condition, the ratio of the lateral and axial resistances is roughly proportional to the applied strain. Experimental tests showed that small anisotropic changes in the resistance ratio caused by directional effects of creep can be distinguished from potentially far larger isotropic changes caused by non-directional reversible and irreversible thermal effects. The sensitivity of the square-electrode PD sensor to geometrical and material variations was analyzed separately and the analytical predictions were validated by experimental tests in both cases. The directional PD technique was found to exhibit high sensitivity that allows the detection of elastic and plastic strains as low as 0.05%. Additional experimental results from an accelerated 400-hour creep test are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique to monitor creep degradation in 304 stainless steel at 600 °C.