Dover Publications Research Articles

Chamberlin’s strategy of multiple working hypotheses and a relative frequency theory of market demand

Abstract The neoclassical theory of demand based on fixed indifference map hypotheses has not yet become significantly assertible in the sense of modern logic. That is because of the great difficulty encountered in empirical confirmation of its presuppositions and antecedent hypotheses, which is essential to its significant assertibility. Full confirmation of antecedent conditions is impossible with market equilibrium data alone. That puts a considerable premium on approaching any investigation in econometric demand analysis with several mutually testable hypotheses that are already well-explored and thought through. Preparation is necessary to recognize when otherwise interesting mutually testable economic hypotheses cannot be tested because the nature of the data required has not yet been adequately discerned. …it becomes clear that hypotheses always remain hypotheses, that is, suppositions to the complete certainty of which we can never attain. [ Kant, Immanuel, 1988. Logic. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY, Translation of Kant's Logik: Ein Handbuch zu Vorlesungen (1800), by Robert S. Hartman and Wolfgang Schwarz ]. The effort is to bring up into view every rational explanation of new phenomena, and to develop every tenable hypothesis respecting their cause and history. [Chamberlin, T.C., 1890. The method of multiple working hypotheses. Science (Old series) 15. Reprinted in 1965 in Science 148, 754–759].

A complete asymptotic series for the autocovariance function of a long memory process

Abstract An infinite-order asymptotic expansion is given for the autocovariance function of a general stationary long-memory process with memory parameter d ∈ ( − 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 ) . The class of spectral densities considered includes as a special case the stationary and invertible ARFIMA( p , d , q ) model. The leading term of the expansion is of the order O ( 1 / k 1 − 2 d ) , where k is the autocovariance order, consistent with the well known power law decay for such processes, and is shown to be accurate to an error of O ( 1 / k 3 − 2 d ) . The derivation uses Erdelyi’s [Erdelyi, A., 1956. Asymptotic Expansions. Dover Publications, Inc, New York] expansion for Fourier-type integrals when there are critical points at the boundaries of the range of integration - here the frequencies { 0 , 2 π } . Numerical evaluations show that the expansion is accurate even for small k in cases where the autocovariance sequence decays monotonically, and in other cases for moderate to large k . The approximations are easy to compute across a variety of parameter values and models.

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Axisymmetric transient waves in transversely isotropic half-space

A transversely isotropic material in the sense of Green is considered. Using a series of potential functions proposed in [Eskandari-Ghadi M. A complete solution of the wave equations for transversely isotropic media. J Elasticity 2005; 81:1–19], the solutions of the transient wave equations within a half-space under surface load are obtained in the Laplace–Hankel domain for axisymmetric problems. The solutions are investigated in detail in the special case of a surface point force pulse varying with time as Heaviside function. Using Cagniard–De Hoop method, the inverse Laplace transform and inverse Hankel transform of the solutions are then obtained in the form of integrals with finite limits. For validity of the analytical results, the final formulations for surface waves are degenerated for an isotropic material and compared with the existing formulation obtained by Pekeris [The seismic surface pulse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1955;41:469–80], to show that they are exactly the same. The numerical evaluations of the integrals for some transversely isotropic materials as well as an isotropic one are obtained. The present approach is then numerically verified by comparing a particular case of displacements for the surface of an isotropic half-space subjected to a point load of Heaviside function with the solutions obtained by Pekeris [The seismic surface pulse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1955;41:469–80]. In addition, the wave equations for the mentioned medium are obtained on the vertical line directly under the applied surface load. The final formulations are degenerated for an isotropic material and compared with the existing formulation given in Graff [Wave motion in elastic solids. New York: Dover Publications Inc; 1975 [New Ed edition, November 1991]], to show that they are also exactly the same. Then equations are presented in graphical forms using an appropriate numerical evaluation.

Courier Corp.

AbstractPrinting (MIC: SIC: 2732 NAIC: 323117)Courier is engaged in book manufacturing and specialty publishing. Co.'s book manufacturing segment provides services from prepress and production through storage and distribution. Co.'s principal book manufacturing markets are religious, educational and specialty trade books with products including Bibles, educational texts and consumer books. Co.'s specialty publishing segment consists of: Dover Publications, Inc., which, at Sep 29 2007, published over 9,000 titles in more than 30 specialty categories; and Research & Education Association, Inc., which publishes test preparation and study‐guide books and software for high school, college and graduate students, as well as professionals.

The Crystal Structure of Progesterone 5β-Reductase from Digitalis lanata Defines a Novel Class of Short Chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases

Progesterone 5beta-reductase (5beta-POR) catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of progesterone to 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione and is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of cardenolides in Digitalis (foxglove) plants. Sequence considerations suggested that 5beta-POR is a member of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family of proteins but at the same time revealed that the sequence motifs that in standard SDRs contain the catalytically important residues are missing. Here we present crystal structures of 5beta-POR from Digitalis lanata in complex with NADP(+) at 2.3A and without cofactor bound at 2.4A resolution together with a model of a ternary complex consisting of 5beta-POR, NADP(+), and progesterone. Indeed, 5beta-POR displays the fold of an extended SDR. The architecture of the active site is, however, unprecedented because none of the standard catalytic residues are structurally conserved. A tyrosine (Tyr-179) and a lysine residue (Lys-147) are present in the active site, but they are displayed from novel positions and are part of novel sequence motifs. Mutating Tyr-179 to either alanine or phenylalanine completely abolishes the enzymatic activity. We propose that the distinct topology reflects the fact that 5beta-POR reduces a conjugated double bond in a steroid substrate via a 1-4 addition mechanism and that this requires a repositioning of the catalytically important residues. Our observation that the sequence motifs that line the active site are conserved in a number of bacterial and plant enzymes of yet unknown function leads us to the proposition that 5beta-POR defines a novel class of SDRs.

Instability results related to compressible Korteweg system

This paper presents the study of surface tension effects in compressible mixtures in the framework of diffuse interface models. In the first part, we describe results previously obtained on the so-called compressible Korteweg and shallow water models and we present nonlinear stability using energy estimates and a new entropy equality recently discovered. These diffuse interface models also allow to take account of capillarity effects in turbulent mixtures and plasma flows subject to Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. The aim of the last part is to study the influence of surface tension on this instability phenomena. More precisely we look at the expression of the growth rate under a small perturbation of wave number k. We prove that for an appropriate choice of the capillary number σ in terms on the surface tension coefficient T s (that means particular pressure laws), we find the same expression as for the two incompressible fluids model with surface tension coefficient on a sharp interface studied for instance by Chandrasekhar (Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability. Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1981).

Analytical procedure for modelling recursively and wire by wire stranded ropes subjected to traction and torsion loads

The aim of this article is to introduce a new theoretical procedure for modelling wire ropes subjected simultaneously to tensile and torsional loads. The procedure is based upon the beam assumption and takes account wire by wire of the double helical wires on the basis of general thin rod theory developed by [Love, A., 1944. Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. Dover Publications, New York]. The proposed kinematics are based on the assumption that wires are un-lubricated and therefore that no relative sliding between adjacent wires happens.

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Can a Darwinian Be a Christian?

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Can a Darwinian Be a Christian?

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AbstractPrinting (MIC: 13.4 SIC: 2732 NAIC: 323117)Courier is engaged in book manufacturing and specialty publishing. Co.'s book manufacturing segment provides services from prepress and production through storage and distribution. Co.'s principal book manufacturing markets are religious, educational and specialty trade books with products including Bibles, educational texts and consumer books. Co.'s specialty publishing segment consists of: Dover Publications, Inc., which, at Sep 29 2007, published over 9,000 titles in more than 30 specialty categories; and Research & Education Association, Inc., which publishes test preparation and study‐guide books and software for high school, college and graduate students, as well as professionals.

Elastic stress transmission in cellular systems—Analysis of wave propagation

A closely packed array of thin-walled rings constitutes an idealisation of a cellular structure. Elastic waves propagating through such structures must do so via the ring (cell) walls. A theoretical investigation into the propagation of elastic stresses in thin-walled circular rings is undertaken to examine the nature of wave transmission. Three modes of motion, corresponding to shear, extensional and flexural waves, are established and their respective velocities defined by a cubic characteristic equation. The results show that all three waves are dispersive. By neglecting extension of the centroidal axis and rotary inertia, explicit approximate solutions can be obtained for flexural waves. Employment of Love's approach for extensional waves [Love AEH. A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity, 4th ed. New York: Dover Publications; 1944. p. 452–3] enables approximate solutions for shear waves to be derived. The three resulting approximate solutions exhibit good agreement with the exact solutions of the characteristic equation over a wide range of wavelengths. The effects of material property, ring wall thickness and ring diameter on the three wave modes are discussed, and the results point to flexural waves as the dominant means of elastic energy transmission in such cellular structures. Wave velocities corresponding to different frequency components determined from experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions of group velocity for flexural waves and good correlation between experimental data and theory affirms this conclusion.

Courier Corp.

AbstractPrinting (MIC: 13.4 SIC: 2732 NAIC: 323117)Courier is engaged in book manufacturing and specialty publishing. Co.'s book manufacturing segment provides services from prepress and production through storage and distribution. Co.'s principal book manufacturing markets are religious, educational and specialty trade books with products including Bibles, educational texts and consumer books. Co.'s specialty publishing segment consists of: Dover Publications, Luc., which, at Sep 29 2007, published over 9,000 titles in more than 30 specialty categories; and Research & Education Association, Luc., which publishes test preparation and study‐guide books and software for high school, college and graduate students, as well as professionals.

Towards a sociology of consumerism

Despite concern over the environmental impacts of consumerism, there is a little theoretical coherence into the topic. We present a review of theoretical work from the social sciences to move towards a sociology of consumerism. Few sociological theories address sustainability so we draw from a broad array of literature from Baudrillard (1998) [Baudrillard, J. (1998) The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London, UK: Sage] to Veblen (1994) [Veblen, T. (1994) The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York, NY: Dover Publications.]. For instructive purposes, we divide the theories presented into three approaches: structural, individual and social practices. A structural approach considers social norms, built infrastructure and political economic conditions that can exacerbate consumerism. The individual approach focuses on the individual motivations to consume, while the social practices approach integrates both structural and individual perspectives to focus explicitly on how consumerism can result from our daily routines. Ultimately, we argue that social practice theories have the greatest potential to consider lifestyle change toward more sustainable routines.

Full classical S5 in natural deduction with weak normalization

Natural deduction systems for classical, intuitionistic and modal logics were deeply investigated by Prawitz [D. Prawitz, Natural Deduction: A Proof-theoretical Study, in: Stockholm Studies in Philosophy, vol. 3, Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 1965. Reprinted at: Dover Publications, Dover Books on Mathematics, 2006] from a proof-theoretical perspective. Prawitz proved weak normalization for classical logic only for a language without ∨ , ∃ and with a restricted application of reduction ad absurdum. Reduction steps related to ∨ , ∃ and classical negation bring about many problems solved only rather recently. For classical S5 modal logic, Prawitz defined a normalizable system, but for a language without ∨ , ∃ , ◊ and, for a propositional language without ◊ , Medeiros [M.da P.N. Medeiros, A new S4 classical modal logic in natural deduction, Journal of Symbolic Logic 71 (3) (2006) 799–809] presented a normalizable system for classical S4. We can mention many cut-free Gentzen systems for S4, S5 and K45/K45D, some normalizable natural deduction systems for intuitionistic modal logics and one more for full classical S4, but not for full classical S5. Here our focus is on the definition of a classical and normalizable natural deduction system for S5, taking not only □ and ◊ as primitive symbols, but also all connectives and quantifiers, including classical negation, disjunction and the existential quantifier. The normalization procedure is based on the strategy proposed by Massi [C.D.B. Massi, Provas de normalizaçaõ para a lógica clássica, Ph.D. Thesis, Departamento de Filosofia, UNICAMP, Campinas, 1990] and Pereira and Massi [L.C. Pereira, C.D.B. Massi, Normalização para a lógica clássica, in: O que nos faz pensar, Cadernos de Filosofia da PUC-RJ, vol. 2, 1990, pp. 49–53] for first-order classical logic to cope with the combined use of classical negation, disjunction and the existential quantifier. Here we extend such results to deal with □ and ◊ too. The elimination rule for ◊ uses the notions of connection and of essentially modal formulas already proposed by Prawitz for the introduction of □ . Beyond weak normalization, we also prove the subformula property for full S5.

Hypoalgesia in schizophrenia is independent of antipsychotic drugs: A systematic quantitative review of experimental studies

Diminished sensitivity to pain in schizophrenia has been reported since the early works of Bleuler [Bleuler E. Textbook of psychiatry (trans. Brill HA, 1951). New York: Dover Publications; 1911] and Kraepelin [Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Edinburgh, Scotland: E and S Livingstone; 1919]. Over the last decade, experimental studies have measured pain perception in schizophrenia and produced mixed results. This meta-analysis sought to determine if the scientific literature confirms the hypothesized hypoalgesia in schizophrenia. The search was performed with computerised literature databases. A study was retained in the meta-analysis if: (i) it comprised a group of schizophrenia patients, compared to a control group of healthy volunteers; and (ii) pain was measured via experimental procedures (e.g. thermal, electrical, or mechanical stimuli). Using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis-2, effect size estimates of the differences in pain scores (all pain scores derived from all pain tests) between schizophrenia patients and healthy volunteers were calculated. Eleven studies were included in the meta-analysis. For the composite analysis, a positive, moderate, and significant effect size estimate emerged ( N = 497; Hedges’s g = 0.437; p = 0.005), suggesting that patients with schizophrenia show a diminished response to experimentally-induced pain. Secondary analyses showed that: (i) drug-free patients also have hypoalgesic responses; and that (ii) sensory thresholds are increased in schizophrenia patients. This meta-analysis substantiates the hypothesis of a diminished pain response in schizophrenia. The study also suggests that hypoalgesia in schizophrenia cannot be solely explained by the effects of antipsychotic drugs, and that it may not be a pain-specific blunted response. Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical and biological correlates, and the social and health consequences, of hypoalgesia in schizophrenia.

Smoking the pipe of peace

“[The tribes] have perfect confidence in the skill of their own physicians, until the disease has made one slaughter in their tribe, and then, having seen white men amongst them protected by [the vaccination], they are disposed to receive it, before which they cannot believe that so minute a puncture in the arm is going to protect them from so fatal a disease; and as they see white men so earnestly urging it, they decide that it must be some new mode or trick of pale faces, by which they are to gain some new advantage over them, and they stubbornly and successfully resist it.”Extinction of the Mandans by smallpox, George Catlin (circa 1832–39)1 Catlin G Letters and notes on the manners, customs, and conditions of North American Indians written during eight years' travel (1832–9) amongst the wildest tribes of Indians in North America. vol 2. Dover Publications, Toronto, Canada1973: 258 Google Scholar

Historical advances in the study of global terrestrial soil organic carbon sequestration

This paper serves two purposes: it provides a summarized scientific history of carbon sequestration in relation to the soil-plant system and gives a commentary on organic wastes and SOC sequestration. The concept of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration has its roots in: (i) the experimental work of Lundegårdh, particularly his in situ measurements of CO2 fluxes at the soil-plant interface (1924, 1927, 1930); (ii) the first estimates of SOC stocks at the global level made by Waksman [Waksman, S.A., 1938. Humus. Origin, Chemical Composition and Importance in Nature, second ed. revised. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 526] and Rubey [Rubey, W.W., 1951. Geologic history of sea water. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 62, 1111-1148]; (iii) the need for models dealing with soil organic matter (SOM) or SOC dynamics beginning with a conceptual SOM model by De Saussure (1780-1796) followed by the mathematical models of Jenny [Jenny, H., 1941. Factors of Soil Formation: a System of Quantitative Pedology. Dover Publications, New York, p. 288], Hénin and Dupuis [Hénin, S., Dupuis, M., 1945. Essai de bilan de la matière organique. Annales d'Agronomie 15, 17-29] and more recently the RothC [Jenkinson, D.S., Rayner, J.H., 1977. The turnover of soil organic matter in some of the Rothamsted classical experiments. Soil Science 123 (5), 298-305] and Century [Parton, W.J., Schimel, D.S., Cole, C.V., Ojima, D.S., 1987. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in great plains grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51 (5), 1173-1179] models. The establishment of a soil C sequestration balance is not straightforward and depends greatly on the origin and the composition of organic matter that is to be returned to the system. Wastes, which are important sources of organic carbon for soils, are taken as an example. For these organic materials the following factors have to be considered: the presence or absence of fossil C, the potential of direct and indirect emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (CH4 and N2O) following application and the agro-system which is being used as a comparative reference.

Uday Shankar: The Early Years, 1900–1938

In 1931 an event in the dance world captivated the imagination and ignited a wave of unbridled enthusiasm among Western audiences throughout Europe and the United States, the debut of Uday Shankar ...

Opial type inequalities involving Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives of two functions with applications

A large variety of very general but basic L p ( 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ ) form Opial type inequalities, [Z. Opial, Sur une inégalite, Ann. Polon. Math. 8 (1960) 29–32] is established involving Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives [G.A. Anastassiou, Opial type inequalities involving fractional derivatives of functions, Nonlinear Stud. 6 (2) (1999) 207–230; Virginia Kiryakova, Generalized Fractional Calculus and Applications, in: Pitman Research Notes in Math. Series, vol. 301, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow; copublished in U.S.A with John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994; Kenneth Miller, B. Ross, An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Fractional Differential Equations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1993; Keith Oldham, Jerome Spanier, The Fractional Calculus: Theory and Applications of Differentiation and Integration to Arbitrary Order, Dover Publications, New York, 2006] of two functions in different orders and powers. From the developed results derive several other concrete results of special interest. The sharpness of inequalities is established there. Finally applications of some of these special inequalities are given in establishing uniqueness of solution and in giving upper bounds to solutions of initial value fractional problems involving a very general system of two fractional differential equations. Also upper bounds to various Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives of the solutions that are involved in the above systems are presented.

Truthful signalling, the heritability paradox, and the Malthusian equi-marginal principle

The article shows that heritable quality differentials are consistent with the Zahavi Handicap Principle (the Truthful Signalling Hypothesis (TSH)). Earlier analyses have assumed non-heritable quality. The crucial innovation is the Malthusian equi-marginal principle: under selection pressures the relative numbers of higher- and lower-quality organisms will change until, in equilibrium, not the average but the marginal levels of quality will be equalized. Assuming kin selection, each male maximizes his own reproductive success and signals until the marginal value of more signalling is zero. We further require evolutionary stability; displacements to higher or lower population sizes must be restored to equilibrium. The article proposes an alternative to Fisher's [1958. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Dover Publications, Inc., New York [Original publication 1929]] and Hamilton and Zuk's [1982. Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites? Science 218, 384–387] suggestions. The model is solvable for ranges of parameters that constitute the stable region. We particularly consider the unit signalling costs of the high- and low-quality males, where it has been widely believed that for a TSH equilibrium the former must be lower than the latter. This article confirms our earlier result that this is not a necessary condition for a truthful signalling equilibrium, though the unit signalling costs of the high-quality males cannot be too much larger.