Double Volume Research Articles

Über Cyanatomercurate M2Hg3(NCO)8 (M = K, Rb, Cs) - Synthesen, Kristallstrukturen und Schwingungsspektren / On Cyanatomercurates M2Hg3(NCO)8 (M = K, Rb, Cs) - Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Vibrational Spectra

Abstract By mixing aqueous solutions of Hg(CH3COO)2 and MOCN (M = K, Rb, Cs) the tri-clinic compounds M2Hg3(NCO)8 are formed. In a first approximation the crystal structure analysis indicates isolated Hg(NCO)2 molecules besides K+ and NCO- ions. As in the range of van der Waals radii additional NCO-neighbours are noticed the mercury atoms are surrounded by distorted octahedra. The octahedra around 2/3 of the Hg form infinite chains as in KHg(NCO)3 which are linked together by additional Hg(NCO)2 molecules. Therefore the compound can be formulated as a double salt 2 KHg(NCO)3 • Hg(NCO)2. The vibrational spectrum is discussed. Rb2Hg3(NCO)8 is isotypous while the caesium salt has a double cell volume.

On the methodology of the thyroid epithelial cell thickness determination.

SUMMARYThe average thickness of the thyroid epithelial cells may be determined either directly or indirectly. By the direct or caliper method, this thickness is overestimated as a result of which its empirical value must be divided by a correction factor Kd. By the indirect method, on the other hand, the thickness of the thyroid gland epithelium is calculated as the ratio of the double volume density of the epithelium to the sum of the inner and the outer surface density of the epithelium; in this case the sought for thickness value is underestimated and must consequently be multiplied by a factor Ki.Both correction factors are algebraically defined. Their values are calculated and graphically represented as a function of the thyroid activation index (the ratio between the volume density of the epithelium and the colloid) for the range from 0·1 to 100.The validity of the theoretical interpretation of the discrepancy between the values obtained for the average thickness of the thyroid epithelium by the direct and the corresponding values obtained by the indirect method, is empirically tested. It is shown that by the introduction of appropriate correction factors the difference between the results obtained by each method can be reduced. These improved direct and indirect methods for determining the wall thickness of a hollow sphere seem to lend themselves to being used in the stereological analysis of other biological, perhaps even non‐biological materials of similar structure.

Calculation of compound-nucleus cross sections for symmetric very-heavy-ion reactions

Cross sections for forming compound nuclei in symmetric very-heavy-ion reactions are calculated by use of the criterion that the dynamical trajectory for the fusing system must pass inside the fission saddle point in a multidimensional space in order to form a compound nucleus. The dynamical trajectory is obtained by solving numerically the modified classical Lagrange equations of motion for a system whose shape is specified in terms of smoothly joined portions of three quadratic surfaces of revolution. This restriction to nuclear shapes that are axially symmetric (about an axis that is in general rotating in space) is a good approximation for systems with small angular momentum, but it may be seriously deficient for systems with large angular momentum. The nuclear potential energy of deformation is determined by means of a macroscopic model that includes the Coulomb energy and the nuclear macroscopic energy. This latter quantity is calculated in terms of a double volume integral of a Yukawa two-body interaction potential, which includes the surface energy of the liquid-drop model but also takes into account the lowering in energy due to the finite range of the nuclear force. For systems with angular momentum, we include a centrifugal pseudopotential calculated for rigid-body rotation. The kinetic energy of collective motion is calculated for nuclear flow that is a superposition of incompressible, nearly irrotational collective-shape motion and rigid-body rotation. Nuclear dissipation (the transfer of energy of collective motion into internal single-particle excitation energy) is included in the formulation by means of Rayleigh's dissipation function. However, to emphasize that compound-nucleus cross sections become small for very heavy systems even in the absence of dissipation, our current results are presented for the case of zero dissipation. For nuclear systems lighter than about $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ + $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{220}\mathrm{U}$ and for relatively low angular momentum, the fission saddle point lies outside the point of hard contact in heavy-ion reactions, which permits the compound-nucleus cross section at relatively low bombarding energy to be calculated in terms of a one-dimensional interaction barrier, as is customarily done. For heavier nuclear systems and/or for high angular momentum, the fission saddle point lies inside the contact point, which reduces the compound-nucleus cross section compared with that calculated for a one-dimensional interaction barrier.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$ + $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{200}\mathrm{Po}$, $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ + $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{220}\mathrm{U}$, $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ + $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{248}\mathrm{Fm}$. Calculated compound-nucleus cross sections. Liquid-drop model, hydrodynamical model, nuclear potential energy of deformation, nuclear inertia, dynamical trajectory, compound-nucleus formation, heavy-ion fusion, quasifission, highly inelastic heavy-ion collisions.

Experimental myocardial infarction with left ventricular failure in the isolated perfused rat heart. Effects of isoproterenol and pacing

Within one minute of acute coronary artery occlusion in the isolated rat heart performing external mechanical work, cardiac output and left ventricular peak systolic pressure fell by one-third to onequarter and there were decreases in the contents of ATP and phosphocreatine (CP) in the ischaemic tissue. Left ventricular and diastolic pressure rose, and dp dt max fell. Cardiac output was steady for 60 min post-ligation. The size of infarction was quantified by the use of radioactive microspheres; over one-half of the left ventricle was rendered ischaemic. There was a biphasic response to dl-isoprenaline HCl (10 −6 m) added to the perfusate. A temporary increase in cardiac output was followed by a rapid decrease as the heart rate exceeded about 350/min, although dp dt max increased throughout. When the heart rate was fixed by pacing, isoproterenol was able to double stroke volume and dp dt max , coronary flow rose by about one-third. Thus in this model the positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol on the ischaemic myocardium became masked as a negative contribution associated with a concomitant chronotropic effect developed. There was also a negative effect of pacing on the cardiac output of non-ligated hearts, but the magnitude was less. It is proposed that a fixed coronary flow rate limited the oxygen delivery to the myocardium as the heart rate rose.

Potential-Energy Surfaces for Heavy-Ion Collisions

We calculate the nuclear potential energy of deformation for the collision of two heavy nuclei by means of a macroscopic-microscopic method. The nuclear macroscopic energy is calculated in terms of a double volume integral of a Yukawa function, and the microscopic shell and pairing corrections are calculated by use of Strutinsky's method from the single-particle levels of a realistic diffuse-surface single-particle potential. The time evolution of the system after the point of first contact is determined by solving the classical equations of motion for incompressible, irrotational hydrodynamical flow. The effect of nuclear viscosity on the fusion path is to slow down the formation of the neck and to inhibit the excitation of collective shape vibrations. For nuclear systems in which the fission saddle point lies well outside the contact point it is possible to interpret experimental fusion cross sections at relatively low bombarding energies in terms of a one-dimensional interaction barrier, as is customarily done. For heavier nuclear systems and higher bombarding energies, where the larger Coulomb and centrifugal forces tend to deform the fusing nuclei and lead to immediate fission, only those dynamical paths that pass inside the fission saddle point contribute significantly to fusion.

Dosimetry of gold-198 seed implants.

For single plane implants with gold seeds, assuming a matrix distribution for the seeds, the optimum separation of the matrix elements and the optimum ratio of the activity of the seeds in the area to that of those in the periphery were calculated, so that the uniformity of dose distribution is within plus or minus 10%. Area dosages were also computed and are tabulated. The dose variations in double plane implants and volume implants also were studied and the results are presented. Dosage graphs are given for both cases. The theoretical dose distributions were verified for a few implants experimentally using LiF thermoluminescence dosimeters. (auth)

Nutritive Value of Lipid in Hydrocarbon Yeast

Lipid in 4 kinds of hydrocarbon yeast, A, B, C and D, grown on n-paraffin in this country, was extracted by 3 procedures and its gross and available energy by growing chicks and presence of toxicity in it was studied.Yeast was refluxed with 3 time (w/v) of methanol for one hour, then crude lipid was obtained by adding double volume of chloroform to the methanol solution. Availability of the crude lipid was determined by bioassay procedure reported as mini-test5). The crude lipide was further purified as described by Folch et al.6) to get pure lipid, which was fractionated into 2, acetone soluble and insoluble fractions.Pure lipid was also obtained in HCl-treated yeast. Extract and residue were obtained by extracting yeast by 4 to 6 times of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol in this order. These samples were fed to one-week-old chicks for 2 days. The chicks were then fed the same amount of the chick starter diet for 12 days.The availability of crude lipid in hydrocarbon yeast by growing chicks was excellent, though the caloric value of the lipid was 8.0-8.5kcal/g. Pure lipid in yeast A, B and C contained only about 28% of acetone soluble simple lipid, while that in yeast D contained 56% of simple lipid, the difference being highly significant statistically.Since caloric value of pure or simple lipid obtained without HCl-treatment was lower than that of pure lipid obtained after HCl-treatment, the HCl-treatment, originally attempted to destroy the cell wall of yeast, was suspected to have severe influence on the composition and the nature of lipid in yeast.No data were obtained indicating the acute toxic substance in the yeasts tested.

Elasticity theory of materials with long range cohesive forces

The strain energy of a deformed material with spatial interaction can be written either in a differential (multipolar) form, i.e. as a single volume integral containing displacement gradients up to infinite order, or in an integral (non-local) form, e.g. as a double volume integral summing up the interactions of pairs of mass elements. The linear theory is derived from lattice theory and the following insights have been gained:1.(1) The differential theory, though in principle applicable to any (analytic) elastic long range problem, is mainly convenient in describing range effects on a very small (nearly atomic) scale.2.(2) The effects of the electric cohesive forces can be comprised in the two-point material tensors (kernels) of the non-local theory. In this way, the macroscopical theory becomes purely elastic.3.(3) Van der Waals cohesive forces give rise to elastic range effects under certain inhomogeneous stress conditions, in particular in defect interaction and diffusion problems.

Across the Northe Sea: A Review

Exactly three centuries ago last year, Johan Picardt, parson of Coevorder in Drenthe and Adviser for Land-Reclamation, wrote in a regional study worthy of comparison with his contemporary John Aubrey’s Monumenta Britannica: ‘Our fore-fathers had not pen, ink, nor paper, which had they possessed would have enabled us to learn of strange things. Howsomever, they have bequeathed us signs enough if only it were that we could read them.’ Each one of the three volumes from the second of which my quotation comes clearly shows the ways in which archaeological research in the Low Countries has vindicated Picardt’s statement. Today archaeology in the Netherlands is a matter of exemplary close-knit co-operation between State institutions, universities, local societies, and the private individual, while recently Belgium has taken important steps in the systemization of pre- and protohistoric studies.Although the Low Countries can hardly be regarded as a primary area of development, their coastal position at the north-western limit of the transcontinental routes has made them a cultural entrepôt of particular significance for the British archaeologist. In this context Professor De Laet’s book in the ‘Ancient Peoples and Places’ series is all the more welcome in that it is the first English summary of the pre-Roman archaeology of the region.De Voorgeschiedenis der Lage Landen is a much expanded and corrected version of De Laet’s volume, with Professor Glasbergen’s collaboration giving a more balanced account of the Dutch evidence. The third book, a double volume of Antiquity and Survival, offers a lavishly illustrated symposium of one hundred centuries of the Netherlands, and although the promised English language edition is not to be, the Trustees of the Prince Bernhard Foundation and the Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek are to be warmly thanked for giving their support to Honderd Eeuwen Nederland.

Estimation of Boric Acid in glass

The Wherry's method for the estimation of B2O3 is considered as an approximate one, as appreciable amounts of B203 are retained by the precipitates. B2O3 can be removed from the precipitates by double precipitation but final volume becomes so large that accurate titration becomes impossible. In the modified method it is suggested, that to the solution containing the whole of B2O3 excess of NaOH (More than required to neutralise B2O3 completely) be added and the solution concentrated to a small volume. Under this condition no amount of B2O3 is lost during evaporation. B2O3 in the concentrated solution can then be titrated by the usual method after neutralising the excess of NaOH by hydrochloric acid using methyl red as an indicator.

MAJOR FACTORS IN THE GOVERNMENT BOND MARKET (Discussion)

IN THESE PAPERS this morning we have had three quite searching examinations of various aspects of environment in which Treasury financing operates. My remarks have been framed largely in consideration of Mr. Piser's paper, Major Factors and Trends in Government Bond Market. In his presentation, Mr. Piser sets forth a concise and generally unexceptionable review of 1952 developments in government market. Looking ahead, he makes a pointed appraisal of what are considered alternative probabilities for 1953. He describes 1952 bond market as one no outstanding trend, and continues with statement that the natural forces that influence market have been working toward a closer balance. The fluctuations in bond prices are noted, but viewed as a range of normal magnitude in light of record in past years. In 1952 market, of course, demand for long-term funds has been heavy. A preliminary estimate might put net increase in mortgage debt and long-term debt of corporations and state and local governments close to one-fifth greater than in 1951. In addition, during 1952, gross sales of government securities for new money (excluding savings bonds) totaled some $9 billion, double previous year's volume. Balancing this rising demand in market has been an increased flow of institutional investable funds. For 1953, however, I read Mr. Piser's paper as implying either a zero or negative rate of increase in net new market demands for funds. On supply side, in contrast, an equally sharp drop in rate of increase seems more difficult to support. The contractual nature of, and secularly rising trend in, some major forms of liquid saving will cushion any dwindling in rate at which net new funds are supplied. In process of balancing these flows, there appears a reasonable possibility for a gentle change in underlying trend of price movements in long-term market between 1952 and 1953. One cannot discuss such tendencies apart from market expectations. It can well be argued that trends toward lower bond prices in late 1952, and toward higher bond prices in early 1953, have

Studies and Documents

The progress of modern studies toward an exact edition of St. Athanasius, De incarnatione, is notably advanced in this double volume, by Professor Ryan of the College of William and Mary, and by Professor Casey of Brown University. We shall turn to their work with readier appreciation if we first recall several previous contributions. One of these was the edition by Archibald Robertson, published more than fifty years ago (London, 1893), based on the Codex Seguerianus (S), a twelfth century parchment in the Bibliothèque Nationale, first collated for the Benedictine edition of Athanasius in 1698. Casey and Ryan were well advised in adopting Robertson's text as the constant norm of their collations. A great boon is conferred on their readers by Casey's reprint of Robertson, page by page and line by line, as an appendix of Part II.

The Quarterly of the Department on Antiquities in Palestine. Vol. ii, Nos. 2 and 3 (double volume), 11 × 8, pp. 122, pls. 33. Jerusalem: Published for the Government of Palestine; London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1932. 10s.

The Quarterly of the Department on Antiquities in Palestine. Vol. ii, Nos. 2 and 3 (double volume), 11 × 8, pp. 122, pls. 33. Jerusalem: Published for the Government of Palestine; London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1932. 10s. - Volume 67 Issue 2

Monoacetone Hexuronic Acid

TWENTY grams of hexuronic acid, prepared by Svirbely and Szent-Gyorgyi, were shaken in 500 c.c. of acetone in the presence of 50 grams of anhydrous copper sulphate for twenty-four hours. After filtration, the fluid was evaporated in vacuo to one third of its volume. On addition of a double volume of petroleum ether the monoacetone derivative of hexuronic acid crystallises out in well-formed large, colourless prisms or long needles. These were dissolved in acetone and recrystallised by the addition of petroleum ether. Seventy per cent of the theoretical yield was obtained.

The Annual of the Schools, Double Volume II-III

The Annual of the Schools, Double Volume II-III

On the compressibilities of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbonic oxide between one atmosphere and half an atmosphere of pressure, and on the atomic weights of the elements concerned.—Preliminary notice.

The observations now referred to were conducted with an apparatus designed upon the same lines as that already described.* It must suffice to mention that the only important modification lay in the fact that the two single volumes, which, when employed together, con­stitute the double volume, were used separately and alternately, so as to eliminate in each set of measurements any question as to what the ratio of these volumes exactly is.