Double Disc Furrow Opener Research Articles

Evaluation of Planting-Time Soil Insecticide Applications for Controlling Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1994

Abstract Efficacy trials were conducted at 5 locations (Aurora, Bruce, Cavour, Delmont, and Garretson) in SD. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 12.2 m to 15.2 m in length, and spaced 96.5 cm apart. Experimental design for all studies was a RCB with 4 replications. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Liquid insecticides were applied using CO2-powered delivery systems individually mounted on each row of the planter. Each system was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa. Banded insecticide treatments (granular or liquid) were applied in an 18-cm swath over the open seed furrow (T-band) in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and were incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Infurrow treatments were placed directly between double-disk furrow openers and into the open seed furrow. Pioneer IR-3751 (100-day) corn seed was planted at a rate of 23,000 kernels per acre at all study locations. Five roots per replication were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale to measure rootworm larval damage. Root injury ratings were recorded and analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models procedure, and DMRT was used to compare treatment means.

Evaluation of Furadan 4F as a Cultivation Treatment for Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1991 and 1992

Abstract The performance of Furadan 4F as a cultivation-time rescue treatment tank-mixed with Marksman herbicide was evaluated in comparison with Furadan 15G and 2 placement methods (banded and in-furrow) of Counter 15G applied at planting time. Experimental design was a randomized complete block containing 4 replicates, and was carried out at 3 SD sites each year (Armour, Brookings, and Nunda in 1991; Aurora #1, Aurora #2, and Nunda in 1992). Individual plots consisted of single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to applications. Banded granular treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by drag chains. Infurrow applications consisted of insecticide granules directed immediately between double disk furrow openers. Banded liquid applications were carried out using a CO2 backpack sprayer unit and a hand-held spray boom with a single TeeJet 8002 nozzle, that delivered 20 gal/acre at 35 psi. The 38 cm band was created by applying a 7.5 inch band on either side of, and including the treatment row. Broadcast treatments were applied using the aforementioned sprayer system, however the boom had 4 Teejet 8002 nozzles spaced 18 inches apart which were also calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Percent root protection (1 - [treatment root rating/untreated root rating] × 100) was calculated for a more visible comparison of treatment performances.

Evaluation of the Smartbox Metering Unit for Application of Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticides, 1993

Abstract A cornfield near Sinai, in east-central SD was chosen for this study. The experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of insecticide applications using modified ground-driven Noble metering units with the electronic smartbox metering unit on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter using 2 insecticide placement methods (band and in-furrow) for control of NCR and WCR larvae. The study was a RCBD containing 4 replications. Individual treatment plots were single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Noble and smartbox metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were then washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated using the Iowa I to 6 scale.

Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota Using Planting-Time Soil Insecticide Applications, 1993

Abstract Three studies were conducted at 3 SD sites (Delmont, Garretson, and Sinai) to evaluate insecticide application rates and techniques (hand and in-furrow) for control of NCR and WCR larvae. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used in these studies. Individual treatment plots were single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were then washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale.

Planting-Time Insecticide Applications to Control Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1992

Abstract Three studies were conducted at 3 SD sites to evaluate insecticide application rates and techniques (band and in-furrow) for control of corn rootworm larvae. A RCBD with 4 replications was used in all studies. Individual plots were single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were then washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Percent root protection (1 - [treatment root rating/untreated root rating] × 100) was calculated for a more visible comparison of treatment performances.

Insecticidal Corn Rootworm Control Using Various Application Rates and Techniques, 1991

Abstract Three studies were conducted at sites in Brookings, Garretson, and Nunda, SD. Treatments consisted of varied rates and application techniques (band and in-furrow) of registered and experimental insecticides for control of corn rootworm larvae. Design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of insecticide granules directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all sites. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Corn rootworm infestations were low to moderate, which was consistent with very few grower reports of significant rootworm damage. Above normal spring rainfalls were experienced, although no plots were lost due to flooding. However, the abundance of postapplication precipitation may have affected efficacy associated with application technique.

Corn Rootworm Insecticide Rates and Application Technique, 1990

Abstract Seven studies were conducted in dryland corn in Nunda, S. Dak., using standard recommended and reduced rates of commonly used granular insecticides. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were grounddriven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Pioneer 3615 corn was seeded at a rate of 23,000 kernels/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1-6 scale.

Comparative Efficacy of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Rates in South Dakota, 1988

Abstract Insecticide trials were conducted in dryland corn using standard recommended and reduced rates of commonly used granular insecticides. Brookings, Nunda, Chamberlain, Pierre, and Fort Thompson sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 meters in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. A seeding rate of 22,100/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. The 1988 growing season began with spring seedbeds being moderately moist at best. As the season progressed, soil moisture levels became abnormally low at most dryland locations.

Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South Dakota, 1989

Abstract Three granular corn rootworm insecticide studies were conducted to evaluate various application techniques, rates, and formulations. Garretson, Nunda, Rutland, and 2 Lake Andes sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Wilson brand 1100 was the corn variety utilized, and it was seeded at a rate of 22,100 kernels/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Sufficient levels of soil moisture were present at all locations. Rootworm infestations ranged from moderate to heavy which resulted in untreated plots being severely damaged. Significant treatment separations were observed in all studies among various pesticides.

Comparative Efficacy of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Rates in South Dakota, 1989

Abstract Insecticide trials were conducted in dryland corn using standard recommended and reduced rates of commonly used granular insecticides. Garretson, Nunda, Rutland, and 2 Lake Andes sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Wilson brand 1100 was the corn variety utilized, and it was seeded at a rate of 22,100 kernels/ acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Sufficient levels of soil moisture were present at all locations.

Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South Dakota, 1988

Abstract Five granular corn rootworm insecticide studies were conducted to evaluate various application techniques, rates and formulations. Brookings, Nunda, Chamberlain, Pierre and Fort Thompson sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 meters in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Wilson brand 1100 was the corn variety utilized, and it was seeded at a rate of 22,100 kernels/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. The 1988 growing season began with spring seedbeds being moderately moist at best. As the season progressed, soil moisture levels became abnormally low at most dryland study locations.

第２報 オープナの作業特性 高精度施肥播種技術に関する研究

In order to make clear the working activity of furrow openers and the using way, the three kinds of furrow openers were tested and the shape of groove opened by them was investigated. The results were as follows.1) The groove by the single disc opener gave the same working depth as set and it is adapted for grooving deep ditch.2) The double disc opener can make the symmetric groove for seed. It is adaptable to make shallow ditch, because the width of groove becomes wider and the soil movement is larger with increasing the working depth of disc.3) The chisel opener makes a symmetric groove for seed bed. The groove width becomes larger with increasing the working depth of disc. The effectivity of this opener was between the single disc and double disc furrow opener.

Transplanter Modification and Survival of Transplants under No-tillage Conditions1

Abstract A tractor-drawn transplanting machine was substantially modified for operation in chemically-killed sods. The modifications included using a rolling coulter, double-disc furrow opener, narrow press wheels and considerable ballast weight. The use of this transplanter makes possible plot and field trials with transplanted-type crops under “no-tillage“ culture. Sod plots were treated with one or more applications of Paraquat herbicide to kill the vegetation. Tobacco, tomato and pepper plants were established in conventional and no-tillage plots. Plant survivability was generally more variable using no-tillage, but the significant differences were attributed to non-machine cultural problems. The no-till transplanter operátion was adequate under all conditions encountered.

RATES OF SEEDING IRRIGATED PASTURES

An experiment to determine the effects of different rates of seeding on stand establishment and early yield of an irrigated pasture mixture was conducted from 1953 to 1956. The seed mixture used, in parts by weight, was: smooth bromegrass 7, orchard grass 7, creeping red fescue 4; and white Dutch clover 2. Plots 6 ft. by 30 ft. were seeded at rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 lbs. per acre, with a tractor-drawn, multiple V-belt seeder with double disk furrow openers spaced 7 in. apart. Herbage yields were determined by mowing a 3-ft. strip down the middle of each plot.Good stands were obtained from all rates of seeding, but there were differences in rate of establishment, early yield, and botanical composition of the swards. The heavier rates developed stands more quickly, yielded more in the year of seeding, and were less subject to weed encroachment than the lighter rates. Orchard grass dominated under the heavier seeding rates, resulting in an undesirable balance of species. Although satisfactory stands were obtained using light rates, moderate ones were considered more economical because they developed a sward more quickly and produced higher yields in the year of seeding.