Double Discrimination Research Articles

ToASt: A 64-channel ASIC for the readout of the Silicon Strip Detectors of the PANDA experiment

The silicon strip sensors for the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) of the PANDA experiment must provide both the Time of Arrival (ToA) and the charge released by the crossing particle. In order to cope with these requirements a 64-channel dedicated ASIC, named ToASt, has been designed and extensively tested. Each channel includes a charge-sensitive amplifier, a current mode shaper, a linear Time over Threshold (ToT) stage and double threshold discrimination. The ToA and ToT are obtained by storing the value of a 12-bit time stamp at the two edges of the comparator. The two values are immediately readout by a digital interface, formatted in 32-bit words and transmitted, via two 160 MS/s serial links.The ToASt ASIC is designed in a commercial CMOS 110 nm technology. Its digital logic has been triplicated in order to improve its Single-Event Upset (SEU) protection.

Double Discrimination: Attitudes toward Syrian and Ukrainian Immigrant Entrepreneurs' Job Postings in Türkiye

This study uses a vignette experiment to examine the discriminatory attitudes towards immigrant entrepreneurs. The aim is to assess how biases based on ethnicity affect the job application intentions directed towards immigrant entrepreneurs, specifically comparing those from Syria and Ukraine with their Turkish counterparts. The research addresses several objectives: to determine whether discriminatory practices against immigrant entrepreneurs differ from those faced by immigrant workers; to explore the presence and nature of discrimination against immigrant entrepreneurs in Türkiye, including taste-based and statistical forms of discrimination; to investigate potential double discrimination between entrepreneurs of Middle Eastern (Syria) and European (Ukraine) origins; and to analyze whether ethnic cues in job advertisements influence job application intentions. Findings reveal that immigrant entrepreneurs experience significant discrimination, with Syrian entrepreneurs facing more bias compared to Ukrainians, influenced by geopolitical and cultural factors. This study offers a new perspective by examining how potential applicants respond to job advertisements from immigrant entrepreneurs, differing from previous research on discrimination faced by immigrant workers. The results highlight the need for inclusive policies and practices to support immigrant entrepreneurs and enhance their participation in the Turkish economy, contributing to a more equitable and diverse entrepreneurial landscape.

‘Retire, play petanque, take synthrom, travel, eat a blue pill and screw two old ladies’: Ageist language in Spain on Twitter

Ageist language discriminates against older people, infantilising, depersonalising and dehumanising them. Through a longitudinal study of tweets written in Spain between 2019 and 2023, this study investigates the evolution of ageism in the Spanish language. Using a mixed methodology based on Twitter public data mining, 27,971 tweets were analysed. Of these, 3555 tweets (19.31%) used ageist language. The analysis revealed a significant increase in ageist language after COVID-19, with the number of ageist tweets almost doubling compared to the pre-pandemic period. The results of the study suggest that ageist language on Twitter in Spain is mainly characterised by depersonalisation, portraying older people as a homogeneous and passive group. The study also highlights the double discrimination faced by older women on Twitter, where the language is not only ageist but also sexist, limiting their privacy and denying their rights in relation to their sexuality and physical appearance.

Culturally adaptive healthcare for people with a learning disability from an ethnic minority background: A qualitative synthesis

AbstractBackgroundPeople with a learning disability face health inequality. Those from ethnic minority backgrounds with a learning disability face ‘double discrimination’ as members of two marginalised groups.MethodsThis codesigned review consolidated the evidence on the healthcare experiences of individuals and their carers from ethnic minority backgrounds with a learning disability. Three electronic databases were searched for UK studies from January 1990 to June 2022. Qualitative data from 28 studies were analysed using thematic framework analysis.FindingsThere was an overarching theme of ‘culture, choice and conflicts of control’, which related to the variable preferences for involvement in healthcare decisions. Cultural and individual factors impacted upon experience, with themes relating to ‘misunderstanding and mistrust’, ‘discrimination and stigma’, ‘isolation’, ‘feelings of shame and blame’, ‘burdens of care’ and ‘carer wellbeing’. Factors associated with healthcare‐seeking and care provision are described in the themes ‘triangles of care’, ‘community networks’ and ‘adaptive communication’.ConclusionsPeople from ethnic minority backgrounds with learning disability experience complex barriers which influence their healthcare experiences. Recognising and understanding discrimination can be difficult for people with a learning disability. Carers face challenges which influence their own wellbeing. Services need to be responsive to individual cultural contexts, while addressing potential conflicts of control.

The interplay between reproducing stigma and building agency for social change in sports coaching: the lived experiences of lesbian coaches in Spain

ABSTRACT While there are only a few studies analysing the experiences of lesbian coaches in sport worldwide, there is a lack of social scientific knowledge about the experiences of lesbian coaches in Spain. This paper explores a novel conceptual framework that combines stigma and agency to analyse the experiences of lesbian coaches, and the extent to which they reproduce stigma and/or build agency to challenge the status quo and foster social change. Drawing on sixteen semi-structured interviews with lesbian coaches in Spain, four central themes were identified. These are (1) double discrimination based on gender and sexual orientation, (2) feelings of fear, (3) dealing with stigma, and (4) agentic responses and the potential for positive social change. The research highlights a continuum of experiences of lesbian coaches that are multifaceted and complex in nature, and often coexist between the reproduction of stigma and/or transformation through agency. Our research provides new insights into the nature and prevalence of discrimination regarding sexual orientation that aims to help sport organizations develop specific strategies and programmes to foster inclusivity.

From Anti-Homosexuality to Gay-Friendly Festival? Festive Culture, Cultural Policies and Inclusion and Exclusion of the LGBTQIA + Collective in the Fallas of València

Festive rituals have demonstrated their political power at the performative level, as well as to integrate those who are part of the ritual and exclude those who are not. In this sense, governments have a fundamental power in this decision and show their strong capacity to orientate the celebration toward regression or social progress. In the case of the Fallas in Valencia, we can see how, with the arrival of Franco’s regime, the festival was instrumentalised by the conservative class, generating an orthodox definition. This definition has survived in the most orthodox sectors of the festival, in which a hegemonic masculinity is established while other identities are stigmatized. However, the change of government implied a discursive reorientation and generated a paradigm of tolerance and respect for sexual diversity from an institutionalized vision. Thus, the inclusion of the LGBTQIA + community in a neo-traditional festival, the action of the local government to achieve it and the opposition of civil society are debated. Likewise, a double discrimination against bisexual people is observed, as there is a greater representation in the Fallas of the rest of the LGBTQIA + community, especially homosexuals and transsexuals. For this purpose, a combined study is carried out based on a photographic analysis and the subsidies granted to the group.

Bisexual Discrimination, Internalized Binegativity and their Impact on Mental Health

IntroductionBisexual individuals experience discrimination both from heterosexual individuals and from the Lesbian and Gay (LG) community. This double discrimination affects their mental health. This study aimed to explore the relationship between binegativity (from heterosexual and LB individuals) and internalized binegativity and symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as the mediating role of social support. The second purpose was to explore whether these variables could predict the symptoms of depression and anxiety.MethodsA sample of 110 bisexual individuals (77.3% cisgender women, Mage = 25.2) completed self-report measures.ResultsMost participants reported being discriminated against by heterosexual (93.2%) and LG (81.8%) individuals. However, they perceived and experienced higher discrimination from heterosexual people. The majority experienced internalized binegativity. As hypothesized, heterosexual discrimination predicted depressive and anxiety symptoms. Contrary to expectations, discrimination from the LG community and internalized binegativity did not predict symptoms, although bivariate correlations showed a positive relationship. Social support was a moderator of symptoms of depression, but not of anxiety.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the impact of binegativity on the mental health of bisexual individuals and the importance of social support.Policy implicationsOur results provide practitioners and policymakers with evidence of the effects of discrimination experienced by bisexual individuals. Educational campaigns and public awareness programs are needed to foster a more inclusive and accepting society.

Health Beliefs and Practices Among Subaltern Women: An Ethnographic Account From Rural Telangana, India

Apart from biological factors, social determinants play a major role in shaping health beliefs and paving the way for various behaviours. Subaltern women, being the lowest strata of the caste hierarchy, have additional barriers to accessing modern healthcare and may be more likely to experience poor health outcomes due to a combination of social, economic and cultural factors. Structural violence represents a dynamic process that impedes an individual’s social, economic and biological potential, affecting both socially excluded, economically disadvantaged and historically marginalized subaltern communities. Social justice significantly influences individuals’ life prospects and health outcomes, with health disparities stemming from social disadvantage and inequality. Addressing disparities in health, the Health Gap underscores the importance of acknowledging the role of social determinants of health. Health equity entails enhancing the well-being of marginalized social groups and tackling the broader social determinants of health. The current qualitative study was conducted in three villages in the Nalgonda district of Telangana, India. In addition to focus group discussions and one-on-one interviews, the ethnography method was employed to capture subaltern women’s health beliefs and practices regarding food habits, puberty, menstruation, sexuality and sexual life, childbearing and childbirth, breastfeeding and the role of primary healthcare centres in promoting healthcare. Subaltern women experience double discrimination as members of a lower caste and a weaker gender, and access to healthcare, like other fundamental human rights, is a recurring issue. Many of them are impoverished and unable to afford contemporary medical care, forcing them to rely on the more cost-effective traditional model of healthcare. Despite being forbidden from accomplishing many things owing to a range of societal and age-old customary sanctions, modernization and state-owned institutional mechanisms are bringing about a good shift towards better health.

Female immigrant entrepreneurship – predicted by women’s empowerment in host country

PurposeThe social inclusion of immigrants has been a central public policy issue in European countries, and entrepreneurship is often promoted as a form of integration. Female immigrants face double discrimination of gender and ethnicity while becoming entrepreneurs. The aim of the paper is to investigate the female empowerment in the host country as a predictor of immigrant women engagement in entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachBased on panel data for European Union countries for years 2006–2021, female immigrant entrepreneurship was modelled by the impact of variables showing the empowerment of women in host countries. Data availability was the determinant regarding the inclusion of 22 countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden were all in the research sample.FindingsAlthough immigrant entrepreneurship is highly context-oriented and locale-specific (as in the physical setting for relationships among people), some universal patterns for a group of countries are found. A stronger political and managerial position of power for the women in host countries encourages female immigrant entrepreneurship, while the gender pay gap is statistically insignificant.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper is due to the multi-country level and female-focused research perspectives in immigrant entrepreneurship. The study refers to the intersectionality of gender and ethnicity, arguing that the empowerment of women in host countries affects female immigrant entrepreneurship at the macro-level.

Relationship between disability, gender, and discrimination: Analysis of the RISEWISE survey (H2020)

This work presents the analysis using multivariate statistical techniques of the pilot survey conducted in the RISEWISE project (Rise Women with Disabilities in Social Engagement), funded by the European Union under its Horizon 2020 program, in Italy and Spain in 2021. The main objective of the study is to understand the expectations and needs encountered in the daily lives of women with functional diversity, as well as the barriers they face, which are not exclusively physical or material. By applying multiple correspondence analysis and log-linear models, the relationship between access to employment, experienced discrimination, functional diversity of the respondents, difficulties in their daily lives, and the use of technological resources and social networks is examined.
 
 The obtained results can contribute to future projects with larger sample sizes to investigate the phenomenon of double discrimination. Furthermore, given the limited number of studies related to this issue, this preliminary analysis is important for raising awareness and sensitizing people about the barriers faced by women with disabilities and promoting inclusive environments that enable their full participation in all areas of society.

Rethinking liberated Africans as abolitionists: Bombay Africans, resistance, and ritual integration in coastal Kenya, 1846–1900

Mission studies has changed over the last few decades, reframing itself as an approach to subaltern cultures, religions, and languages. Yet the scholarship that explores the integral role of Christian missionary societies in ending slavery tends to focus on the actions and ideologies of European missionaries. The Africans of missions, therefore, appear to be peripheral to the history of the abolition of slavery. This article aims to show how we can begin to see the actions of liberated Africans as approaches to ending slavery as much, if not more than, struggles for their own personal advancement. It is based on archival research and testimonies collected from descendants of liberated Africans.This article explores an influential – and well-documented – group of liberated Africans referred to as “Bombay Africans”, many of whom are known to have fought against slavery. These individuals, high-ranking in the mission hierarchy, had been educated in Western India by the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Many of them settled on the Kenyan coast in Mombasa and further inland in Rabai in the second half of the 19th century as a distinct group of African Christian missionaries. Part 1 examines their own struggles against the European missionaries. Given their education, training, and religious upbringing in the mission stations, they accused the British missionaries of double standards and discrimination. Their experiences show how colonial abolitionism could not guarantee full emancipation and integration into the environment in which they found themselves. In part 2, the role of Bombay Africans in harboring fugitive slaves is highlighted. While most CMS missionaries and colonial administrators sought to appease the slaveholding demographics of the coast, fugitive slaves were secretly welcomed into the mission stations of Rabai and Frere Town. The suspicions of missionaries and colonial officials grew as the population of the mission stations increased dramatically and slave owners’ complaints against the mission became increasingly vocal. As Part 3 shows, Bombay Africans took other avenues to secure emancipation by addressing their otherness. By reappropriating local rites indigenous to the Kenyan coast, they attempted to purify themselves of stigma and integrate into the local communities that surrounded the mission stations. This had limited success, however, partly because of the distinctive features of Bombay Africans and their descendants. Their distinctive names, cultures, and tendencies to be outspoken made it difficult for them to erase their slave past. The article reveals several approaches to refuting slavery and slave status. Bombay African abolitionists tried to protect fugitive slaves and end slavery practices in the communities in which they had authority. Other Bombay Africans mobilized against European missionaries to assert their right to full emancipation. Most of the African Christians of the 19th century chose to pursue respectability by integrating socially and culturally into clans that accepted outsiders. All of these methods were ways of ending slavery, one way or another, and this shows the diversity of thought about how slavery and slave status could and should be ended.

A Interseccionalidade como conteúdo da Educação Histórica

A composição de sistemas múltiplos de subordinação tem sido descrita de vários modos: discriminação composta, cargas múltiplas ou como dupla ou tripla discriminação. A interseccionalidade vem sendo desenvolvida como categoria conceitual e ferramenta analítica, o que fomenta a denúncia de conteúdos defasados, eurocêntricos e androcêntricos. Nesse sentido, faz-se necessário incorporar uma perspectiva intercultural nas práticas de ensino. Conforme a Educação Histórica, campo de pesquisa em expansão no Brasil, os conteúdos escolares devem ser significados no presente para que orientem a vida humana prática. Jörn Rüsen, teórico da área, indica o combate ao etnocentrismo em benefício da diversidade cultural. As Diretrizes Curriculares Estaduais do Estado do Paraná, de 2008, bem como o Referencial Curricular Paranaense para o Novo Ensino Médio, de 2021, apresentam uma fundamentação a partir de pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos baseados na Educação Histórica. Com o objetivo de corroborar com práticas curriculares alinhadas com a equidade, este artigo propõe o conteúdo interseccional no Ensino de História.

Breaking the taboo: qualitative analysis of the sexuality in people with acquired motor disability

BackgroundGlobally 1 in 7 people experience some type of disability. In Latin America, as in other regions, there are programs focused on the protection of sexual and reproductive rights of this population group. However, to date, in Peru there are no programs, protocols or guidelines that include a specialist (sexologist or trained health professional) in the health system to improve the quality of life and well-being of this population. Therefore, the objective of this article is to qualitatively analyze the experience of sexuality in people with acquired motor disabilities.MethodsWe used the interpretative phenomenological approach and the semi-structured in-depth interview composed of 60 questions, which was applied to 7 people (4 women and 3 men) with acquired motor disabilities.ResultsDiversity in the experience of sexuality was observed. While some experience it without fear, others have annulled their sexual encounters, because in addition to physical limitations, they experience psychosocial limitations such as pain, functional alterations, depression, low self-esteem, discrimination, exclusion, stigmas and socio-environmental barriers, among others. Likewise, the study reflected the double discrimination suffered by women (for being a woman and having a disability), as well as the lack of education, counseling or sex therapy by specialized professionals, and the influence of religion, society and culture as factors that condition and limit their sexuality. This reflects the current situation in Peru and other countries in the region, where the sexuality of people with disabilities continues to be a complex and ambiguous issue.ConclusionsIt is concluded that for some participants it is possible to experience sexuality without fear, while others hold back their experiences for reasons other than physical, self-esteem, social discrimination, among others. The review of the profile and level of specialization of the health services professionals involved in the integral medical care of people with disabilities and their couples is required because of their need for adequate and specialized attention for their better adaptation to the new condition.

LGBTQ + community perceptions of domestic abuse, responsivity and inclusion within the criminal justice system

Whilst research on the LGBTQ + community, Domestic Abuse (DA) and the Criminal Justice System (CJS) is expanding, the LGBTQ + community have often been hidden from societal discourses within the CJS and overlooked in the wider narrative of DA. This study was guided by a queer theoretical framework, using semi-structured interview data from 10 LGBQ + participants in the UK to explore the voices of this community, gaining insight into their perceptions of domestic abuse, and how inclusive and responsive the CJS are currently in their approaches to the LGBTQ + community and LGBTQ + DA. An experiential thematic analysis of the data identified four themes including ‘Unique forms of abuse’, ‘LGBTQ + Domestic Abuse is hidden and unrecognizable’, ‘Double Discrimination…our identities, our experiences’ and ‘LGBTQ + Awareness and Domestic Abuse…Past, Present and Future.’ LGBQ + participants discussed the specific multi-layered complexities attached to LGBTQ + DA and described the current narrative of LGBTQ + DA as invisible and discriminatory. Participants offered insights related to CJS approaches of LGBTQ + DA, such as implementing specialist LGBTQ + DA training and creating visible awareness of LGBTQ + DA. In addition, participants offered suggestions of content to LGBTQ + DA Perpetrator Programmes. Together, these perceptions and related suggestions propose future directions of inclusive and responsive practice within the CJS for LGBTQ + victims/perpetrators of domestic abuse.

SYMPHONY OF SIMILAR VOICES OF THE AFRICAN- AMERICAN AND THE INDIAN DALIT WOMEN; A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE NARRATIVES OF TONI MORRISON & BABY KAMBLE

Sometimes we wonder how the challenges before women remain universal. African American women and Dalit women in India faced many of the same challenges and hardships. Though these two communities are located on opposite sides of the globe, the women of these two cultures have experienced similar marginalization and persecution at the hands of their oppressors. This study focuses on the challenges that these subaltern women have faced for a long time, including racial discrimination, gender inequality, class inequalities, caste oppression, slavery, and other forms of oppression. Throughout their life, African American women were subjected to forced servitude, racial degradation, and tyranny. And Dalit women in India were oppressed by the inhumane practice of casteism, which rendered them untouchable and subjected them to double discrimination from higher castes and male chauvinists inside their households. As a result, the emphasis is on the depiction of their tragic life, which was put on them forcibly. The lives of these people are depicted in the works of numerous writers from the African American and Indian Dalit communities. The greatest pieces are Beloved by Toni Morrison and The Prisons We Broke by Baby Kamble. As a result of the challenges they experienced, these women raised their voices against injustice via various narratives that they employed as a means of shedding light on their harsh and oppressive animal-like lifestyles. Both nations' governments took up this cause in the hopes of bringing them justice in the future. The answers to this problem are enacted by the individual nations' constitutions, which enact legislation to support and liberate these women from the clutches of their oppressors. These doubly oppressed women who have been silent for a long time now have the right to speak up about their difficulties.

In-situ measurement techniques for space plasmas based on floating-mode avalanche photodiode and electrostatic energy-per-charge analyzer

New instrumental developments based on a floating-mode avalanche photodiode (APD) combined with an electrostatic energy-per-charge analyzer were conducted for comprehensive and accurate plasma measurements in wide energy ranges in future space plasma explorations. The advantages of APD, namely, rough energy analysis capability, low dark count, compact dimension, and lightweight, are promising as an advanced in-situ measurement technique. We conducted several types of electron/ion beamline experiments under different floating voltage conditions in order to investigate the properties of particle detections and energy analyses using the floating/normal-mode APD combined with/without the electrostatic energy-per-charge analyzer. The electron/ion post-acceleration associated with the operation of APD in floating mode reduces the lowermost energies detectable by APD. Applying a high voltage of ∼ ±5 kV to electrostatically float APD in the combination with an electrostatic analyzer, we can attain wide energy coverages (∼ eV – 100's of keV for electrons, ∼ 5 keV/q – 100's of keV/q for ions) with proper energy resolutions, noise reduction due to double energy discrimination, and ion mass discrimination capability particularly to distinguish energetic He2+ components of solar wind origin. This technique would also be useful to distinguish the terrestrial-origin O+ from H+ in energies of > a few tens of keV if the ions outflowing from the Earth’s upper atmosphere significantly affect the plasma population after some energization processes in the magnetosphere. When these advanced in-situ measurement techniques are employed in future exploration missions, wide-energy/angular distributions of both electrons and ions in space could be captured simultaneously by a single sensor head with triple-dome structure on spin-stabilized satellite.

Language, religion, and workplace discrimination: intersectional microaggressions in India

ABSTRACT Microaggression has recently gained prominence. It is a psychological construct that examines everyday slights experienced by marginalized groups. While much of the research has stemmed from the United States and has focused on race, gender, and sexuality, very few studies have investigated ways in which complex and overlapping identities involving language, religion, and caste/class intersect in cross-cultural workplace settings in the Global South. This study fills this gap by exploring a minoritized group carrying a ‘double discrimination’ burden due to their religion and socio-economic historical class background. It examines in what ways, if any, Indian Meos experience microaggressions in cross-cultural workplace settings. In doing so, it extends research that remains understudied. One of the criticisms against microaggression studies is their reliance on self-reporting and recall of past instances, thus lacking validity. This paper proposes conversation analysis as a useful approach offering an empirically grounded analysis of microaggression in action.

Surgical sexism in Canada: structural bias in reimbursement of surgical care for women.

It is well established that female physicians in Canada are reimbursed at lower rates than their male counterparts. To explore if a similar discrepancy exists in reimbursement for care provided to female and male patients, we addressed this question: Do Canadian provincial health insurers reimburse physicians at lower rates for surgical care provided to female patients than for similar care provided to male patients? Using a modified Delphi process, we generated a list of procedures performed on female patients, which we paired with equivalent procedures performed on male patients. We then collected data from provincial fee schedules for comparison. In 8 out of 11 Canadian provinces and territories studied, we found that surgeons were reimbursed at significantly lower rates (28.1% [standard deviation 11.1%]) for procedures performed on female patients than for similar procedures performed on male patients. The lower reimbursement of the surgical care of female patients than for similar care provided to male patients represents double discrimination against both female physicians and their female patients, as female providers predominate in obstetrics and gynecology. We hope our analysis will catalyze recognition and meaningful change to address this systematic inequity, which both disadvantages female physicians and threatens the quality of care for Canadian women.

THE LIFE OF THE NIQAB AND SIRWAL; Phenomenological Study of Family Power Relations to Stigma

This research departs from the widespread stigmatization experienced by those who wear the niqab and sirwal. Society views this attribute negatively because one of them is the actions of terrorists, suicide bombers and others, who carry out their actions using a niqab or sirwal. So this study aims to explore the experiences of the niqab and sirwal users in the private sphere, such as the family and the public sphere in society. To see these two contexts, this study uses the perspective of power relations theory from Michel Foucault and the Stigma concept from Erving Goffman. Meanwhile, methodologically, this study uses a qualitative approach to explore the experiences of the niqab and sirwal users. The findings in this study are that women who wear the niqab in power relations with their parents experience discrimination and social control regarding their attributes. In contrast to sirwal users, who are more liberated by their families in using attributes. Meanwhile, in the public sphere, niqab women again experienced verbal harassment from the public, unlike sirwal, who never experienced harassment. In this case, a woman wearing a niqab is verbally abused not only because she wears a niqab but because she is a woman who is considered inferior in a patriarchal society. In addition, in this case, niqab women experience double discrimination in private and public spaces.

People with learning disabilities can face double discrimination

People from black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds who also have learning disabilities face higher levels of healthcare inequalities