Double Application Research Articles

Improving soil ecology when applying bacterial fertilizers

Increasing the yield of spring barley on light chestnut soils of the Volgograd region is possible through the use of microbiological fertilizers that activate the processes of plant growth and development. The influence of the methods of basic tillage and the application of mineral and bacterial fertilizers “Azotovit” and “Phosphatovit” on the content of nitrogen in the soil was studied. The degree of decomposition of the linen cloths was the maximum for deep flat-cutting processing. According to the binary interaction, the best results were obtained on the variant with deep flat-cutting processing with double application of bacterial fertilizers. The introduction of bacterial fertilizers sharply increases the content of azotobacter, and especially when they are applied twice. The lowest toxicity of the soil in barley crops compared to the control was noted on the variant with deep flat-cutting treatment, and the maximum on the variant of dump treatment. The analysis of data on the structure of the crop also indicates the advantage of the variant of deep flat-cutting tillage with double application of microbiological fertilizers. The most cost-effective variants were with double application of bacterial fertilizers on the background of deep flat-cutting tillage.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ГУМИНОВЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ НА ПОСЕВАХ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПОЛЕВОГО ОПЫТА НА ЧЕРНОЗЁМЕ ОБЫКНОВЕННОМ КАРБОНАТНОМ

The results of the study of the winter wheat treatment with liquid humic preparations "EKOSS" and "BIO-Don" effectiveness are presented. The final concentration of the solution used is 0.002 %. The experimental layout is provided for a single (tillering phase) and double (tillering and heading phases) application of foliar treatments. The control was the variant without the application of humic preparations. The research was carried out in a field experiment in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FRANTS in the Aksai district of the Rostov region. Soil samples were taken 4 times: after the resumption of spring vegetation, two weeks after each foliar treatment of crops, and after harvesting. The use of humic preparations was accompanied by an increase in the activity of urease and phosphatase, an increase in the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds. The results of the study showed a good relationship between the activity of phosphatase and the dynamics of mobile phosphorus. The calculation of the biological yield showed that both humic preparations provide an increase in yield, but the increase from the use of the "EKOSS" preparation is statistically significant and amounts to 23–26 % relative to the control variant. The analysis of grain quality did not reveal a significant difference between the options, however, at the level of the trend, positive changes in the quality of grain can be noted in the option with the double treatment of crops with the humic preparation "EKOSS".

Ion conducting methylcellulose‐polyvinyl alcohol blend based electrolytes incorporated with ammonium thiocyanate for electric double layer capacitor application

AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have received numerous attention for application in energy storage devices due to their safety performance and mechanical flexibility. However, further improvement of amorphousness and electrochemical performance is needed to realize the commercial potential of SPEs. In this work, a series of methylcellulose (MC) – polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend‐based electrolyte doped with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) salt has been prepared using solvent casting technique. MC‐PVA‐NH4SCN electrolytes have been characterized and the most amorphous sample has been used as electrolyte in an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC). Thermogravimetric analysis is carried out to analyze the thermal stability of the electrolytes. From X‐ray diffraction analysis, the addition of salt up to 40 wt% decreases the percentage of crystallinity and crystallite size indicating the improvement in amorphousness of the polymer electrolytes. From transference number measurements analysis, it is revealed that ions are the dominant charge carriers. Linear sweep voltammetry shows that the most amorphous electrolyte is electrochemically stable in the potential range of −1.97 V to +1.90 V. Using the most amorphous MC‐PVA‐NH4SCN electrolyte, an EDLC has been fabricated and characterized using impedance technique, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge.

Photosynthetic productivity of grain kidney bean varieties as affected by pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar fertilization

Purpose. Reveal the influence of varietal characteristics, seed inoculation and foliar fertilization on the photosynthetic productivity of kidney bean.
 Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative, and calculation method.
 Results. The leaf area of kidney bean is increasing from the phase of the third trifoliate leaf to the flowering phase. The maximum leaf area was found at the end of flowering phase and amounted to 33.7–40.3 thousand m2/ha, varying over varieties, foliar fertilization and the use of biological products. The best fertilizer option for maximum dry matter accumulation was the double application of potassium humate in combination with pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with biological products. The highest dry matter accumulation in this fertilization treatment was demonstrated by ‘Otrada’ (5.82 t/ha) and ‘Nata’ (5.86 t/ha) varieties, reaching a maximum at the beginning of ripening. These indicators exceeded the control treatment by 0.64 t/ha or 12.4% and 0.74 t/ha or 14.5%. Photosynthetic potential reached a maximum in the interphase period "the beginning of flowering – the end of flowering" and reached a point of 0.70–0.99 million m2·day/ha. The maximum net productivity of photosynthesis in all studied kidney been varieties, except for ‘Halaktyka’, was in the period “the third true leaf – the beginning of flowering” and amounted to 3.54–4.26 g/m2 per day.
 Conclusions. The maximum amounts of the assimilation surface area (39.8–40.5 thousand m2/ha) were ensured by ‘Bukovynka’, ‘Otrada’ and ‘Nata’ varieties under the double application of potassium humate in combination with pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with biological products. The maximum values of photosynthetic potential in the conditions of research were provided by varieties ‘Nata’ (2.0 million m2·days/ha), ‘Ros’ (2.07 million m2·days/ha) and ‘Otrada’ (2.08 million m2·days/ha) under fertilization combined pre-sowing inoculation of seeds and two foliar fertilizations with potassium humate. The highest dry matter content in this fertilization treatment was accumulated by ‘Otrada’ (5.82 t/ha) and ‘Nata’ (5.86 t/ha) varieties, reaching a maximum at the beginning of ripening phase. The maximum net productivity of photosynthesis of kidney bean was achieved by ‘Otrada’ variety amounting to 4.06–4.26 g/m2 per day.

OPTIMIZATION OF SUNFLOWER FERTILIZATION ACCORDING TO THE APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT BANK FOREST-STEPPE

The article evaluates and outlines the main aspects and vision of optimization of sunflower fertilizer through the use of modern biological products of complex bioorganic and biomineral nature through their use in the form of foliar fertilization. The relevance and importance of such technological solutions and the search for optimal options for maximizing the yield potential of modern sunflower hybrids are emphasized given the importance of this crop for the formation of agricultural potential of Ukraine. The peculiarities of sunflower mineral nutrition for a long cycle of its study are generalized and aspects of its nutrition optimization and expediency of application of complex and growth-regulating biologicals are determined. The hydrothermal conditions of sunflower vegetation for the two-year cycle of application of biological products for vegetation were evaluated, which allowed to evaluate the role of their components on the growth processes and crop formation of sunflowers. The effectiveness of different variants of BTU-Center biological preparations recommended for growing sunflower for foliar feeding - Organic Balance and BTU Biocomplex was studied in view of the regulations of their use in terms of critical phases of growth and development of culture with a dose interval of 0.5 l / ha (single application) up to 1.0 l / ha (double application) in phases 6-8 and 12-14 leaves in combination with application of bioadhesive Liposam (0.5 l / ha) and urea (7 kg / ha) to enhance the physiological action of biological products. The efficiency and expediency of using both studied drugs with technological significant advantage in the use of high-yielding sunflower hybrids on gray forest soils in the Forest-Steppe zone of the right-bank biological product Organic Balance in the variant of double use. %, an increase in the area of the assimilation surface by 19.6%. As a result, it was found that the highest yield of sunflower hybrid LG 5638 on average during the study period was formed in the variant of double use of biological product Organic Balance - 2.84 t / ha with an increase to control of 0.39 t / ha (15.9%).

Fertilization of purple coneflower (Echinacea Purpúrea L.) in the conditions of the Central chernozem region

The modern pharmaceutical industry uses Echinacea purpurea plants in the production of about 30% of all medicines. Many studies have been conducted to assess the effects of biological and immune activity of Echinacea purpurea on animals and humans (Sharayevskaya et al., 2010). Due to the small distribution area of this valuable crop, research aimed at its use as a double yielding crop is relevant. Plants are deficient in readily available forms of mineral elements after mowing. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of «AgroMaster» fertilizer grade 13-14-13 on the growth and development of Echinacea plants. We studied single and double application of the fertilizer at a dose of 2,0 and 4,0 kg per hectare. Growth and development processes of Echinacea purpurea plants were characterized by different intensity before and after cutting in experimental variants. The fertilizer had a significant impact on the biometric parameters of plants. In particular, the dynamics of plant growth in height had a positive trend in all variants with the use of fertilizer. At the same time, the optimum dose of fertilizer (2,0 kg per hectare) with double treatment of crops was revealed. Single treatment of crops with the minimum (2,0 kg per hectare) and maximum (4,0 kg per hectare) had no prolonging effect on Echinacea purpurea plants. Thus, the use of AgroMaster fertilizer of 13-14-13 grade in the crops of Echinacea purpurea is justified, with the advantage of double treatment of crops at a dose of 2,0 kg per hectare.

White mold incidence, severity and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) yield response to fungicide application timing in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary causes white mold on lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), resulting in significant yield and quality loss. Fungicides are widely used to manage white mold, yet there are no application-timing guidelines for lima bean. The knowledge gap impedes research for effective fungicide efficacy and for integrated management that combines fungicides with biological and cultural practices. Trials to determine the optimum timing for fungicide application were conducted from 2014 to 2017 with Endura 70WG (0.76 kg ha−1; a.i. boscalid) at four locations in the mid-Atlantic region. Fungicides were applied (i) at approximately 20% bloom initiation when at least 20% of plants had opened flowers; (ii) approximately one week later at 100% bloom initiation when 100% of plants had opened flowers; (iii) approximately one week later when plants were in full bloom; (iv) approximately one week later when pods were developing; (v) a double application at 20% and 100% bloom initiation; and (vi) non-sprayed [non-treated control (NTC)]. White mold incidence as number of infected plants m−1 of row, white mold severity as percentage of infected tillers per plant m−1 of row and yield (kg) from 2.3 m2 subsection of row area were recorded. Double applications at 20% and 100% bloom initiation resulted in the greatest reduction in white mold incidence and severity in most environments. However, the Endura applications one and two weeks after 100% bloom initiation reduced disease incidence by 50% and 54% in 2016 and white mold severity between 63% and 79% in 2015 and 2016. This research will provide a foundation for the development of fungicide application guidelines, and for research on use of fungicides in integrated white mold management programs for lima bean.

Double ionophore application in cases with previous failed/low fertilization or poor embryo development

Research questionDoes a double ionophore application improve the outcome of cycles in which single ionophore application was unsuccessful? DesignThis retrospective intervention study (duration 4.5 years) included 79 patients with suspected chronic failed oocyte activation (<30% fertilizations) and/or poor embryo development (developmental arrest, 24 h developmental delay, blastulation rate <15%) in both preceding cycles, the first without ionophore and the second with single ionophore treatment. Within the study period, all patients with failed ionophore treatments (single applications of ready-to-use calcimycin for 15 min) were offered an adapted protocol in the subsequent cycle (study cycle) in which the same ionophore was applied twice (separated by 30 min). Tests for paired data (control and study cycle) were used to reduce the effect of confounders. ResultsThe overall fertilization rate did not differ between the study and control cycles. Cleavage (P = 0.020) and blastocyst formation (P = 0.018) rates improved significantly in the study cycles. Implantation (P = 0.001), biochemical (P < 0.001) and clinical pregnancy (P < 0.001) rates were also significantly higher in the study cycles. The study cycles resulted in 29 live births and all 32 babies born were healthy. ConclusionsThis study suggests that double ionophore application may improve blastocyst formation and clinical pregnancy rates in cases of failed single ionophore treatment, irrespective of whether the ionophore was used to overcome fertilization failure or poor embryo development. Fertilization rate was only increased in cases with a history of fertilization failure. Because single ionophore treatment was used in only one previous cycle it cannot be ruled out that some improvement in clinical outcomes would also have been achieved by using single instead of double ionophore treatment again in the subsequent attempt.

Treatment of Humerus Salter Harris Type II Fracture with Double Pin Combination

In this case report, the clinical and radiographic results of the treatment of Salter Harris Type II fracture in the left humerus of an 1 year old female and crossbred dog with parallel pin technique was evaluated. The dog with complaining of lameness was brought to Siirt University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Surgery Department and local fracture findings were found in the distal 1/3 of the left humerus. On radiological examination, it was found that the distal physeal line of the left humerus was detached. Also, it was seen that the integrity of the bone cortex was disrupted through in a line that included the metaphysis at the medial angle. In the operation, following the reduction of the fracture fragments, 2 krischner pins with 2 mm in diameter parallel to each other were applied from the medial cortex of the humerus to the lateral side of the distal condule and fixation was achieved. After the operation, the limb was taken to a backed bandage. In the radiological examination of the case on post-op 3rd week, it was found that the formation of the collus began. On the post-op 21st day, the bandage was removed and physical therapy applications were started to apply. On the post-op 4th week, it was seen that the dog used the extremity functionally and it was discharged. As a result, it was concluded that parallel double pin applications can be used successfully in the treatment of Salter Harris Type II fractures that are formed in the distal of dog's humerus.

INFLUENCE OF BIOPREPARATIONS ON OIL FLAX PRODUCTIVITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Objective. To study the influence biopreparations, different in origin and mechanisms of action, on the yield and oil content in oil flax seeds under arid conditions against the background of artificial and natural moistening. Methods. Field, biochemical, calculation and statistical. Results. It has been found that in the conditions of natural moistening of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, the use of such preparations ass Azofosforin, Ekofosforin, Binoc TK and Bio-gel on oil flax crops, according to the recommendations for seed treatment and sowing in the “herringbone” phase, increases oil yield due to increase in seed yield and, in most cases, the oil content of the seeds. The efficiency of individual preparations was determined by the weather conditions of the growing season. The predominant effect of organic fertilizer Bio-gel on the yield was found, while microbial preparations had a positive effect on both the yield and oil content in flax seeds. The use of Ekofosforin and Binoc TK for seed inoculation increases yields by 0.22 and 0.11 t/ha, and oil content — by 0.5 and 0.4 percentage points, respectively. Double application of the Azofosforin increases the conditional fat yield by 31 % via increasing seed yield by 0.11 t/ha. The use of microbiological preparations and organic fertilizers for seed treatment before sowing and for foliar fertilization in the cultivation of oil flax of Vira variety has a positive effect on yield, oil content in seeds, which increases fat yield by 11.0–57.9 %. Conclusion. The use of biopreparations in the technology of growing oil flax is a basic element of obtaining products for food and medical use. The highest yield (0.99 t/ha) and the highest fat yield (428 kg/ha) in the experiment is provided by pre-sowing seed treatment with organic fertilizer Bio-gel at a dose of 1.5 L/ha. The highest oil content (43.0 %) is provided by foliar treatment of plants with Azofosforin. The use of microbiological preparations Ekofosforin, Binoc TK and Azofosforin for seed treatment increases the yield by 0.08–0.22 t/ha and oil yield by 11.1–12.9 %.

Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Potential of Six Essential Oils from Morocco against Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) under Field and Laboratory Conditions.

Simple SummaryThe prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica L. has an important economic role as a source of food for human consumption, for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes, and as fodder for livestock in Morocco. This crop is now attacked by a new sap-sucking insect pest, the wild-scale Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell). The aim of this study was to investigate the insecticidal potential of essential oils as alternative to synthetic insecticides for the control of D. opuntiae nymphs and adult females under laboratory and field conditions. Results revealed that Mentha pulegium and Origanum vulgare oils provided a rich source of bioactive compounds and exhibited high contact toxicity against D. opuntiae. In addition, M. pulegium and O. vulgaris oils applied in combination with black soap induced the highest toxic activity on adult females under field conditions.The carmine cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) is the major insect pest of the prickly-pear cactus Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) in Morocco. The present study investigated the insecticidal activities of six essential oils (EOs) against nymphs and adult females of D. opuntiae applied singly or in combination with a detergent under laboratory and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, M. pulegium and O. vulgare L. essential oils showed a high level of insecticidal activity at 5%, with 98% and 92% females’ mortality, respectively, 5 days after treatments. The M. pulegium and O. vulgaris oils at 5% applied in combination with black soap at (60 g/L) induced the highest toxic activity on adult females, 100% and 96% at 5 days after treatments, respectively. Under field conditions, M. pulegium and O. vulgare oils at 5% in combination with black soap (60 g/L) showed the highest adult female mortalities with 96.33 and 92.56%, respectively, 7 days after the first application. The double application of M. pulegium oil at 5% significantly increased the mortality of adult females up to 91%, 5 days after the second spray. GC-MS analysis revealed that the most abundant constituent of M. pulegium and O. vulgare oils was pulegone (84.69%) and durenol (76.53%), respectively. These findings showed that the use of M. pulegium and O. vulgare in combination with black soap or in double sprays could be incorporated in the management package for the control of the wild cochineal D. opuntiae, as a safe and natural alternative to chemical insecticides.

Fruit Quality Attributes of ‘Arisoo’ and ‘Picnic’ Apples as Influenced by 1-Methylcyclopropene Concentration and Its Application Frequency during Cold Storage

The efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in maintenance of apple fruit quality can differ depending on apple cultivar, ethylene content at harvest, 1-MCP concentration, the interval between harvest and 1-MCP application, and the number of applications. In this study, we investigated whether the 1-MCP concentration and its application frequency differently affected fruit quality attributes of the two new apple cultivars ‘Arisoo’ and ‘Picnic’. The fruits were treated with 1-MCP (as single or double treatments) at the rate of 0 μL L−1 (control), 0.5 μL L−1, 1 μL L−1, 0.5 + 0.5 μL L−1, and 1 + 1 μL L−1 for 18 h, and they were stored at 0 °C up to six months. Comparatively, the fruit qualities of 1-MCP treated fruits were higher than that of the control during cold storage, with a higher suppression of internal ethylene content and a slower reduction of titratable acidity in 1-MCP treatments than the controls throughout the cold storage in both cultivars, regardless of the concentration and number of applications. Reduction of fruit firmness and soluble solid contents were maintained by single application of 0.5 μL L−1 1-MCP in ‘Arisoo’ apple, while double application of 0.5 + 0.5 μL L−1 was needed in ‘Picnic’ cultivar. The effective concentration for weight-loss reduction was found to be the single application of 1 μL L−1 1-MCP in both ‘Arisoo’ and ‘Picnic’. Conclusively, 1-MCP as single treatment at the rate of 0.5 μL L−1 could be sufficient in inhibiting ethylene action and maintaining fruit quality losses during cold storage, particularly in ‘Arisoo’. However, double application of 1-MCP might be necessary for some quality attributes in ‘Picnic’ apple.

Comparative Analysis of Single Lateral Locked Plate and Double Locked Plate Application in the Treatment of Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures.

Background and objectiveBicondylar tibial plateau fractures (BTPFs) have been controversial in terms of surgery planning, due to articular joint surface comminution, severe soft tissue injury, and the risk of complications. The aim of this study was to conduct a clinical, functional, and radiologic comparison of the dual locked plate (DLP) and single lateral locked plate (SLLP) techniques.MethodsRetrospectively analysed were 54 patients who underwent surgical treatment with DLP or SLLP due to the diagnosis of BTPFs, between January 2018 and June 2020. Patients were evaluated in the clinic with regard to their demographic characteristics, mechanisms of injury, follow-up periods, measurement of the range of motion degrees, functional scores, and radiographic parameters. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Lysholm Knee Score (Lysholm) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS) were chosen as the functional scores. The condylar width, medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), posterior tibial slope (PTS) and fracture union time were calculated radiographically.ResultsThe patients in the DLP group achieved significantly higher scores for all three scales when the KOOS, Lysholm, and OKS, respectively (P = 0.008, P = 0.048, P = 0.006), were compared. Radiographically, the mean increase in the condylar width of 1.72 mm in the DLP group and 2.59 mm in the SLLP group was measured (P = 0.010, P = 0.010, respectively). The mean decrease in MPTA was 1.75° in the DLP group and 3.54° in the SLLP group, which was statistically significant (P = 0.005, P = 0.001, respectively). An increase in the posterior tibial slope was measured at a mean of 1.8° in the DLP group and 1.4° in the SLLP group (P = 0.001, P = 0.008, respectively). On the other hand, when the condylar width, MPTA and PTS between the DLP and SLLP groups were compared, no significant difference was found (P = 0.179, P = 0.247, P = 0.611, respectively).ConclusionBetter results were obtained in patients who underwent the DLP procedure when compared to those who had the SLLP. There was no radiographic difference between the two surgical procedures. Although DLP is an effective and reliable method in the treatment of BTPFs, the SLLP procedure also provides satisfactory results in patients with appropriate indications.

Weighted Cebysev Type Inequalities for Double Integrals and Application

The purpose of this article is to generalize Cebysev type inequalities for double integrals involving a weight function.By using an integral transform that is a weighted Montgomery identity, we obtained a generalized form of weighted Cebysev type inequalities in $L_m,, mgeq 1$ norm of differentiable functions. Also, we give some applications of the probability density function.

Effectiveness of herbicide application on potatoes in the northern forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region

The work aims to study the effectiveness of herbicides application on potato varieties of different ripeness groups in the conditions northern forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region. The authors obtained experimental data on leached chernozem in Novosibirsk district, Novosibirsk region, in 2017-2019. In their studies, the authors used common elements of potato cultivation tech- nology. The general background for potatoes in autumn fertiliser was applied at a dose of P60K90. Nitrogen fertilisers were used at a rate of 60 kg/ha in spring under pre-sowing cultivation. Herbicides Gezagard, Lazurit, Zenkor, Boxer, and mixtures of individual herbicides were applied before and after sprouting when potato plants were up to 12-14 cm high. Herbicides significantly reduced the infestation of potato varieties Lubava (early) and Tuleevsky (medium-season). The authors showed that the use of herbicides accelerated the processes of growth and development of potato varieties of two groups of ripeness. There was a significant increase in leaf area, photosynthetic potential, and 23-28% plant productivity. On a background of herbicides increase of yield by 30-35% is observed. There was an increase in the marketability of tubers by 10%. Used herbicides provided good quality and preservation of potato production. The authors note that the double application of herbicides Zenkor and Lazurit offers high rates of weed reduction. Thus yield and quality of presentation have high indicators. In tubers of potatoes, the residual quantity of herbicides is not detected. Application of herbicides economically and energetically practical. The level of profitability exceeds control 1,4 times on a background of double spraying by herbicides Zenkor and Lazurit.

Combined biochar and double inhibitor application offsets NH3 and N2O emissions and mitigates N leaching in paddy fields

The effects of combined biochar and double inhibitor application on gaseous nitrogen (N; nitrous oxide [N2O] and ammonia [NH3]) emissions and N leaching in paddy soils remain unclear. We investigated the effects of biochar application at different rates and double inhibitor application (hydroquinone [HQ] and dicyandiamide [DCD]) on NH3 and N2O emissions, N leaching, as well as rice yield in a paddy field, with eight treatments, including conventional urea N application at 280 kg N ha−1 (CN); reduced N application at 240 kg N ha−1 (RN); RN + 7.5 t ha−1 biochar (RNB1); RN + 15 t ha−1 biochar (RNB2); RN + HQ + DCD (RNI); RNB1 + HQ + DCD (RNIB1); RNB2 + HQ + DCD (RNIB2); and a control without N fertilizer. When compared with N leaching under RN, biochar application reduced total N leaching by 26.9–34.8% but stimulated NH3 emissions by 13.2–27.1%, mainly because of enhanced floodwater and soil NH4+-N concentrations and pH, and increased N2O emission by 7.7–21.2%, potentially due to increased soil NO3−-N concentrations. Urease and nitrification inhibitor addition decreased NH3 and N2O emissions, and total N leaching by 20.1%, 21.5%, and 22.1%, respectively. Compared with RN, combined biochar (7.5 t ha−1) and double inhibitor application decreased NH3 and N2O emissions, with reductions of 24.3% and 14.6%, respectively, and reduced total N leaching by up to 45.4%. Biochar application alone or combined with double inhibitors enhanced N use efficiency from 26.2% (RN) to 44.7% (RNIB2). Conversely, double inhibitor application alone or combined with biochar enhanced rice yield and reduced yield-scaled N2O emissions. Our results suggest that double inhibitor application alone or combined with 7.5 t ha−1 biochar is an effective practice to mitigate NH3 and N2O emission and N leaching in paddy fields.

Development and Applications of Double Diels‐Alder Reaction in Organic Synthesis

AbstractThe class of Double Diels‐Alder (DDA) reactions leading the targets concisely where numerous synthetic pursuits have been rewarded with conceptually novel and streamlined methods. After the tremendous development and discoveries in various Diels‐Alder reactions including its key role applications in many natural products syntheses, the DDA reaction is considered as a growing branch of Diels‐Alder reaction where two consecutive [4+2] cycloadditions trigger the streamlined construction of polycyclic and macrocyclic architectures. In light of the ever‐increasing importance of DDA reactions in chemical sciences, we review the comprehensive studies and recent advances in DDA reactions in organic synthesis. This review summarizes key achievements of DDA for the preparation of macrocyclic, bicyclic, heterocyclic, and polycyclic structures documented since its revelation in 1980 to 2020. Emphasis is put on the synthesis of various structural classes based on the selectivity of the DDA reaction.

A facile approach to enhancing the UV blocking properties of layered double hydroxides and potential application in asphalt

Defect-structured ZnaMgbAlc layered double hydroxides (d-ZnaMgbAlc-LDHs) with varying Mg/Zn ratios have been prepared by modifying the surface of ZnaMgbAlc-LDHs through a chemical etching method. The ultraviolet (UV) blocking properties of d-ZnaMgbAlc-LDHs were significantly improved, and d-Zn4Al2-LDH was added into asphalt to explore the potential anti–UV-aging application in asphalt. Research results show that 3 wt% of d-Zn4Al2-LDH could significantly improve the anti–UV-aging ability of asphalt, resulting from oxygen vacancy defects produced on the surface of d-Zn4Al2-LDH. Specifically, these oxygen defect vacancies can adsorb the free radicals generated during the asphalt aging process; therefore, it blocked the fragmentation of the macromolecule chain in asphalt and postponed the aging process.

Influence of Different Application Methods on the Bonding Effectiveness of Universal Adhesives to Dentin in the Early Phase.

To investigate the changes in the dentin bond strengths of universal adhesives during the early phase and evaluate the effect of a double-layer adhesive application on the performance of the dentin bond. Three universal adhesives and a two-step self-etch adhesive were employed to ascertain the shear bond strengths (SBS) of specimens to bovine dentin with the use of the etch-and-rinse or self-etch mode. The specimens were further divided into two groups based on adhesive application in a single or a double layer. The bonded specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 5 min or 1, 6, 12, or 24 h prior to SBS measurement and the adhesives' Knoop hardness number (KHN). All the adhesives showed increased SBS with prolonged storage periods regardless of the adhesive layer (single or double) or etching mode. Most universal adhesives in the double adhesive layer groups showed significantly higher SBS than single adhesive layer groups for the same storage period. All the adhesives also showed increased KHN with increased storage period. The SBS and KHN values of the adhesives increased with increasing storage duration over a 24-h period. Double adhesive layer application mediated increased dentin bond strength in the early phase.

ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF PB-ROPES ON POPULATION OF THRIPS TABACI AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES

Cotton is most important fiber crop of Pakistan. Cotton contributes 1.6% in GDP of Pakistan. The sucking and chewing insect pests attack on the cotton and cause yield reduction. Among sucking pests, Thrips tabaci is the major one. The study was conducted to observe the ecological impacts of PB ropes on population dynamics of T. tabaci as well as beneficial fauna on cotton. The study was conducted at MNS University of Agriculture Multan at experimental farm Multan on an area of 27 acres. The experimental plot was divided into 3 blocks and each block consisted of 3 acres. Cotton variety NIAB-878 was cultivated as test crop and data was recorded on weekly bases from 20 random selected plants in each sub-plot for sucking insect pests and 10 plants for beneficial insects. The results revealed that population of T. tabaci remained significantly lower in double application of PB-ropes in a season treated plots as compared to treatment i.e., one application of PB-ropes + insecticides, while higher population was recorded in untreated block, managed through use of pesticides. The study resulted that all recorded green lacewing and Geocoris were showed negative correlation with T. tabaci and kept its population at minimum level as compared with control.