Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Pure and Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Sensing and Dye Degradation Applications.

Luminescent antimony doped tin oxide nanoparticles have drawn tremendous attention from researchers due to its low cost, chemical inertness and stability. Herein, a quick, facile and economic hydrothermal/solvothermal method was utilized for the preparation of antimony doped (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%) tin oxide nanoparticles. The antimony doping in a reasonable range can change the properties of SnO2. As such, a lattice distortion increases with increase in doping, which is evidenced through crystallographic studies. It was found that the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of malachite green (MG) dye of about 80.86% was achieved with 10% Sb-doped SnO2 in aqueous media due to small particle size. Moreover, 10% Sb-doped SnO2 also showed the highest fluorescence quenching efficiency of about 27% for Cd2+ of concentration 0.11µg/ml in the drinking water. The limit of detection (LOD) comes out as 0.0152µg/ml. This sample selectively detected the cadmium ion even in the presence of other heavy metal ions. Notably, 10% Sb-doped SnO2 could appeared as a promising sensor for fast analysis of Cd2+ ions in real samples.

Green energy induced photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes by strontium doped tin oxide nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity

Sunlight driven strontium doped tin oxide (SnO2) photocatalyst was synthesized with different strontium (Sr) concentrations by the simplest sol-gel methodology. The XRD diffractogram findings revealed the decrement in the average crystallite size from 13 nm to 8 nm and shifting of diffraction peaks towards lower diffraction angle signifies the incorporation of Sr2+ ions in the host lattice sites. Optical studies unveiled the reduction in the energy bandgap values with respect to doping concentration i.e. 2.94 eV for pristine SnO2 to 2.43 eV for 1.5% Sr:SnO2. The photocatalytic measurements showed that the action of Sr doped SnO2 nanoparticles (1.5%) on methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) dyes exhibited momentous photocatalytic performance of about 83.3% in 100 minutes and 67.8% in 150 minutes under natural sunlight. Additionally, an efficient antibacterial activity of Sr doped SnO2 nanoparticles (at 1.5% doping) was estimated against a gram negative bacteria E. Coli.

Ecofriendly sol-gel-derived dye-sensitized solar cells with aluminium-doped tin oxide photoanode.

The manuscript reports the fabrication of an eco-friendly sol gel dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) based on aluminium (Al)-doped tin oxide nanoparticles with different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 5 mol%) of Al providing enhanced optical and electrical properties than its bare counterparts. The physical, chemical, optical, and electrical properties of the as-synthesized nanoparticles were studied using different analytical tools. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals the crystal structure of the prepared samples ascribed to SnO2 nanoparticles uniformly with reduced crystallite size for Al-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis reveals narrowing of particle size on doping with the Al, substantially enhancing the optical and surface characteristic features of the SnO2 nanoparticles. Photoconductivity studies indicate that all the samples have a good linear response with the increment of electric field in dark and photocurrent attributing to better photoconversion capability of the samples. Further, the optimized Al-doped SnO2 and bare SnO2 nanoparticles were subjected to sophisticated analytical studies such as high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the better insight into their properties. The as-prepared Al-doped SnO2 nanoparticles in the present study record good optical, surface, and electrical properties which enhance their compatibility for possible photovoltaic applications especially in dye-sensitized solar cells as an environmentally safe alternate energy solution. Further, the current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the optimized Al-SnO2 and bare SnO2 photoanode component were probed for their suitability in DSSCs which disclosed enriched efficiency upon doping with aluminium nanoparticles.

Facile engineering 3-D photothermal laser induced graphene for efficient steam generation

Solar driven steam generation is a typical application of solar energy harvesting for clean water production, which has undergone a long-term development. Up to now, a desirable evaporation efficiency has been achieved in lab-scale via advanced materials and structural design However, to maintain a stable performance for long-term practical application, the simplicity of fabrication process, the cost of the raw material and the salt accumulation issue have to be taken into consideration. Here, this research proposed an efficient solar evaporator based on laser induced graphene (LIG) and the commercialized nickel foam. The nickel foam was preferred as the skeleton of the evaporator coupling with hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to provide sufficient water pathways with reduced water vaporization enthalpy in the bottom layer of the solar evaporator. In addition, plasmonic antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were introduced into the porous graphene to further enhance the solar absorption and photothermal conversion. Thus, the 3D evaporator exhibits a high evaporation efficiency of 2.21 kg m −2 h −1 in salt water (20 wt% NaCl) under 1 solar irradiation (1 kw m −2 ). Moreover, the evaporator enables a stable evaporation performance upon the saline water during a 120 h test, with no salt crystals accumulated on the surface of evaporator. It is believed that this work presents a potential simple pathway to design and fabricate a portable and efficient evaporator equipped with efficient LIG nanocomposite as an efficient solar absorber. • A novel LIG-ATO nanocomposite has been facilely synthesized vis a one-step laser deposition for a portable solar evaporator.

Preserved crystal phase and morphology: Improving the magnetic and electrochemical performance of sulfur doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized via the hydrothermal method

Herein, we report synthesis of bare and Sulfur (S) doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) using simple and low cost hydrothermal method. S with different concentration (0, 2, 4 and 6) were doped in SnO2 and named as bare SnO2, 2%S:SnO2, 4%S:SnO2 and 6%S:SnO2, respectively. The synthesized NPs were characterized for structural, functional, optical, morphological, electrochemical and magnetic properties. XRD confirms the tetragonal structure of bare SnO2 2%S:SnO2, 4%S:SnO2 and 6%S:SnO2 NPs. The crystallite size and microstrain was calculated using the Scherrer equation, W-H plot, SSP plot, and H-W plot and are in well agreement with each other. The FTIR confirmed formation of S-O and Sn-O bonding. The direct energy band gap values of bare SnO2, 2%S:SnO2, 4%S:SnO2 and 6%S:SnO2 are 3.8 eV, 3.6 eV, 3.1 eV and 2.2 eV, respectively. The electrochemical performance (ECP) of bare SnO2 and 2%S:SnO2 NPs were studied by making their electrodes through CV, GCDs, and EIS measurements. The bare SnO2 and 2%S:SnO2 electrodes show the specific capacitance of 125 F/g and 225 F/g at a current density of 3 A/g proves S doping enhances the capacitive performance of SnO2 NPs. The VSM shows paramagnetic behavior changes into ferromagnetic behavior with S doping.

Enhancement of infrared shielding property of SnO2 using Sb as a dopant

Transparent conducting oxides (TCO) are essential to the operation of advanced energy harvesting and storage devices, as well as display technology. Doped tin oxide (SnO2) exhibits enhanced optical and thermal characteristics in comparison to undoped SnO2. In this article, the cost-effective sol-gel methodology was employed in the synthesis of tin oxide (SnO2) and antimony (Sb) doped tin oxide nanoparticles. According to the XRD analysis, the tetragonal structure was maintained despite the apparent reduction in crystal size as the amount of Sb increased. In the study, the effect that Sb doping has on absorption and reflection in the visible and near-infrared regions was analyzed. The band gap of the nanoparticles was observed to broaden as the concentration of Sb doping was increased from 3.44 eV (ATO-0) to 4.62 eV (ATO-6). The results from UV–vis-NIR spectra demonstrated that the ATO films efficiently reduced the amount of infrared light that passed through them. The results of the heat-insulation test showed that ATO-coated glass outperformed uncoated glass in terms of heat insulation. Because of these characteristics, ATO could be a good replacement material, especially for solar cells and smart windows.

Evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties of SnO2 and Fe doped SnO2 nanoparticles

In recent decades, nanoparticle synthesis has been used for various physical and chemical methods. However, different toxic chemicals are used during this synthesis process to address these concerns, which has multiple effects on environmental toxicity and high cost. To avoid these problems, we need a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach. In this study, green synthesis was used to make tin oxide (SnO2) and ferrous doped tin oxide (SFO) nanoparticles (NPs) from Morinda citrifolia leaf extracts. The X-ray diffraction patterns of SnO2 and SFO NPs reveal a tetragonal crystalline structure. From the FESEM image of synthesized SnO2 and SFO NPs, their spherical structure and chemical composition were identified by EDX spectrum. Through the DLS spectrum, the hydrodynamic size was observed at 66 and 61 nm for SnO2 and SFO NPs, respectively. In the FTIR spectrum, the O–Sn–O stretching vibration peak arises at (606 & 509 cm−1 for SnO2 NPs) and (613 & 538 cm−1 for SFO NPs). Photoluminescence is used in materials to detect surface defects and impurity levels. The antibacterial activity of the SnO2, SFO NPs, and conventional antibiotics like amoxicillin NPs is effectively inhibited against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains. SFO NPs exhibit a higher antibacterial activity as compared to SnO2 and amoxicillin. The anticancer efficacy of increased SFO NPs compared to SnO2 NPs was tested against (MDA-MB-237) human breast cancer cells. These results suggest that Fe ions modified SnO2 NPs could be used in healthcare industrial applications to improve human health.

Optical and electrical properties of pure and doped tin oxide nanoparticles

Optical and electrical properties of pure, Co- and Mn-doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were studied and reported. The materials were successfully prepared by simple co-precipitation method. The developed SnO2 NPs exhibit tetragonal structure with space group P42/mnm. Addition of dopants reduces the particle size from 23 nm (pure SnO2 NPs) to 18 and 16 nm (Mn- and Co-doped SnO2 NPs). The estimated band gap energy of pure, Co-, and Mn-doped SnO2 NPs were found to be 3.43, 2.70 and 2.84 eV, respectively. FTIR and EDX analyses also confirmed the incorporation of Mn and Co into the pure SnO2 NPs. Scanning electron micrograph revealed that the synthesized NPs were formed as large spherical shape by the aggregation of small individual nanoparticle. Photoluminescence spectrum of synthesized NPs shows the emission peaks in the visible region. Electrical properties of the proposed materials were studied from current (I) and voltage (V) characteristics. The results confirm the semiconducting behavior of the material and the I–V curves of all the samples reveal the nonlinear behavior of the synthesized materials.

Antibacterial Activity of Undoped and Cu2+ Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Microwave Irradiated Solvothermal Method

In present work, a simple and facile microwave irradiated solvothermal method was applied for the synthesis of undoped and Cu2+ doped tin oxide nanoparticles. Thermal characterization was performed to study the thermal stability and to fix the annealing temperature. All the prepared samples were annealed at 500 ºC and then characterized. Structural, morphological and optical characterizations were done using PXRD, TEM, SEM and UV-Vis NIR analysis. The PXRD measurement shows the tetragonal phase of tin oxide. Agglomerated and spherical morphology was observed in SEM and TEM micrographs. Presence of blue shift was observed in the absorption spectra of the prepared samples. Elemental compositions of the samples were analyzed using EDX patterns. Magnetic characterization was performed using vibrating sample magnetometer and the analysis revealed that the prepared samples were diamagnetic in nature. Antibacterial studies showed the efficient activity against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial stains.

Anticancer activity of tin oxide and cerium-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Ipomoea carnea flower extract

Background: The aim of the study is to investigate the anticancer potential of tin oxide (SnO2) and different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) of cerium-doped tin oxide nanoparticles (Ce-SnO2 NPs) using Ipomoea carnea flower extract. The synthesized SnO2 and different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) of Ce-SnO2 NPs was tested using a colorimetric-based 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line cells. Methods: Collection and preparation of plant extract is preliminarily carried out followed by the synthesis of Undoped and Cerium doped Tin oxide nanoparticles is achieved by standard protocol along with that its anticancer activity also studied in this research. Results: The anticancer activity increased in direct proportion to the cerium-dopant concentration. Experimental results demonstrated that 8% Ce-SnO2 NPs exhibited a potential anticancer effect compared with SnO2 and other concentrations of Ce-SnO2 NPs. Conclusion: According to the current findings, large-scale manufacturing of Ce-SnO2 NPs might be recommended to have effective anticancer agents against breast cancer cell lines.

Photocatalytic Activity of Pure and Zinc Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by One Step Direct Injection Flame Synthesis

Photocatalytic Activity of Pure and Zinc Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by One Step Direct Injection Flame Synthesis

Mechanical reinforcement course of 3D printed polypropylene–antimony doped Tin Oxide nanocomposites versus filler loading

Three-dimensional (3D) printed polypropylene (PP) structures mechanically reinforced with antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles (NPs) at various concentrations were developed and fully characterized. Nanocomposite filaments were produced by an optimized melt mixing and extrusion process, utilized as feedstock for the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of specimens. Samples were 3D printed and assessed via mechanical, viscoelastic, physicochemical, and fractographic characterizations. Raman spectroscopy verified the polymer structure and the incorporated ATO nanocrystallites in the polymer matrix. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of the nanocomposite extruded filaments revealed the nanoscale roughness induced by the ATO NPs. All nanocomposite 3D printed structures exhibited enhanced mechanical performance. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) revealed a stiffening mechanism for the nanocomposites, agreeing with the static tests. This work demonstrates that commercially available PP reinforced with ATO NPs, maybe a solution for applications requiring enhanced material’s static and dynamic mechanical properties.

Visible and infrared optical modulation of PSLC smart films doped with ATO nanoparticles.

In recent years, smart windows have been gradually applied and developed in the fields of environmental protection, energy management, smart camouflage and display. With the continuous upgrading of market demand, smart windows with both visible and infrared band modulation functions are the future development trends. However, the optical modulation of smart windows is usually limited in the visible light band (380-780 nm). In this paper, we report a novel smart window by doping antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles (NPs) into polymer stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) films. These films have the widest waveband modulation function among those reported so far, covering the visible and infrared regions (380-5500 nm). The transmittance of the as-prepared smart films can be changed reversibly from highly transparent (78.5%) state to a strong light scattering (10%) state in the visible region. In addition, due to the localized surface plasmon resonance of ATO NPs, up to 80.7% of the infrared invisible light can be effectively shielded. The significance of this research is to provide theoretical and technical support for the broadband optical modulation of novel smart windows.

Thermoplastic polyurethane conjugated antimony doped tin oxide nanocomposite for enhanced electrical and thermal conductivity

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites are significant as they offer a variety of applications depending on the incorporated fillers. Herein, doubly filled thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) based composites were studied for their improved electrical and thermal conductivity upon the addition of MWCNT and antimony doped tin oxide nanoparticles. By the addition of conducting fillers the electrical conductivity of TPU blends improved to semiconductor range 10 °S/cm. The highest recorded value of thermal conductivity 0.36 W/m × K at 10 phr of MWCNTs/ATOs (70:30) is due to higher dispersion, crystallinity, degree of interfacial thermal contact between the components, and scattering of phonons. Keeping in view its applications in electronic components we focus on the development of composites in the semiconductor range of S/cm value for electrical conductivity. Thermal stability, Tm and Tc of TPU/MWCNTS/ATOs composites increased due to the improved dispersion of MWCNTs and ATOs in TPU matrix. Morphological studies show, that increase of ATOs share in the fillers mixture up to 50 % supports homogeneous dispersion of the fillers. There was only a small decrease in electrical conductivity observed at medium ATOs percentage, which makes these composites highly cost effective. With 70:30 ratio of MWCNTs and ATOs the cost of the filler phase drops down without marked decrease in electrical conductivity. Such nanocomposites would be highly cost-effective for applications in flexible electronic displays.

Structure and Optical Properties of Quantum Confined Pure and Cu Doped SnO<sub>2</sub>

Pure and copper doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method and are characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX, UV-Visible, photoluminescence, and FT-IR analysis techniques. Tetragonal rutile structure is confirmed from XRD and the crystallite size is found to be between 3.8nm and 4.8nm. The optical band gap is observed from UV-Vis spectrum and is found to be 3.99eV and 3.93eV for tin oxide and copper doped tin oxide respectively. The optical band gap of pure and Copper doped tin oxide were blue shifted due to quantum confinement. Photoluminescence spectrum shows UV, blue and green emission peaks.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tin oxide and Zinc Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles by Chemical Precipitation Method

Synthesis and Characterization of Tin oxide and Zinc Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles by Chemical Precipitation Method

Synthesis characterization and electrochemical performance of chromium doped tin oxide

Chromium doped Tin oxide nanoparticles with chromium concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 wt% were synthesized by microwave irradiation technique. Standard characterization techniques were used to understand the characteristics of the nanoparticles obtained. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern depicted the tetragonal crystal structure for Cr doped SnO2 nanoparticles. From the results of crystallite sizes for various doping concentrations, it was observed that doping inhibits the growth of crystalline grains of SnO2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images confirmed the surface morphology modifications due to varying doping concentration of Cr, nanocrystallite showed extra agglomerated status with mesoporous structures. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDAX) observations confirmed the doping of chromium ions in SnO2 lattice. Other standard characterization techniques such as FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis were also carried out for the samples prepared. The electrochemical behavior of the sample was determined using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) by scanning the potential at a rate of 50 mV s‾¹ and for a maximum current of 600 mA carried out on undoped SnO2 and Cr doped SnO2. It was observed that as the wt% of Cr in Cr doped SnO2 increases, the electrochemical performance increases as compared to undoped SnO2. A fairly larger peak current of 15 μA and a larger oxidation peak potential of 0.76 V were observed for 5 wt% Cr doped SnO2.

Photoelectrocatalytic simultaneous removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol and E. coli using the anode of Ag and SnO2-Sb 3D-loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays

Reclaimed water contains both residual contaminants and pathogenic microorganisms while their simultaneous removal has not been fully addressed. Thus, a photoelectrocatalytical system (PEC) was engineering herein using an innovatively synthesized composite of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTs) decorated with antimony doped tin oxide (SnO2-Sb) and silver nanoparticles (Ag) in three dimensions (TNTs-Ag/SnO2-Sb) to realize the simultaneous removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The optical and electrochemical properties of TNTs were improved after the loading of Ag and SnO2-Sb with an excellent the stability for reuse. A 68% removal of EE2 and more than 5-log removal of E. coli were achieved in 1 h in PEC. The DNA activity of E. coli was nearly completely lost after PEC treatment and the cytotoxicity of PEC treated EE2 solution was significantly reduced. Reactive species (HO and H2O2) and degradation products of EE2 were identified, and the transformation pathways were proposed accordingly. This study generates valuable information of the transformation kinetics and mechanism for simultaneous removal of EE2 and E coli. It also provides an effective and innovative technology for water reuse.

Improved photocatalytic performance of nanostructured SnO2 via addition of alkaline earth metals (Ba2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) under visible light irradiation

Pure and alkaline earth metal (Ba2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+)-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by simple co-precipitation, and their structural, optical, functional, morphological and compositional properties were analyzed in detail using powder X-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX). XRD revealed the formation of rutile tetragonal structure, and the crystallite size has decreased from 28 to 24 nm by the addition of alkaline metal dopants. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of fundamental vibration modes of SnO2. The optical band gap energy was decreased to 3.05, 3.19 and 2.98 eV by introducing Ba2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, respectively. Photoluminescence spectra showed defect-related emission peaks, and their intensities were found to increase in doped SnO2 samples. EDAX spectra confirmed the presence of Sn, O, Ba, Ca and Mg elements. The photocatalytic activity of pure and alkaline metal-doped SnO2 catalyst has been investigated under visible light irradiation by using methylene blue dye. The results showed that the Mg-doped SnO2 catalyst has a higher photodegradation efficiency (~ 95.7%) compared with other investigated samples.

Synthesis and Characterization of Pure Tin Oxide and Magnesium Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles by Chemical Precipitation Method

Synthesis and Characterization of Pure Tin Oxide and Magnesium Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles by Chemical Precipitation Method