Door Handle Research Articles

Microbiological Assessment of Car Doors and Steering Wheels at Benue State University, Makurdi: Public Health Implications

Microbiological assessments of car surfaces remain a fundamental approach to control hotspots of microbial contamination. This study was aimed at assessing the level microbial contaminations associated with car doors and steering wheel of cars within the faculty of science, Benue state university, Makurdi. A total of forty (40) samples were collected in duplicates. These included twenty duplicate samples from car door handles and twenty duplicate samples from car steering wheels respectively using sterile swab sticks and transported to Charis Research and Diagnostic laboratory for analysis. The samples were analysed using cultural, biochemical and morphological techniques. The results revealed that the heterotrophic bacterial count range from 1.97 x 104 to2.41 x 104 CFU/cm2 while the fungi count range from 1.9 x 103 to 3.7 x 103 CFU/cm2. Staphylococcus spp. had the highest occurrence of 14(70%) and 9(45%), Proteus spp. had an occurrence of 6(30%) and 2(10%) for car door handles and car steering wheels while there was no detection of Salmonella in all the samples assessed. The fungi occurrence rate observed was Aspergillus spp. [7(35%)] for car door handle and 3(15%) for car steering wheel while Rhizopus spp. had a prevalence rate of 4(20%) for car door handle and 1(5%) for car steering wheel. This study affirmed that car surfaces could serve as a reservoir of potential pathogens. Hence, routine disinfection of these surfaces is very important.

Research on the opening method of robotic arm based on force feedback reinforcement learning

In practical applications involving robotic arms, particularly in tasks such as manipulating door handles, improper strategies often lead to excessive contact forces. Such forces not only jeopardize the integrity of the robotic arm’s joints but also pose a risk of damaging the door handle. This paper delves into a meticulous study aimed at refining the opening techniques employed by manipulators, enhancing their adaptability across various environments. A novel method is introduced, amalgamating force information feedback with the deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm, fostering a more nuanced approach in trajectory planning. This innovative strategy is meticulously evaluated through simulations and physical experiments, proving instrumental in guiding the robotic arm toward the successful completion of the door-opening task. The findings from the experiments underscore the algorithm’s prowess in cultivating a compliant door-opening strategy, harmonizing with the force applied at the manipulator’s end. A comparative analysis with conventional methods reveals a notable reduction in the end force of the manipulator, facilitating a more efficient and secure execution of door-opening operations.

Consideration of needs and elements of residents' room signs in group homes for the elderly with dementia: Research on the systematic construction of an environment with non‐pharmacological therapy using signs Part 1

AbstractThis study provides an understanding of the needs for signs identifying rooms shown in group homes for the elderly with dementia (residents' room signs) and reveals the elements for planning. The purpose of staff displaying residents' room signs is to support residents with dementia returning to their own rooms by themselves. It is appropriate for the display contents shown on the residents' room signs to be displayed with the name of the resident approximately 30 to 50 mm. The appropriate display location is near the door handle at a height of approximately 1200 to 1400 mm.

Bacteria profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from beds and door handles of hospital wards in Tiko Health District, Cameroon

Bacteria profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from beds and door handles of hospital wards in Tiko Health District, Cameroon

Detection of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria in shared fomites, waste water and municipal solid wastes disposed near residential areas of a Nigerian city.

Studies investigating environmental hotspots of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Nigeria are limited. This study was designed to assess various environmental sources and commonly touched surfaces as potential carriers of ARB and ARGs with implications for public health. A total of 392 samples, including sewage (36), sludge (36), diapers (20), plastics (20), water sachet polythene bags (20), food wastes (20), soil beneath dump sites (20), and frequently touched surfaces such as restroom floors (80), corridors (24), door handles (56), and room floors and walls (60), were collected and screened for the presence of resistant bacteria carrying genes such as bla KPC, bla NDM-1, bla CMY-2, bla IMP, bla OXA66 and MecA. Additionally, we employed standard techniques to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii . We also evaluated the effectiveness of routine disinfection procedures in eliminating ARB from restroom floors. Our findings revealed that sewage, sludge, diapers, food wastes and restroom floors are frequently contaminated with highly and moderately resistant strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and MRSA. Notably, we identified two variants of the bla OXA51-like gene (bla OXA-66 and bla OXA-180) in A. baumannii isolated from these environmental sources. Furthermore, we detected seven ESBL- K. pneumoniae , five ESBL- A. baumannii , two ESBL- E. coli and one ESBL- P. aeruginosa , all carrying one or more ARGs (bla KPC, bla NDM-1, bla CMY-2), in isolates recovered from sewage, sludge, restroom floors and plastics. It is of note that ARB persisted on restroom floors even after disinfection procedures. In conclusion, this study highlights that environmental wastes indiscriminately discarded in residential areas and shared surfaces among individuals are heavily colonized by ARB carrying ARGs of significant public health importance.

Assessing environmental impact in brass component companies through life cycle assessment: a case study of brass crafts smes

Sampurna Kuningan is a small and medium enterprises (SMEs) specializing in creating various brass metal handicraft products. They need to improve their efficiency in producing brass door handles within their manufacturing process. The issues mainly revolve around two tasks - dipping and refining processes. At the finishing stage, the chemical solution left from brass cleaning is improperly treated and disposed of in the sewer, wasting resources. This study’s primary objective is to evaluate the eco-efficiency index (EEI) value and propose improvement strategies to reduce the environmental impact caused by their production activities. The eco-efficiency measurement involves comparing the financial performance represented by the net value and the environmental performance measured as eco-cost. The eco-cost is calculated using a life cycle assessment through the Sima-Pro software. The results of the calculations indicate an EEI value of 2.22. The production process is both economically affordable and sustainable. However, there is a relatively high environmental impact during the finishing process. Improvement scenarios for this process include implementing water treatment or substituting finishing chemicals. Using citric acid for a brass door handle yields a significant average reduction in eco-cost, reaching approximately 50%.

COVID-19 and the Perceived Dangerousness of Everyday Objects: A Behavioural Online Study in Italy and Germany

The outbreak of COVID-19 and efforts to contain it have likely impacted our daily lives, including how we interact with objects. This online study aimed to develop and test a task to measure how different contexts affect our perception of objects, particularly those that were regarded as potentially dangerous. Two pre-registered experiments conducted in Italy and Germany showed how linguistically processed affordances (e.g., nouns) referring to objects perceived as dangerous (such as a door handle during the pandemic) were processed differently than those referring to neutral objects (like a toothbrush) in a sensibility judgement task. This effect was observed across different contexts and in both experiments. Further research is needed to determine if this effect is similar to the processing of negative words, and if it differs between objects with immanent negative properties (like a broken glass or a fire) versus those with potentially negative properties that only emerge in certain contexts. Replications of the study may clarify if the effect was temporary or produced more permanent changes in behaviour.

Educational Intervention on Cleaning and Sanitation of Surfaces in a Pediatric Hospitalization Unit

Introduction: Environmental surfaces may serve as a reservoir for various microorganisms and consequently, they represent a potential risk for the spread of healthcare-associated infections. Objective: This study aimed to assess the cleaning and sanitation of surfaces (CSS) before and after implementing a Standardization Program for Cleaning and Sanitation of Surfaces (SPCSS). Methods: An analytical, comparative, and intervention study was conducted from 2020 to 2021 in a pediatric hospitalization unit in Midwest Brazil. Four frequently touched surfaces were monitored before and after the cleaning and sanitation process using the following methods: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) quantification, Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) count, and visual inspection. The study consisted of three stages: stage I (situational diagnosis of the CSS process), stage II (implementation of the SPCSS), and stage III (assessment 60 days after implementing the program). A total of 576 assessments were performed in all three study stages. Results: The CSS process was effective in all three study stages by using the ATP and CFU methods. In stage I, statistically significant results were obtained for four surfaces using the ATP method, and two by the CFU count. In stages II and III, all surfaces presented lower ATP and CFU results (p<0.05). In the visual inspection, only the bathroom door handle (stage I: p=0.041; stage III: p=0.007) and toilet flush handle (stage I: p=0.026; stage III: p=0.007) passed the test. Implications for Nursing: This study presents subsidies to evaluate the cleaning and disinfection process carried out by the nursing and hygiene team. Conclusion: The SPCSS exerted a positive impact on the CSS process.

SARS-CoV-2 genome incidence on the inanimate surface of the material used in the flow of biological samples from the collection point to the testing unit.

Despite the undeniable effect of vaccination against COVID-19 in reducing disease severity, there is still a need to monitor and limit SARS-CoV-2 circulation and transmission. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome on the surfaces of highly touched objects manipulated in the biological sample collection point and at the reception unit of the diagnostic laboratory. Surfaces were sampled once a week, for 6weeks, between September 18th and October 23rd, 2020. RT-qPCR was used for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The coolers for biological sample transportation and the envelope containing the patient form were the objects with the highest occurrence of viral genome detection, although it was detected in each object in only two of the 6 evaluations. And the SARS-CoV-2 genome was detected just once on the vehicle steering wheel, computer keyboard, bathroom door handle and disinfection bench. The virus genome was not detected in any object on three of the six evaluations. And eight was the largest number of surfaces contaminated by the virus genome on one occasion. The reduced incidence of object contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 genome can be explained by the exposure of the objects to environmental conditions and the adoption of virus-spread containment measures. It can also reflect the low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 during the study's development period. Despite the low frequency of SARS-CoV-2 genome detection, our findings show that the virus was present in the environment at some point. This highlights the importance of adopting personal preventive measures to reduce respiratory virus spread, especially during epidemics and outbreaks.

Who touched that? Interconnection of high-touch surfaces drives pathogen spread in public spaces

Abstract Background Surface contamination via hands plays an important role in pathogen spread in public spaces. This study aimed to identify frequently touched surfaces and evaluate the spread of a surrogate virus in a hotel lobby. Methods In a working hotel lobby, observation was performed (30 hours) to identify the surfaces and objects touched. An entry doorknob and first floor elevator button were seeded with a bacteriophage (Phi-X174) tracer; 4 hours later 25 surfaces were swabbed to determine tracer distribution and contamination levels. Results A total of 324 individuals performed 627 touches over 13 different fomites in the hotel lobby. The elevator button and front desk counter were the most frequently touched (32 and 22% of all touches respectively), with 55% of individuals touching the elevator button and 79% touching either the elevator button, the front desk counter, or both. More than half (56%) touched 2 or more surfaces; there were 314 interactions between surfaces. Touches from the elevator button to other surfaces (92 interactions) and from other surfaces to the elevator button (41) made up 42% of all interactions and connected the elevator button to 9 other fomites including doors, countertops, seating, a credit card reader and a hand sanitizer pump. From two seeded sites, the tracer spread to 13 surfaces over 4 hours. The most contaminated surfaces were tables, counter tops and door handles. Other contaminated objects were the luggage cart handle, sanitizer pump, and computer equipment. Conclusions Surfaces in the hotel lobby were frequently touched and highly interconnected, resulting in extensive spread of surface contamination in as little as 4 hours. This study demonstrates the importance of hands in distributing contamination between shared surfaces and highlights the need for hand and surface hygiene interventions to disrupt the journey of the germ in public settings. Key messages • Frequently touched surfaces in public spaces are interconnected. • Interconnection of people via touched surfaces drives the spread of pathogens in a public setting.

Isolation of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli 0157:H7 from Environmental and Clinical Samples in Dhaka City

Escherichia coli O157:H7, a Shiga toxin producing microbe was first acknowledged as a virulent organism in 1982 during an analysis of an outbreak of haemorrhagic colitis associated with consumption of hamburgers from a fast-food chain restaurant. Ability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to induce injury in humans is a result of its ability to produce numerous virulence factors, most notably Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2, both of which constitute one of the most potent toxins known to man. Besides, Shiga toxin, Escherichia coli O157:H7 produces several other virulence factors, which include proteins which aid in the attachment and colonization of the bacteria in the intestinal wall and which can break down red blood cells and release iron to help support metabolism in Escherichia coli . Virulence factors facilitate this organism’s ability to cause intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases such as diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC), haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), urinary tract infections (UTI), septicaemia and neonatal meningitis. In this study r, 7 samples from Dhaka city was collected, cultured in various media for enumeration, isolation and screening of Escherichia coli colonies which were further analysed to check for the presence of stx genes using PCR and gel electrophoresis. The seven samples collected were: Door knob swab, tea water, bhel puri, kitchen pipe swab, vegetable water, Lake water and Skin swab. The samples collected initially were enriched in enrichment media overnight, followed by a dilution series which were then used for spread plating on nutrient agar and MacConkey agar and EMB for confirmation with the observation of pink colonies and metallic sheen. The confirmed Escherichia coli isolates were later subjected to DNA extraction and amplification after which the bands for stx genes were observed and recorded. Out of the seven samples tested for stx1 and stx2 genes, two showed the presence of stx1 genes and one showed the presence of stx2 gene. The presence of the stx1 and stx2 genes in regular food and in the surrounding signifies how close is a large outbreak. Knowledge of processing such food or avoiding such environmental contacts or taking precautions when possible may prevent occurrence of diseases.

Bacterial contamination of healthcare workers’ mobile phones in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundMobile phones are potential reservoirs for pathogens and sources of healthcare-associated infections. More microbes can be found on a mobile phone than on a man's lavatory seat, the sole of a shoe, or a door handle. When examining patients, frequent handling of mobile phones can spread bacteria. Nevertheless, evidence of bacterial contamination of mobile phones used by healthcare workers in Africa was inconclusive. Thus, this meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of bacterial contamination of mobile phones used by healthcare workers and the most frequent bacterial isolates in Africa.MethodsWe systematically retrieved relevant studies using PubMed/MEDLINE, POPLINE, HINARI, Science Direct, Cochrane Library databases, and Google Scholar from July 1, 2023 to August 08, 2023. We included observational studies that reported the prevalence of bacterial contamination of mobile phones among healthcare workers. The DerSimonian–random Laird's effect model was used to calculate effect estimates for the pooled prevalence of bacterial contamination in mobile phones and a 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsAmong 4544 retrieved studies, 26 eligible articles with a total sample size of 2,887 study participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of mobile phone bacterial contamination among healthcare workers was 84.5% (95% CI 81.7, 87.4%; I2 = 97.9%, p value < 0.001). The most dominant type of bacteria isolated in this review was coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) which accounted for 44.0% of the pooled contamination rate of mobile phones used by healthcare workers, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (31.3%), and Escherichia coli (10.7%).ConclusionsIn this review, the contamination of mobile phones used by HCWs with various bacterial isolates was shown to be considerable. The most prevalent bacteria isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aurous, and Escherichia coli. The prevalence of bacterial contamination in mobile phones varies by country and sub-region. Hence, healthcare planners and policymakers should establish norms to manage healthcare workers' hand hygiene and disinfection after using mobile phones.

Smart automatic COVID door opening system with contactless temperature sensing

Every time someone wants to enter a traditional door, they usually have to open it by hand. As a result of the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, it is imperative that every human being take precautions such as wearing a mask, maintaining a distance, sanitising their hands and arms, and not touching anything excessive. A prototype of an automatic door control system with a body temperature sensor is designed to limit direct physical contact with conventional door knobs, preventing the spread of COVID-19. The main motto of this project is to utilise a sensor with a combination of embedded equipment for the door opening system. The components MLX90614 Temperature Sensor, Passive Infrared Sensor, Arduino Uno, 16 × 2 Liquid Crystal Display, Servo Motor, and Light Emitting Diodes are used to implement the system. The door gets opened when any human movement is detected near the door, as well as when it detects its temperature and the presence of a mask with the help of various tools and technologies. A passive infrared sensor observes the motion and transmits a signal to the transistor, which in turn gives an interrupt signal to the programmable ATMEGA microcontroller. A contactless infrared digital temperature sensor then senses the body temperature of the human, and if the temperature is above the brink temperature, the output signal is transmitted to the direct current motor that's used to unlock the door and to the Arduino. This is a prototype where all these electronics are plugged together to get the corresponding output

Selecting the Safest Public Bathroom Stall in the Era of COVID-19

COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases can be transmitted through contact with shared surfaces such as those found in public bathrooms. High-touch surfaces such as door handles, flush levers and toilet paper dispensers can potentially contribute to spreading disease-inducing viruses and bacteria. One strategy to mitigate this risk at an individual level is to use the least used bathroom stall, with less human traffic and potentially fewer pathogens. This study looked at occupancy rates of bathroom stalls in a public facility. Observation of stall occupancy was recorded at separate times. Only times when at least 1 stall was occupied were recorded. There were three stalls in a row. Stall 1 was located at one end, with one partition of this stall against a wall and the other partition was shared with the middle stall. Stall 2, the middle stall, shared a partition with Stall 1 and 3. Stall 3 shared a partition with Stall 2 and the other partition was adjacent to an open common area in the restroom. There was a total of 37 observations. Stall 1 was occupied 62% of the time, Stall 2 occupied 30% of the time and Stall 3 occupied 32% of the time. Stall 1, Stall 2 and Stall 3 accounted for 50%, 24% and 26% of overall occupancy. Stall 1 was significantly more likely to be occupied than Stall 2 or 3 (62% vs 30%, p = 0.0051 and 62% vs 32%, p = 0.0104). Stall 2 had the lowest occupancy, but statistically equally likely as Stall 3 to be occupied (30% vs 32%, p = 0.802). In conclusion, in a bank of 3 stalls, the least used one was the middle one and the most used was the end one with an adjoining wall.

The Design of Door Handles for Civil Aircraft Cabin Doors Utilizing Addictive Manufacturing for Aerospace Component Manufacturing

Door handles, usually referred to as "door knobs," are the handles used to open and close a door. On a variety of doors, including the outside doors of homes and businesses, the interior doors of homes, the doors of cupboards and cabinets, and the doors of vehicles, door handles are a common fixture. There are numerous types of door knobs, each of which has a distinct function. Significant numbers of door handles, especially those made for residential and commercial doors, either incorporate latching or locking mechanisms into their design or are manufactured to be compatible with a variety of standard door latching and locking systems. Door handles can be created from a bewildering variety of materials. Brass, porcelain, cut glass, wood, and bronze are examples of various materials. The cabin doors of a civil aircraft serve as the key determinant of the user's first impression because they are the user's first point of contact with the aircraft. Doors must consequently be self-explanatory as to their operability and function. This must not represent the first manual and/or technical difficulty when entering a civil aircraft and ensure that all passengers may board the aircraft safely. The term "additive manufacturing" refers to a variety of techniques that begin with a digital 3D model and result in a three-dimensional object. During these operations, material is mixed, deposited, or created layer by layer under the computer's control. Numerous past studies and research have exclusively focused on prototypes and non-critical components when making aerospace components and parts utilizing additive manufacturing. As the technology of additive manufacturing (AM) has advanced and evolved rapidly, more research is being undertaken on the significance of replacing existing methods of producing key parts and components with AM. This research will heavily rely on SolidWorks software to replicate the existing product into a 3D model, which will then be redesigned to make it easier to produce using the additive manufacturing process so that the product can be used immediately without the need for an assembly process by eliminating all design from the component. The 3D model of the new door handles of civil aircraft designs was analyzed with SolidWorks software and found to perform better compared to the original cabin door handle in terms of the amount of displacement and the value of the safety factor

Awareness in general population about the home modifications which are necessary to prevent falls in community dwelling elderly

Background: Falls are considered to be one of the “geriatric giants”. The living room, bathroom, bedroom and staircase are common areas where falls occur within home. Many elderlies who fall even if they remain uninjured, become apprehensive causing them to cut down on their activities of daily living and becoming less active, weaker, further increasing their chances of falling. Therefore, it’s of paramount importance to scrutinize the awareness about the home modifications. The study was conducted to examine if the general population is aware of the home modifications necessary to prevent falls in community dwelling elderly. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 300people between 30 to 50 years old who were not medical professionals. Convenience sampling was used. A self-structured questionnaire was prepared and clearance of ethical committee was obtained. After taking people’s consent they were asked to fill the questionnaire. Results: Results show that out of 300 participants people are aware of non-slippery floors (70%), railings at the staircase (62%). People are least aware of the following modifications: glare free paints (20%), door knobs can be replaced with lever handle (40%), install adhesive strips on the staircase (30%). Conclusions: Results show that out of 300 participants people are aware of non-slippery floors (70%), railings at the staircase (62%). People are least aware of the following modifications: glare free paints (20%), door knobs can be replaced with lever handle (40%), install adhesive strips on the staircase (30%).

Isolation and Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Nosocomial Sources

Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus have been reported worldwide to emerge mostly in developing and developed countries. This study aimed at isolated and antibiotic resistance from nosocomial sources in Dalhatu Araf specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria. A total of (200) samples were collected from February 2021 to May 2021 from different Nosocomial sources such as door handles, seat handles, surgical equipment and stretchers and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified using standard microbiological method. The Antibiotic susceptibility test for the isolates were carried out and interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) protocol. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus from the samples was 50 (25%). The highest occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus is from seat handle swab with (32%) and the lowest occurrence is (18%) from surgical equipments. The Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus showed that the isolates were more resistant to oxacillin.

Contamination of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on personal protective equipment and environmental surfaces in nonpatient entry area of a Fangcang shelter hospital.

To determine the extent of contamination of personal protective equipment (PPE) and surfaces by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the nonpatient entry area of a Fangcang shelter hospital, the medical staff accommodation area, and the staff transport bus. We collected 816 samples from the nonpatient entry area and floors in a Fangcang shelter hospital, medical staff accommodation area, and scheduled bus, and the five major types of PPE used from April 13 to May 18, 2022. SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 22.2% of PPE samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Boot covers and gowns were the most contaminated types of PPE. The positive PPE contamination rate of staff collecting respiratory specimens was significantly higher than that of the general-treatment staff group (35.8% vs. 12.2%) and cleaner group (35.8% vs. 26.4%), p < 0.01. In total, 27 of 265 (10.2%) environmental surface samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The contamination-positive rates were 26.8% (22/82), 5.4% (4/74), and 0.9% (1/109) for contaminated, potentially contaminated, and clean zones, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was frequently detected on objects such as mobile phones, tables, computer keyboards and mice, and door handles. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was widely distributed on high-touch surfaces and on PPE in the contaminated zone of the Fangcang shelter hospital, implying a potentially high infection risk for healthcare workers. Our findings emphasize the need to ensure adequate environmental cleaning, improve hand hygiene, and reduce the risk of infection. Additionally, prevention of self-contamination during PPE donning and doffing is complex and needs more research.

Prospect of Automobile Aerodynamic Drag Reduction External Structure (AADRES) for Electric Car

AADRES has been further optimized over the past hundred years for diminishing fuel consumption, yet there is still a sharp reduction in traditional energy around the world. Recently, the energy structure of automobiles has also been transforming from gasoline power to electric power in order to save energy and reduce the CO2. However, electric cars have one fatal problem which is battery capacity. Therefore, AADRES should be redesigned for electric cars. In order to find an AADRES suitable for electric cars, this paper briefly explains the resistance principle of cars and instances some existing aerodynamic drag reduction methods. By analyzing and identifying those methods, a personal scheme of new style AADRES for electric cars is also presented, which primarily follows the wedge car shape but incorporates a deflector, embedded door handle, and pitted non-smooth surface while removing door mirrors.

Latent Fingerprint Development by Brick Powder

In forensic investigations, the relationship between the criminal, the victim, and the crime scene can be firmly established through the detection of latent finger marks. Fingerprints are avital and unique identity of a person. These are impressions left by the friction ridges of a human finger on contact with any surface. Many unique characteristics in the human body like a fingerprint, DNA, palm prints, iris patterns, voices, etc. So, Fingerprint is a unique characteristic of the human body, and every human’s different fingerprints between identical twins. As we know friction ridges develop in a 3-4 month of gestation duration time. Mayer, a German doctor, and anatomist were the first to write that friction ridge skin is unique. The fingerprint is the most important evidence at the Crime scene and identification of the criminal. Fingerprint identification is a method of identification using the impression formed by the minute ridges seen on the fingertips. Fingerprint has certain individual characteristics that are unique. Latent fingerprints are most generally seen prints from the crime scene. Such prints are obtained when natural oils and perspiration existing between the fingertip ridges are transferred to a surface by any contact. Latent prints are invisible and are much harder to detect and preserve. In this research paper, a new method for the development of Latent fingerprints is used that’s brick powder. The brick powder is used in various Porous and Non-porous surfaces like plastic glass, ordinary mirror, matchbox, painted wall, writable CD, wooden substrate, currency note, door handle, floor surface, book cover, sunglasses, and mobile glass card for development of latent fingerprint impression.