Domestic Water Supply Research Articles

Optimization of design solutions for domestic water supply systems considering the anthropogenic impact on the environment

Based on the results of the analysis of current scientific research in the field of water supply systems of buildings, existing methods for determining the parameters of the applied schemes, as well as design methods, a number of areas have been identified, the study of which would make it possible to determine the optimal scheme of the water supply system at a minimum cost for construction and operation. In addition, optimization must consider the latest requirements on reliability and environmental safety for engineering life support systems of buildings and structures. Creating a clear algorithm based not only on theoretical (calculated) data, but also on the operating experience of existing buildings, equipment, and experimental data will simplify the process of designing new and reconstructing existing systems, provide the end user with water in an appropriate amount, and operate in an uninterrupted mode, without prejudice to the environment and people.

Ethical considerations in managing the hydrosphere: an overview of water ethics

Abstract Water has a unique importance as the basis of life, and the ethical ramifications of managing water are correspondingly complex. Values about water constitute the building blocks for ethical guidance. Modern interest in developing a practical field of water ethics began with a UNESCO initiative (1998–2004) that analysed best ethical practice in various water sectors (e.g. irrigation, domestic water supply, ecosystem health, etc.). A complementary approach has been to focus on particular normative values borrowed from the field of Human Rights such as integrity, justice and solidarity. A water ethics framework helps to integrate diverse and sometimes conflicting values through rendering the values about water visible and creating ethical space for dialogue and mediation. There is growing interest in approaching water policy decisions on the basis of normative values that can be diverse and mutually supportive. The widespread acceptance of agroecology as an alternative to mono-crop industrial farming, and corporate support for water stewardship initiatives, illustrate a societal turn towards valuing a broader range of spiritual, environmental and social benefits of water. We are undergoing a transformation in how we perceive the water around us. The need for clarifying the ethical foundations of water management decisions has never been greater.

Users’ Satisfaction with Domestic Water Supply in Nepal – A Study in Lekhnath Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Water Supply and Sanitation has been a priority of Government of Nepal. Various types of urban and rural water supply and sanitation projects are now being implemented within the Government, private and NGO sectors. The normal practice of measurement of satisfaction by service providers is to measure consumers’ satisfaction on past performance. The survey design could vary from survey questions to unstructured interviews and everything in between using comparative and non-comparative scales. In comparative scaling, the respondents are asked to compare one product against the other while non-comparative scaling is used to evaluate a single product. In this study, Likert Scales is used in this study for measurement of customer satisfaction on water supply. The higher level of satisfaction with water supply is expected to be positively related to several factors such as satisfaction with water quality, and other parameters such as hours and timings of water supply, tap pressure, quantity of water supplied, responsiveness and communication of management and water tariff. The respondents’ level of satisfaction indicates that about 41 percent of respondents were neutral, they were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with water services, while about 36 percent of respondents were satisfied with water services. The satisfaction scale of overall satisfaction with water services was 3.29 while 1.0 indicates strongly not satisfied while 5.0 indicate strongly satisfied. The various aspects that influence satisfaction among users which include hours and timings of water supply, tap pressure, quantity of water supplied, responsiveness and communication of management and water tariff as well as redresses of customer complaints have been examined. This study focused on the users’ satisfaction of Lekhnath small town water supply and sanitation project and the study was undertaken to analyze the current users’ satisfaction of the Lekhnath small town water supply and sanitation project. The result showed that the satisfaction level of users’ is above neutral but these were not in satisfying level. The characteristics/aspects of the service that contributed to users’ satisfaction including hours and timing, pressure, quantity and quality of water while there was slightly less satisfaction with regard to complaints about water supply.

Determinants for the adoption of residential rainwater harvesting systems on the slopes of Mt. Elgon, East-Africa. How do they perform?

In recent years, the mountainous regions are becoming more susceptible to devastating climatic shocks causing food insecurity and environmental degradation. In response, farmers with small landholding are gaining interest in deploying Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RRWHS) to improve water supplies in homes, though diminutive consideration has been given to the performance evaluation of these systems in a mountainous landscape in the tropics. Our study intended to explicitly understand the determinants for the household adoption of RRWHS and evaluate their performance to improve domestic water supplies in the study area. The study took a cross-sectional design were 444 respondents were selected using a cluster sampling method, and administered with semi-structured questionnaires. The indicators used to assess system performances were: reliability, cost-effectiveness and efficiency. The results of this study showed that system/component price-subsidies, household income-status, landholding-size, availability of technical support and farmer education-level were the most significant determinants for the uptake of RRWHS (P < = 0.05). Performance-wise, the most reliable systems were corrugated metallic-tanks and concrete-ferro-cement tanks. The most cost-effective system was plastic jerrycans; while the most-efficient were concrete ferro-cement and plastic tanks. This study reveals that tax exemptions on the manufacture and importation of RRWHS components can increase their acquisition. The high-capacity storage RRWHS systems are preferred by the farmers due to improved water supplies to sustain domestic usage and farming requirements but also safeguard the environment from surface run-off and overexploitation. Plastic-storage facilities are preferred, because they did not react with water compared to metallic systems.

Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater of Igboora Area, Southwestern Nigeria

The people of Igboora rely on groundwater for their domestic water supply. A hydrogeochemical study was carried out on twenty-seven groundwater samples collected from various boreholes across the study area to determine the suitability of the groundwater for drinking purpose. The total dissolve solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the water were measured in the field directly, while the concentrations of major ions were done in the laboratory using flame photometry and spectrophotometry methods. The hydrogeochemical facies classes was done with piper plot and the likely enrichment source(s) of the chemical facies were interpreted with Gibbs plot in conjunction with correlation analysis. The results showed that the pH was between 5.0 and 6.7 at an average (av.) of 5.8; TDS ranged from 50 – 280 (av. 183) mg/L and EC was 110 – 560 (av. 373) μS/cm. The concentrations of the major cations in mg/L were: 5 – 105.5 Ca2+, 1 – 11.9 Mg2+, 0 - 95 Na+, 0 – 112 K+, while for anions the ranges were, 9 - 58 HCO3 - , 6.8 – 28.8 CO3 2-, 1.1 – 29.4 SO4 2-, 2.9 – 26 Cl- and 16 – 90.5 for NO3 -. From the mean values, the order of the cationic dominance was Ca2+ &gt; K+ &gt; Na+ &gt; Mg2+ while that of anionic was NO3 -&gt; HCO3 - &gt; CO3 2- &gt; CI- &gt; SO4 2- . The hydrogeochemical facies in the groundwater was mainly Ca-HCO3 type with minor occurrences of Na-HCO3 and Ca- Na-HCO3 types. Enrichment source of the cationic chemical facies was mainly rock dominated, while that of the anionic were from meteoric and biogenic sources. From the results of correlation analyses, the TDS has direct and positive relationships with most chemical constituents, indicating that the analysed ionic constituents dominated the dissolved solids in the groundwater. The groundwater can be said to be potable except that the water in the boreholes is slightly acidic and nitrate concentration exceeded recommended limit of 50 mg/L in many of the samples.

Need for development of an optimal method for calculating the risk of action of contaminants on human health

According to the annual monitoring of water bodies in the Tyumen Oblast, it can be concluded that more than half of the samples taken from drinking water supply sources according to sanitary and toxicological criteria did not meet the normative values out of the total number of 54.3% taken in 2018. Compared to 2016, this indicator has increased by 7.1%. The dynamics of increasing pollution of water bodies is confirmed by the fact that in 2015 the quality of surface sources of drinking and domestic water supply did not meet the standards of 20.6% of the analyzed samples, which is 1.4% higher than in 2014. The current situation is partly explained by flood phenomena accompanied by surface runoff contamination of the water area, partly by peculiarities of hydrological and hydrochemical nature, partly by anthropogenic activities: operation of existing enterprises and commissioning of a number of industrial facilities: Tyumen Waste Incineration Plant, Antipinsky Oil Refinery, etc. It was noted that iron, silicon and ammonia in surface water sources exceeded MAC up to 5 times.

TRANSFORMATION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSINGS FROM THE REAL ESTATE BUBBLE INTO NEARLY-ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS: CASE STUDIES

Spanish residential buildings built during the real estate bubble (200-2009) complied with the Spanish Basic Building Standard on building thermal conditions NBE-CT-79. In 2006, the Basic Energy Saving Document of the Spanish Technical Building Code (CTE-DB-HE) came into effect. This code developed the Spanish Organic Law on Buildings 38/1999 and it was also much more restrictive. Recently, this regulatory framework has been updated by the Spanish Royal Decree 732/2019 on energy efficiency. This Royal Decree transposes European Directives 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2018/844/EU on nearly-zero-energy consumption buildings (NZEB). In this paper, the energy, emissions and economic impact caused by this legislation change on a standard semi-detached house in the 153 cities of Andalusia is analyzed. In each location, the household’s original thermal behavior with the compliant with current legislation is compared. The calculations are performed with HULC energy simulation tool and the European PVGIS climate data, considering the most adverse orientations. The house adaptation involves a partial modification of the envelope, the inclusion of solar-thermal energy for the domestic hot water supply (DHW) and photovoltaic energy to reduce electricity consumption. Results show that European objectives are largely exceeded. Energy savings vary between 81% and 146%, emissions improve between 71% and 128% and the electricity and natural gas bill is reduced between 67% and 123%. Keywords: Spanish real estate bubble, energy efficiency, nearly-zero-energy building, thermal envelope, thermal insulation, solar-thermal energy, photovoltaic energy, technical building code, housing rehabilitation, Andalusia.

Sensitivity Analysis of Photovoltaic Pumping Systems for Domestic Water Supply

A sensitivity analysis is carried out on the parameters of a photovoltaic water pumping system (PVWPS) for domestic water supply in rural areas. The results show that the photovoltaic modules peak power, the motor-pump efficiency, and the water tank volume strongly influence the system performance. This highlights that these parameters constitute judicious optimization variables. Besides, the cost of the motor-pump, the cost of the water tank, and the lifetime of the PVWPS have the largest impact on the system cost. These six parameters are therefore of primary importance for the technoeconomic optimal sizing of the system. Finally, it is shown that the hydraulic losses play a minor role and that it is not necessary to consider the evolution of the ambient temperature when modeling PVWPS for domestic water supply. This study can be useful to nongovernmental organizations, companies, and governments which install PVWPS for domestic water access. It can help them to determine the accuracy at which a given parameter has to be known to correctly model or size these systems. Besides, it can allow them to evaluate the robustness of PVWPS sizing to parameters variation with time and may guide their choice of components.

Development of Preliminary Seismic Performance Evaluation Method for Water Supply Pipes considering Hydraulic Characteristics

The seismic performance evaluation of water supply systems is generally conducted in two stages: a preliminary and a detailed evaluation process. In the case of water pipelines, the priority pipes are selected through preliminary evaluation for a detailed evaluation. However, as the preliminary seismic performance evaluation method for existing water pipes solely focuses on their installation year and structural evaluation, it does not reflect the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply, which is the main purpose of water pipes. Therefore, this study proposed an evaluation method for the existing preliminary evaluation judgment index, by considering the calculation method for the probability of spatial failure, as well as the index obtained through hydraulic analysis results. The proposed methodology was applied to a domestic regional water supply system to be verified, and the results were analyzed. The proposed method is expected to serve as a result of basic research to enhance the seismic performance evaluation method in the future.

Comprehensive Understanding of Groundwater Geochemistry and Suitability for Sustainable Drinking Purposes in Confined Aquifers of the Wuyi Region, Central North China Plain

Confined groundwater is important for the domestic water supply in arid and semiarid regions that have salty phreatic water. A systematic investigation was conducted in the Wuyi region, a typical central area of the North China Plain (NCP), regarding the confined groundwater geochemistry. A total of 59 samples were collected from confined aquifers across the region for in situ parameter determination and laboratory analysis. The results showed the confined groundwater was neutral to slightly alkaline, and dominantly soft fresh. The moderately hard brackish water and very hard brackish water accounted for 1.69% and 6.78% of the total samples, respectively. The hydro-chemical faces are mainly SO4·Cl–Na type with a few of the HCO3–Na type. The entropy-weighted water quality index assessment demonstrated that 21.3% of the groundwater samples came under the medium to extremely poor quality, and were unsuitable for drinking purposes due to the high content of major ions. Various populations are at a chronic health risk at some local sites by high levels of F- and Fe in groundwater, with susceptibility in the order of adult females &lt; adult males &lt; children &lt; infants. The poor groundwater quality and health threats result from the natural water–rock interactions (including mineral dissolution and cation exchange) rather than anthropogenic inputs. This research can provide references for groundwater resource development and management in the NCP and other similar regions worldwide.

The water chemistry and microbiome of household wells in Medawachchiya, Sri Lanka, an area with high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown etiology (CKDu) mostly affects agricultural communities in Central America, South Asia, Africa, but likely also in North America and Australia. One such area with increased CKDu prevalence is the Medawachchiya District Secretariat Division of the Anuradhapura District in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. Recent research has focused on the presence of various microbial pathogens in drinking water as potential causal or contributing factors to CKDu, yet no study to date has performed a more comprehensive microbial and water chemistry assessment of household wells used for domestic water supply in areas of high CKDu prevalence. In this study, we describe the chemical composition and total microbial content in 30 domestic household wells in the Medawachchiya District Secretariat Division. While the chemical composition in the tested wells mostly lies within standard drinking water limits, except for high levels of fluoride (F), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and calcium (Ca) in some samples, we find a frequent presence of cyanotoxin-producing Microcystis, confirming earlier studies in Sri Lanka. Since the total microbial content of drinking water also directly influences the composition of the human gut microbiome, it can be considered an important determinant of health. Several bacterial phyla were previously reported in the gut microbiome of patients with CKD. Using these bacteria phyla to define operational taxonomic units, we found that these bacteria also occur in the microbiome of the sampled well water. Based on available environmental data, our study demonstrates associations between the abundances of these bacteria with geographical distribution, well water temperature and likely fertilizer use in the local surface water catchment area of the individual household wells. Our results reinforce the recommendation that household wells with stagnant or infrequently used water should be purged prior to use for drinking water, bathing and irrigation. The latter is suggested because of the reported potential accumulation of bacterial toxins by agricultural crops. The observation that bacteria previously found in chronic kidney disease patients are also present in household wells requires a more detailed systematic study of both the human gut and drinking water microbiomes in CKDu patients, in relation to disease prevalence and progression.

An outbreak of hepatitis E in Yavatmal, India, 2019.

Hepatitis E, a public health concern in developing countries, frequently presents in epidemic, as well as in sporadic forms. This study investigated an outbreak of viral hepatitis at Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India in March 2019. Blood samples from 10 patients were received at Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune to test for the presence of enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses. Subsequently, 49 suspected cases were screened for anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV)/hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, alanine amino-transferase levels and HEV RNA. Water samples were screened for HEV and HAV RNA followed by phylogenetic analysis. Overall 32 of 49 (65.3%) suspected cases had recent acute HEV infection, while dual infection with HAV was noted in one case (2.04%). Forty-eight of 49 suspected cases were positive for anti-HAV IgG antibodies indicative of previously acquired immunity against HAV. Water samples had evidence of HEV contamination as detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of HEV RNA from both patients (n = 2) and water samples (n = 5) indicated HEV genotype 1 to be the etiological agent of this outbreak. Serological and molecular evidence confirmed HEV as the etiology. Mixing of contaminated drain water with the domestic water supply may have triggered this outbreak. Subsequent changing of the defaulted water pipelines and its segregation from drain pipelines by the health authorities resulted in progressive decline of this outbreak. Despite the limitations, periodic surveillance of HEV exposure pattern and reporting of small outbreaks would supplement to the global disease burden data of hepatitis E.

Future Changes in Water Availability Due to Climate Change Projections for Huong Basin, Vietnam

The main aim of this study is to assess the water availability in the Huong River Basin, Central Vietnam under the impacts of climate and population changes. Regarding the climate change impacts assessment, two options were adopted to produce fine scale climate projections over the river basin. First, coarse scale projections of rainfall and temperature by the HadCM3 General Circulation Model (GCM) were downscaled statistically using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). The second approach used bias-corrected dynamically downscaled output of HadGEM3-RA Regional Climate Model (RCM). The HEC-HMS hydrologic model was used for simulating the rainfall-runoff response in association with climate forcing. Finally, water availability was evaluated using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model by taking into account plausible population changes within the river basin. The results showed that the future temperature will rise by 0.2 to 3.5 °C and annual rainfall will increase by 1 to 8%. Water shortages in 2080s were non-existent if population projections were ignored, which is to be expected given the projected increase in rainfall. When projected population increases were considered, however, there were unmet urban water demands in districts that were previously self-sufficient. However, the shortages remain very small relative to the gross domestic demand that they give no cause for alarm. The big message here is that the hydrology of the Huong River Basin in Vietnam will cope with the most severe projected climate to meet its agricultural and domestic water supply obligations well into the future. • Temperature and rainfall are both projected to rise in the Huong River Basin. • Simulated water shortage was small for the projected climate. • Population changes accentuated water scarcity within the Basin.

Снижение контаминации воды для обеспечения качества и безопасности продукции пищевых предприятий

Introduction. Chemical factor presupposes substances that enter the finished product and reduce its quality. Water used in production process can be a source of such substances. The domestic drinking water supply system may contain various contaminants that possess toxic and carcinogenic properties and can affect the quality characteristics of food products. Study objects and methods. The research featured popular water pollutants found in the drinking water supply system, components of fruit and whey beverages, and the process of adsorption extraction of the contaminants by various sorbents. Results and discussion. The paper focuses on the effect of water contamination as a dangerous chemical factor on the quality of restored whey products. The study revealed the effect of organic water pollutants on the formulation components of reduced fruit and whey beverages, including interaction with proteins, lactose, and vitamins of the reduced whey. The research also featured such components of fruit and whey vitamin beverages as anthocyanins, catechins, leucoanthocyanins, and karatine, as well as additives introduced to regulate the sensory properties and improve shelf life. The paper introduces a new method for reducing water contamination based on adsorption processes for extracting organic compounds from aqueous solutions. It describes the specifics, patterns, and mechanisms of adsorption. Activated carbons of SKD-515, AG-OV-1, and AG-3 brands proved to have the best adsorption capacity for both chloroform and trichloroethylene, which makes it possible to recommend them for further research and practical use. A study of the kinetic and dynamic characteristics of the process resulted in the optimal parameters of adsorption columns and operation modes of the adsorption filter. A production flowchart describes the introduction of the adsorption posttreatment stage in the technological process of producing fruit and whey beverages. Conclusion. The proposed method of water decontamination partially reduced the chemical factor and improved the quality of the finished products.

HydroToolkit y HBV.IANIGLA: dos paquetes en R para estudios hidrológicos en los Andes

En muchas regiones del planeta las montañas son las principales generadoras de agua, elemento que constituye el componente esencial para la conservación de diversos ecosistemas y el desarrollo socioeconómico de las poblaciones aledañas (Mariano H. Masiokas et al., 2006; Viviroli &amp; Weingartner, 2004). En el oeste argentino, resulta indispensable para el regadío de cultivos, para el suministro de agua tanto municipal como industrial, para la producción de energía hidroeléctrica y para el equilibrio medioambiental de los ecosistemas que se encuentran en las cuencas. Sin embargo, a pesar de que la Argentina cuenta con más de 3000 km de cordillera y numerosas poblaciones que dependen directa o indirectamente de los recursos hídricos generados en las montañas, en la actualidad existen muy pocos avances y estudios centrados en la hidro-climatología andina (M. H. Masiokas et al., 2020; Villalba et al., 2003). Para abordar este tipo de estudios a lo largo de la cordillera, desarrollé dos paquetes que ya están disponibles en el repositorio oficial del lenguaje R: hydroToolkit y HBV.IANIGLA. El primero de ellos es un software diseñado para el manejo de las bases de datos hidro-meteorológicas tanto de Argentina como de Chile, y el segundo es un modelo hidrológico que permite, entre otras cosas, simular el balance de masa glaciar, aspecto fundamental para estudios hidrológicos en los Andes.

Severe neonatal legionellosis associated with use of home humidifiers – A case report

Abstract Neonatal Legionella pneumophila infection is rare and mortality is high. There has been limited success with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, with reported mortality in infants of 88%. We present the case of a 5 day old infant with neonatal legionellosis who had been exposed to cold mist humidifiers in the home, filled from a domestic water supply contaminated with legionella. The infant was treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survived with subsequently normal neurodevelopmental follow-up. In view of the rapid growth of the worldwide humidifier market, the association between neonatal legionella and use of cold mist humidification may be important. Consideration of legionellosis should be given for any neonate presenting with severe sepsis or respiratory compromise who has been exposed to aerosol generating home humidifiers. In spite of previously reported high mortality in infants, this case demonstrates that excellent outcome is possible with early escalation to VA ECMO.

Adsorption of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution and Groundwater onto Activated Carbon of Avocado Seeds

In the East African Rift Valley, groundwater is severely polluted with fluoride ion which causes a scarcity of water supplies and public health problems. This study is aimed at investigating the adsorption performance of activated carbon of avocado seeds (ACAS) in fluoride removal from aqueous solution and groundwater. The batch adsorption experiments were carried out by varying the contact time, solution pH, agitation speed, adsorbent dose, and initial fluoride concentration at constant room temperature using the fluoride ion–selective electrode method. Adsorption of fluoride onto ACAS reached its equilibrium condition at the contact time of 60 min under the stirring rate of 200 rpm, pH 6, and ACAS dose 1.9 g/100 mL with an initial fluoride concentration of 5.2 mg/L. Maximum adsorption efficiency was found to be 86%, whereas the fluoride removal from groundwater was 72% under the same experimental condition. The experimental data were well fitted with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.2 mg/g, whereas the kinetic model was well described by a pseudo-second-order model at R2 0.99. Generally, the research findings showed that activated carbon can be employed as an alternative adsorbent for fluoride remediation from domestic water supplies.

Household-Reported Availability of Drinking Water in Africa: A Systematic Review

Domestic drinking water supplies prone to interruptions and low per capita domestic water availability have been frequently reported among African households. Despite expanded international monitoring indicators that now include metrics of water availability, the range of methods used for measuring and monitoring availability remains unclear in Africa. Few household surveys have historically assessed water continuity and per capita availability, and both pose measurement challenges. This paper aims to examine the methods used to measure availability and synthesise evidence on African domestic water availability by systematically reviewing the literature from 2000–2019. Structured searches were conducted in five databases: Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, GEOBASE, Compendex and PubMed/Medline. A total of 47 of 2406 reports met all inclusion criteria. Included studies were based on empirical research which reported the household’s perspective on a water availability measure. Most studies had methodological problems such as small sample sizes, non-representative sampling and incomplete reporting of methods and measures of uncertainty. Measurement of drinking water availability is primarily reliant on quantifying litres/capita/day (LPCD). Only four (9%) of the included studies reported an average water availability over the international benchmark of 50 LPCD. This pattern of water insufficiency is broadly consistent with previous studies of domestic water availability in Africa. The review highlights the need for high-quality and representative studies to better understand the uncertainties and differences in household water availability across Africa, and the methods used to measure it.

Estimating averting expenditure in domestic water use: evidence from Ghana

AbstractSafe water is described as an important resource for the survival of mankind. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has made safe water ‘super’ important and critical for the survival of mankind. Most developing countries, especially in Africa, incur additional costs in order to enjoy improved, if not safe domestic water supply. Using the averting expenditure method, this study estimates how much urban households in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana spend to improve the quality of domestic water they use. The study provides evidence that households spend Ghs84.30 ($14.70) per month, which constitutes 13.25% of their income. These estimates are very informative to the supplier in determining the economic viability of making the required quality of water available to households.

Penentuan Status Mutu Air Tanah Dangkal di Sekitar Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah (TPA) Air Sebakul Kota Bengkulu menggunakan Metode STORET: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ground Water quality has a special significance for drinking, hygiene sanitation and domestic water supply. The study aims to understand the distribution of ground water quality in solid waste landfill of Bengkulu City. The following objectives of the study are to determine ground water quality parameters such as pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate and nitrite. Sampling was carried out at a radius of 0 - 250 meters from the location of the landfill. The results of the pH at 10 sampling points show the values that are quite varied between 6,45 – 7,59; conductivity between 56 µS – 492 µS; TDS between 28 mg/L – 246 mg/L; salinity 32 mg/L – 284 mg/L; Iron (Fe) 0,040 mg/L – 0,323 mg/L; Manganese (Mn) 0,089 mg/L – 0,295 mg/L; Nitrate (NO3-) 0,2 mg/L – 0,8 mg/L and Nitrite (NO2-) 0,006 mg/L – 0,033 mg/L. Based on an assessment with the STORET system, water quality in the study area is classified as good (score =-4) by parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate and nitrite. By the total sampling sites, all sample site had good-quality water for hygiene sanitation based on STORET method.