Domestic Trade Research Articles

Trade Disruptions in the Dairy Sector: Analyzing EU Exports to China under Tariff Pressure

This study examines the economic impact of tariffs and subsidies on global trade, focusing on the dairy and automotive sectors, using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) framework. The findings reveal that Chinese tariffs on EU dairy imports led to significant export declines and production contractions in major exporting countries, such as France and Germany. At the same time, smaller exporters with niche markets, like Greece, experienced modest gains. The effects on welfare were uneven, with some EU countries achieving slight improvements and others, along with China, facing notable losses. Non-EU producers capitalized on the reduced EU presence in the Chinese market, capturing a larger market share and benefiting economically. In the automotive sector, EU tariffs on Chinese imports stimulated domestic production and trade surpluses but reduced overall welfare due to higher consumer costs and inefficiencies. China experienced substantial economic losses, reflecting its reliance on the EU as a key market. Meanwhile, other regions adapted by filling global automotive supply chain gaps. These findings illustrate the intricate consequences of protectionist measures, highlighting the need for strategic diversification, multilateral trade reforms, and adaptive policies to address global trade disruptions and mitigate inefficiencies in interconnected industries.

Trade Policy, Exchange Rates, and the Globalization Surge of the 1990s

The decision by developing countries to open up their economies to foreign trade and investment in the 1980s and 1990s was a momentous event in world history. How and why did this trade policy revolution take place? Most accounts of trade politics stress domestic interest groups or trade agreements as driving policy changes, but these explanations fail in this period. This paper notes that many import restrictions were imposed for balance of payments purposes, as a way of avoiding a devaluation and protecting foreign exchange reserves from depletion under fixed exchange rates. A shortage of foreign exchange in the mid-1980s forced countries, under the guidance of economists, to shift to a more flexible exchange rate system that boosted export earnings and made import controls unnecessary for payments balance. Just as seen during the Great Depression, the exchange rate regime was a key factor in a country’s trade policy.

Efficacy of Chemicals Against Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Citri Under In-Vitro Condition

Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, is one of the most devastating diseases hampering worldwide citrus production, including in Nepal. Citrus canker is a significant threat to all citrus-growing regions because of its rapid spread, high potential for damage, and impact on export sales and domestic trade. The study was to solve the major problem associated with citrus canker by identifying and evaluating the in vitro efficacy of different chemicals available in the local market. The pathogen was isolated from the diseased plants, and a pure culture was obtained. In vitro efficacy of streptomycin, Bordeaux mixture, kasugamycin, and copper oxychloride was assessed by paper disc technique. The efficacy of different chemicals was compared based on the formation of a zone of inhibition (ZOI). After 48 hours of inoculation, diameters of zones of inhibition were measured in each, and statistical analysis was performed. Streptomycin (100 ppm) was statistically more significant than all other treatments and formed the highest zone of inhibition, followed by kasugamycin (100 ppm). Copper oxychloride (0.3%) and Bordeaux mixture (1.5%) were least effective and found statistically at par. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between different chemicals inhibiting the growth of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. The study recommends the use of streptomycin (100 ppm) among the chemicals for effective management of the disease. Keywords: Citrus canker, Streptomycin, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Zone of inhibition

Exchange rate volatility and its effect on foreign direct investment inflows in sub-Saharan African region

The perturbation and volatility of exchange rate has been a challenging factor in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to African countries particularly those that lie within the Sub-Sahara African (SSA) region. This has necessitated the study which aimed to empirically examine how the fluctuations in exchange rate have impacted on the inflow of FDI to SSA. Data from 14 selected SSA countries covering the period between 1996 and 2022 were used. The panel regression analysis that involve the pooled regression, fixed effect and random effect models and panel cointegration were employed as the basic econometrics approach. The findings from the pooled regression, fixed effect model and the parsimonious Error Corrections Model (ECM) indicated that real exchange rate volatility (REXRV) had a negative and significant relationship with the FDI, implying that the volatility of the exchange rate had detrimental effect on FDI inflow. While real exchange rate (REXR) had a positive and significant impact on the level of FDI inflow, thus suggesting an improved FDI inflow due to depreciation of currency. Similarly, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and trade openness (TOP) have a positive and significant impact on FDI. On the contrary, the interest rate had a negative and significant impact on the flow of FDI. The rate of inflation (ROI) also has a negative but insignificant impact on FDI. The statistical significance of the ECM indicates a satisfactory speed of adjustment correcting the significant errors in each period. Therefore, we recommend improved productivity of export goods and guided foreign exchange rate deregulation in order to stabilize the exchange rate and consequently enhance. Keywords: Exchange Rate Volatility, Foreign Direct Investment Inflow, Panel Data Regression, Sub-Saharan Africa, Growth.

The influence mechanisms of transport infrastructure on China’s domestic trade: Evidence from trade weight data

The influence mechanisms of transport infrastructure on China’s domestic trade: Evidence from trade weight data

Legal freshwater turtle meat trade in Indonesia only marginally contributes to collectors’ livelihoods

In Indonesia tens of thousands of freshwater turtles and tortoises are collected and traded annually for their meat, including a large proportion that is exported. Proponents of international wildlife trade often state that such international trade directly contributes to the livelihoods of numerous families, especially those at the source end of the trade chain, i.e., harvesters and collectors. We note, however, that surprisingly little direct evidence is available for this assertion. To better understand the value of such trade to the livelihoods of those at the source end of the trade chain we explored to what extend the legal harvest of these turtles for the domestic and international meat trade in Indonesia supports livelihoods. Harvest and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Indonesia is regulated through an annually set province-by-province quota system, and annually around 50,000 turtles belonging to four species are allowed to be collected from the wild. For each province we calculated the total monetary value of turtles for collectors, and we divided this by the government’s recommended minimum wage for each province arriving at the number of collectors that can legally earn a minimum wage by collecting turtles. We find that, nation-wide, legal collection allows a maximum of between 241 and 360 collectors (0–41 per province) to gain a year-round minimum wage, without including costs for permits, transportation, equipment and other expenses. Given that the legal trade in turtles provides so few people with a minimal amount of income, and given the increasingly imperilled status of numerous freshwater turtle and tortoise species, and the decline in Indonesia’s freshwater turtle and tortoise species in particular, we question whether allowing this trade is an effective livelihood strategy and whether such unsustainable trade should continue to be promoted and allowed.

Nexus between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: An Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve in Nepal

The relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability has been a central focus in environmental socio-economics. This study investigates the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the context of Nepal, analyzing the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic and demographic factors. Employing time-series data from 1990 to 2020, the study utilizes an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to investigate both the short-term and long-term dynamics among CO2 emissions, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), population density, and trade openness. The empirical results support the EKC hypothesis, indicating a positive correlation between economic growth and environmental emissions in the short run, with this relationship intensifying over time. To ensure data stationarity and uncover causal links, unit root tests and Granger causality tests were conducted. The Granger causality tests further indicate that CO2 emissions serve as significant predictors of GDP, population density, and trade openness. These findings highlight the critical need for sustainable economic policies that balance growth with environmental conservation in Nepal.

Upskilling China: Implications for Middle‐Income Economies

ABSTRACTAcquiring human capital and climbing the ladder of manufacturing sophistication are development policy goals shared by most middle‐income countries. What happens when China, a large economy with active industrial policy, begins to expand into sectoral niches formerly occupied by its middle‐income trade partners? We build a multi‐country, multi‐sector general equilibrium model of global trade and perform counterfactual experiments aimed at assessing the effects of China's human capital investments and industrial policies on trade, production and factor returns elsewhere in the developing world. The model features skilled and unskilled labour as primary inputs, as well as domestic and international trade in intermediate goods. Simulation results suggest that China's growth strategy may cause middle‐income economies to lose global export shares in their more skill‐intensive sectors and to be pushed toward blue‐collar and resource‐based exports. The effects are especially pronounced in Southeast Asia since that region is most closely linked to China's economy. Skill premia will fall, reducing incentives to invest in human capital. In the absence of policy responses, these trends might dim long‐run development prospects.

The hidden dimension of poaching: A novel survey method shows that local demand for pets largely outnumbers domestic and international trade of neotropical parrots

The hidden dimension of poaching: A novel survey method shows that local demand for pets largely outnumbers domestic and international trade of neotropical parrots

A Research Review of Contemporary Effects on the Economy of Saudi Arabia in the light of the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

This article examines Saudi Arabia's (KSA) current economic situation and the effects of politics, religion, culture, and agriculture. It also investigates if the nation's commercial practices are consistent with Islamic teachings, including the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) hadiths. The aim of this study is to understand the economic effects and the function of Islamic ideas across a range of industries. Saudi Arabia, a major participant on the world stage, has a robust economy mostly powered by its enormous gas and oil production. Its industries are growing quickly, yet this expansion comes with many difficulties. Economic development, the problems brought on by fast industrialization, and the Islamic viewpoint on domestic trade are all included in this overview. It assesses whether economic activities align with Islamic beliefs and offers insights into the contemporary business world. By examining these elements, the article seeks to provide a thorough understanding of Saudi Arabia's changing economy and the way that business and Islamic values interact in the contemporary world.

The conservation costs of commercial breeding of civet pets in Indonesia

Indonesia’s Civet Lover clubs are urban and suburban social groups comprised of civet (sp. Viverridae) pet keeping enthusiasts. Civet Lover clubs operate regionally and nationally, with trends in civet pet keeping facilitated on social media. The commercial breeding of civets has arisen to supply demand. This research is a case study analysis of the most popular commercial civet farm operating on Instagram from 2016 to 2021. Data comprise all posts that featured civet copulations, births, and sales (n = 276). Species and morphological characteristics were recorded for each post. Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) accounted for 95.16% (n = 786) of civets observed in the sample. Of these, Bali (n = 103), Java (n = 8) and Borneo (n = 2) were identified by the business as civet origin locations, regions of Indonesia where wild harvesting and domestic trade of P. hermaphroditus is either heavily restricted or prohibited. Five new captive bred morphs were observed for this species: leucistic (n = 119), mosaic (n = 121), white tail-tip (n = 69), platinum (n = 17), and platinum mosaic (n = 6). Mosaic morphs were on sale for the highest known price at 20,000,000.00 IDR compared to 1,000,000 IDR for natural morphs. Results indicate that the creation of unique and economically valuable civet morphs is a driver of illegal harvesting and the cross breeding of civets from distinct populations could be a sign of hybridisation/introgression.

Opportunities and Challenges of Geographical Indications in Central Asia

Geographical indications (GIs) are defined as “a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin”. GIs have become potentially beneficial trademarks for domestic and international trade in agricultural products. Among the benefits of GIs are improved consumer information; higher incomes for farmers and food processors; sustainable regional development; conservation of traditional production methods and cultural heritage; and the accumulation of social capital. However, in developing countries, highly asymmetric power relations among actors across the value chain, weak institutions, and poor governance can impede the realization of benefits from GI in the region. While a GI law has been effective in Tajikistan since 2007; Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan adopted GI laws between 2021 and 2023. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential and the risks of GIs in Central Asia. First, the paper provides an overview of the legal and institutional environment for GIs in Central Asia. Second, the paper critically reviews activities of international organizations and actors in development cooperation to promote GI initiatives in the region. The third section of the paper discusses selected aspects specific to GI initiatives in Central Asia, including the implications of institutional legacies from the Soviet period, colonial borders and unresolved border disputes between independent states, and nomad circular migration that may involve challenges for the regional definition of an origin product. The paper draws on information collected from the academic literature, policy documents, and expert interviews.

Normative Realignment in Domestic Trade Barriers Procedures: Driving Unilateralism in the EU, US, and China

Normative Realignment in Domestic Trade Barriers Procedures: Driving Unilateralism in the EU, US, and China

Stock and Market Status of High‐Valued Blackspotted Croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) in Bangladesh

ABSTRACTThe blackspotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) is among the highest‐valued commercial marine fish species in Bangladesh. Therefore, we assessed the stock status, economic significance, and market status of blackspotted croaker in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. We estimated life history parameters and sustainability indicators to determine if the stock was being sustainably managed. Size of blackspotted croaker was significantly differ temporally. Blackspotted croaker increased in weight allometrically in relation to length. Length‐age life history parameters were L∞ = 161.16 cm, k = 0.39 year−1. Natural mortality M was 0.39 year−1 and fishing mortality F was 0.35 year−1. Catch composition and sustainably indicators revealed that the stock was prone to recruitment and growth overfishing. Medium to large sized blackspotted croaker (> 85 cm) fetched the highest price in commercial markets for the swim bladders that was worth many times more than the value of fillets. The highest demand of swim bladders in export commerce termed this species as marine gold to the fishers. Therefore, fishers were increasingly motivated to target the species. Ununiformed landing of blackspotted croaker, for domestic and international trade of swim bladder of blackspotted croaker, and poorly documented trading supply chains make this fishing industry luck‐driven. Management interventions are needed to sustain the fishery and economic value.

Preventing zoonotic spillover through regulatory frameworks governing wildlife trade: A scoping review.

Wildlife trade can create adverse impacts for biodiversity and human health globally, including increased risks for zoonotic spillover that can lead to pandemics. Institutional responses to zoonotic threats posed by wildlife trade are diverse; understanding regulations governing wildlife trade is an important step for effective zoonotic spillover prevention measures. In this review, we focused on peer-reviewed studies and grey literature conducted on regulatory approaches that govern domestic and international wildlife trade in order to assess the role of local, national and global-level institutions in the prevention of zoonotic spillover and infection transmission between humans. The five-stage scoping review protocol described by Arksey and O'Malley to map key concepts and main sources and types of evidence available was followed to understand and analyze empirical evidence from peer-reviewed studies and grey literature conducted on regulatory approaches that govern domestic and international wildlife. Sources were included if they discuss at least one of three points: regulatory approaches governing the wild animal trade, including wild animal markets, traditional medicine or exotic pets; regulatory approaches governing importation of wild animals and the international wildlife supply chain; or the role of local, national, and global-level institutions in regulating wild animal trade for food, traditional medicine or exotic pets. A total of 1598 sources were retrieved, from which 32 sources were included in the final review (30 studies + 2 grey literature reports). Based on published literature, regulations governing wildlife trade are inconsistent within and between countries. Organizations regulating wildlife trade may have competing interests, which can lead to fragmentation and a lack in coordination and oversight. National compliance with international regulations can be an issue. Reducing the probability of spillover events in wildlife trade is key to prevent future pandemics. Our results indicate a need for enhanced regulatory harmonization within and between national and supranational regulations. Coordination and collaboration for prevention of zoonotic infection and spillover may be enhanced through future research focused on the effectiveness of timely Information sharing and global- and national- level harmonization of wildlife trade regulations.

Analysis of Indian Economic Situation and Influencing Factors of the Exchange Rate of Rupee

With the turmoil in the international foreign exchange market and the rapid development of the Indian economy, the role of the Indian rupee in the international exchange rate market has gradually increased. At the end of May 2024, the Reserve Bank of India announced its plan to allow rupee accounts to be opened outside India. This move has led to speculation about a big change in India's foreign exchange policy. This article provides some analysis of the Indian rupee based on these hot events, and also includes forecasts of its exchange rate changes. The whole analysis will be divided into some parts of the ruble exchange rate, monetary policy, GDP composition, and forecasts for the future ruble exchange rate. It finds that the rupee's exchange rate is influenced by a multitude of factors, including the strength of the US dollar, domestic monetary policy, economic growth, inflation, trade deficits, and political stability. This paper also highlights the importance of understanding the rupee's behavior, which may offer some references for investors and policymakers.

The pet trade of native species outside of their natural distributions within Australia is a biosecurity risk

AbstractThe trade of alien species as pets is increasingly recognized as a biosecurity risk due to their intentional and accidental release into the wild. However, pets are often categorized as native or non‐native at a national level, meaning that their presence outside of their native range, yet within their native country, may be an overlooked biosecurity threat. So‐called “domestic non‐natives” have established new populations across several countries and, in some cases, become invasive. Here, we investigated the extent of the domestic trade of native Australian pet species outside of their natural distributions and determined whether such locations were climatically suitable for potential alien establishments. Australia provides a unique system to explore this issue because it deters the trade of most alien species yet permits the keeping of a large diversity of native pets. We monitored trade from a popular Australian e‐commerce site used to trade native pet birds, reptiles, and amphibians (29 k advertisements over 1 year; from July 2019 to July 2020). Of the 177 native vertebrate species we observed in the pet trade, 129 species (73%) had at least some instances of their trade occurring outside of their natural distribution. We found that climatically suitable environments were present outside the native range of 90 species and that these regions were proximal to suburbs where we observed trade. Our results indicate that the “domestic non‐native” trade is widespread in Australia and that, if captive pets escape or are released into the wild in sufficient numbers, there is a risk of establishment for most of these species. We suggest that regulations pertaining to the trade of native pets ensure that careful biosecurity consideration is given in circumstances when trade occurs beyond a species' native range, both in the context of Australia and for other large countries with widespread pet industries.

RECIPROCAL PLATFORM LABOUR IN THE NIGERIAN SOCIAL MEDIA VIDEO INDUSTRY

This paper explores how content creators in the Nigerian social media video industry navigate the economic, infrastructural, and cultural logics of digital platforms through practices of reciprocal labour. As is the case in many global contexts, the economic formalization of social media platforms, such as YouTube, Facebook, and TikTok, have enabled the emergence of for-profit social media video production in Nigeria. This paper focuses on the under-studied intersection of platform logics and labour relations in this industry. Drawing on 10 semi-structured interviews with Nigerian content creators, combined with analysis of the domestic trade press, we observe that creators struggle to generate visibility in a highly saturated social media landscape. This visibility imperative is not unique to Nigeria. What sets Nigeria apart, however, is the local political economy of video production, which translates into high production costs, which are offset by orchestrating practices of informally organised reciprocal labour. Nigeria thus provides a relevant perspective to ongoing debates in platform research that seek more regional specificity and seek to decentre the Global North as their point of reference. To heed that call, the specific labour practices we highlight, those of reciprocal labour, reflect the broader informal economies and traditional kinship norms in Nigeria. Exploring this mode of work showcases the intersections among creative labour and cultural dynamics in a given national context vis-à-vis the unifying business models and centralized governance frameworks of platform companies.

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE EU ENERGY DEPENDENCY IN TERMS OF CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

Energy has been an important and priority subject for the European Union, while the Ukrainian war have intensified the member countries' uncertainties about the energy security. This paper aims to highlight the EU countries energy dependency on conventional resources. In this regard, this study presents a brief analysis regarding the 27 EU member states' domestic production, trade and consumption of conventional energy resources, especially oil products, natural gas and solid fossil fuels, for the period 20142022. The results show that there are differences between EU countries in terms of domestic production, internal consumption and trade. Although the situation for solid fossil fuels is optimistic, most EU countries need to rely on imports of petroleum products and natural gas from Russia in order to cover their consumption needs

Mobilization of Finances in the USSR During the Great Patriotic War

During the WWII, the Soviet government faced a whole range of economic problems that required financial mobilization. Mechanisms for the redistribution of monetary resources through the tax system were created and tested during the first five-year plans. However, in conditions of war, these mechanisms needed to be improved. The article deals with the problem of causes and ways of mobilizing finances in the USSR during the war years. Based on the statistical and archival materials of the Russian State Archive of Economics, the study analyzes the structure of revenues and expenditures of the USSR budget in 1941—1945. The authors conclude that the key difficulty in reformatting the budget, taking into account the sharp increase in military spending, was the imbalance of domestic trade. The dependence of the USSR budget on turnover tax revenues in the face of a reduction in domestic trade required urgent measures from the country’s leadership to mobilize the population’s funds. These measures were necessary, on the one hand, to compensate for lost revenues, and, on the other hand, to curb inflation by withdrawing funds from the economy that were not backed by goods.