Domestic Raw Materials Research Articles

Development of domestic powdered granulated material with polyformaldehyde based binder for MIM-process

Injection forming process for mixtures of polymer melts with «Metal Ingection Molding» (MIM) metal powders, which are successfully applied abroad for serial production of small-size parts of complex shape, is presented. Its distribution in Russia is retarded because of lacking the production of do- mestic granules of initial powder mixture with plastic binder. The results are described concerning the development of compositions and granulate production process in the laboratory conditions for the MIM-process using domestic raw materials: carbonyl iron powder and binder based on poly- formaldehyde with additives of paraffin, stearic acid and LP & HP polyethylene.

Development of domestic powder granulate with a polyformaldehyde-based binder for MIM technology

The injection forming technology of polymer melt mixtures with Metal Injection Molding (MIM) metallic powders, which is successfully applied abroad for the serial production of complex-shaped small parts, is presented. Its distribution in Russia is slowed by the lack of production of domestic granules of the starting powder mixture with a polymer binder. The results of the development of compositions and production regimes of fabrication of granulates for laboratory MIM technology using domestic raw materials such as the carbonyl iron powder and binder based on polyformaldehyde with additives of paraffin, stearic acid, and low-pressure and high-pressure polypropylenes are described.

Nickel production in Serbia-technological and environmental aspects

Demand for nickel is constantly growing due to the versatility of its application, at the first place for stainless steel production. Ore reserves and possibility of nickel production of today’s Serbia and in neighboring countries were thoroughly investigated, and presented work is part of a wider project of sublimation of scientific and professional experience in the field of nickel extractive metallurgy on domestic raw materials. Presented research explores the possibility of high pressure sulfuric acid leaching of Serbian lateritic ores from localities Rudjinci, Ba and Lipovac. All three investigated ore deposits behaved differently both during preparation and during hydrometallurgical treatment. As optimal method for ore preparation proved to be crushing-milling-sieving route, but without possibility of concentrate production. Only for Rudjinci ore deposit achieved leaching efficiency reached satisfactory level of 95%. Within presented paper flow-sheet is proposed for processing high-magnesium laterite ores, with iron and magnesium oxide Both could be recirculated and used again in technological process; MgO for iron precipitation and SO2 for production of leaching agent, sulfuric acid. Final decision on the sustainability of the process will be made according to techno-economic and environmental evaluation. Estimated overall impact of the project implementation on the environment is negative.

Design of Commercial Window as Radiation Shielding Using Domestic Raw Materials

The total mass attenuation coefficient, partial photon interaction and effective atomic number of commercial window added with BaSO4 in have been investigated at photon energy from 1 keV to 100 GeV on the basis of calculation. The theoretical values of total and partial interaction were obtained by the WinXCom software. The variations of mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number with photon energy are shown graphically. The results show that the variation of mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number has changed with photon energy and composition of window. It has been found that these parameters increase with increasing BaSO4 concentrations, due to the increasing photoelectric absorption in glass samples. These results showed that the BaSO4 can improve radiation shielding properties in commercial glass and useful for radiation shielding material design.

Fabrication of Glass Furnace for Research Scale: Case Study for Soda Lime Silicate Melting Process

In this work, glass furnace for research scale has been fabricated using domestic raw materials. Furnace was designed and assembled in laboratory for reduce the heat loss due to openings when load out crucible from furnace, reduce energy cost and increase the number of glass samples that can be made in one working time. Glasses based soda lime silicate formulas have been prepared using the normal melt-quench technique for furnace testing. The result found that good optical properties and physical properties of glasses were obtained.

Pyrolysis of mixtures based on the oil shale and brown coal of Belarus and the characterization of the resulting fuel products

A comparative analysis of the quality of pyrolysis products obtained from oil shale, brown coal, and their mixtures showed that the combined processing of mixed fuels is promising because it provides an opportunity to expand the domestic raw materials base of solid fuels.

Hard coal import dependence of Poland

Streszczenie Ze zjawiskiem importu węgla do Polski mamy do czynienia dopiero od kilku lat. Od początku istnienia górnictwa węglowego w Polsce nasz kraj był eksporterem tego surowca. Węgiel kamienny eksportowano już w okresie międzywojennym, a po II wojnie światowej, po odbudowaniu przemysłu ze zniszczeń wojennych, eksport węgla był podstawowym środkiem pozyskiwania dewiz. Polska przez dziesięciolecia zajmowała miejsce w pierwszej dziesiątce największych producentów tego surowca, a eksport od połowy lat siedemdziesiątych do połowy lat osiemdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku wynosił około 40 min ton, co stanowiło około jedną czwartą produkcji. Na początku XXI wieku sytuacja zaczęła się jednak zmieniać. Z roku na rok eksport malał, natomiast wzrastał import. Związane to było z jednej strony ze wzrastającymi kosztami produkcji krajowego węgla, z dmgiej strony - z napływem taniego surowca głównie zza wschodniej granicy. W artykule przedstawiono import węgla kamiennego do Polski z Rosji, USA, Ukrainy, Kazachstanu i Kolumbii oraz nabycie wewnątrzwspólnotowe z Republiki Czeskiej, jako głównych dostawców tego surowca. Wspomniano także o innych krajach, takich jak RPA, czy Australia, które są największymi eksporterami węgla na świecie i dostarczają surowiec do Europy Zachodniej, ale do Polski rzadko jest on sprowadzany. Dla wyliczenia zależności importowej w zakresie węgla kamiennego przedstawiono również eksport oraz zużycie krajowe tego surowca w latach 2000-2012. Wspomniana zależność wzrasta, co nie jest zjawiskiem korzystnym, gdyż świadczy o coraz większym uzależnieniu naszego kraju od dostaw zza granicy. Nie należy się jednak niepokoić, gdyż wartość tego wskaźnika jest bardzo mała. Jedynie w 2011 roku przekroczyła nieznacznie 10%, a w 2012 roku zmniejszyła się ponownie poniżej 5%. W porównaniu z zależnością importową w zakresie gazu ziemnego, która wynosi około 70%, lub zależnością importową w zakresie ropy naftowej wynoszącą 97%, nie jest to poziom wysoki. Niemniej jednak należy na bieżąco monitorować zależność importową Polski w zakresie surowców mineralnych, w przypadku których posiadamy własne złoża do ich produkcji, gdyż większość państw opiera swoją gospodarkę o surowce rodzime. Jest to zwykle korzystniejsze ekonomicznie i zapewnia większe bezpieczeństwo stałych i pewnych dostaw danego surowca.

PENGEMBANGAN GULA CAIR BERBAHAN BAKU UBI KAYU SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF GULA KRISTAL DENGAN PENDEKATAN SISTEM INOVASI

Alternative sweetener (glucose and fructose syrup) made from cassava is still imported.Potential of domestic raw materials is very large. In terms of technology and businessfeasibility, commercialization of small-scale manufacturing of liquid sugar can be done. Thisproduct is also excellent for food, beverages and medicines. The problem is the innovationprocess is not so well known in the wider community. As an alternative strategic food product,the development of this product is the responsibility of the government. The purpose of thispaper is to study the development of liquid sugar made from raw cassava with the innovationsystems approach. Innovation system which is used in this assessment is the system ofagricultural innovation by Termel, et al in Zuhal (2010). Key to the success of this developmentis the process of diffusion of innovations to investors in the centers of production and diffusionof cassava products to the public. The method used is coaching and training, campaigns andsocialization benefits products.

Agri-food trade of the new member states since the EU accession

In 2004 and 2007, twelve New Member States (NMS) joined the European Union (EU), causing several changes in the field of agriculture. One of the major changes was the transformation of the national agri-food trade. The aim of the paper is to analyse the effects of the EU accession on the NMS agri-food trade, especially considering the revealed comparative advantages. The results suggest that the intensity of the NMS agri-food trade has increased significantly after the accession, though there was a serious deterioration in the NMS agri-food trade balance in most cases. It has also become evident that the NMS agri-food trade was highly concentrated by country and by product, though the concentration has not changed significantly after the EU accession. Moreover, our analyses highlight one of the most important characteristics of the NMS agri-food trade structure – the focus on the agri-food raw materials in export together with the agri-food processed products in import. As to the NMS agri-food trade specialisation, the diversity among member states becomes apparent. Almost all countries experienced a decrease in their comparative advantage after the accession, though it still remained at an acceptable level in most cases. As for the stability of the comparative advantage, the results suggest a weakening trend, underpinned by the convergence of the pattern of revealed comparative advantage. By estimating the survival function to the sample, it can be observed that the accession has radically changed the survival time of agri-food trade, meaning that the revealed comparative advantage has not turned out to be persistent in the period analysed. From the policy perspective, there is a clear need for structural changes in the NMS agriculture and agri-food sector in order to tackle the negative tendencies of the national agri-food trade. The most important long-term goal should be the production and export of higher value-added processed products based on domestic raw materials.  

Properties of new heat-resistant VS-10T-U adhesive

The VS-10T-U adhesive was developed based on domestic raw materials. It is shown that the adhesive has higher temperature resistance than previously applied (300–350°C). The adhesive compounds are also resistant to water, solvents, fuels, and oils.

Mesoporous Nano Carbon Sorbents for Separating Different Biomolecules

The article presents the results of physico-chemical studies on the development of nanostructured carbon materials from domestic raw materials. Were obtained and tested micro-mesoporous carbon sorbents for molecular-sieve chromatography of markers and investigated the applicability of carbon sorbents for the separation of protein-lipid complex, and plant bio-stimulator.

Elintarviketuotannon ja elintarvikemarkkinoiden riippuvuus tuonnista

Suomessa tuotetaan monia keskeisiä maatalousraaka-aineita - viljaa, lihaa, maitoa, munia, vihanneksia ja marjoja. Kun Suomessa sijaitseva elintarviketeollisuus jalostaa nämä raaka-aineet elintarvikkeiksi, on kyse ns. Suomessa tuotetusta eli kotimaisesta ruoasta. Elintarvikkeiden tuotantoketjuun sisältyvien tuontipanoksien huomioon ottaminen muuttaa elintarviketuotannon kotimaisuuden kotimaisuusasteeksi tai tuonnin näkökulmasta tuontiasteeksi. Elintarviketuotannon ja elintarvikemarkkinoiden tuontiasteesta ei ole ollut aiemmin käytettävissä yksiselitteistä tutkimustietoa. Tutkimuksessa johdetaan elintarviketuotannon tuontipanosasteen ja elintarvikemarkkinoiden tuontiasteiden mittaustavat panos-tuotosmenetelmän avulla. Kotimaisen elintarviketuotannon tuontipanosasteen ja elintarvikemarkkinoiden tuontiasteen laskemisen tuloksia voidaan käyttää esimerkiksi huoltovarmuuden turvaamisen määrittelyyn. Myös normaalitilanteissa tuontiasteet ovat keskeisiä käsitteitä ja mittareita arvioitaessa elintarviketuonnin ja panostuonnin korvattavuutta kotimaisilla tuotteilla. Elintarvikeketjun toimialojen tuontipanosasteen selvittämisessä tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään panos-tuotosmenetelmän tuotosmallia, jonka avulla selvitetään toimialojen tuotoksien olemassa olevilla riippuvuussuhteilla elintarviketuotannon alojen välilliset tuontipanosten määrät vuosina 2003–2008. Hankkeen toteutuksessa hyödynnetään Tilastokeskuksen (TK) koko maan panos-tuotosaineistoja, Tullin ulkomaankauppatilastoja sekä aiemmin tehtyjä selvityksiä elintarvikesektorin huoltovarmuudesta. Käytetyssä koko maan panos-tuotosaineistossa maataloutta analysoidaan neljän ja elintarviketeollisuutta yhdeksän toimialan tarkkuudella. Kun tarkasteluun otetaan huomioon myös valmiiden elintarvikkeiden tuonti, voidaan määrittää, mikä on elintarvikemarkkinoiden kokonaistuontiaste. Tulokset voidaan esittää vuosittain. Artikkelissa esitellään alustavia tuloksia vuosilta 2003–2007. Elintarvikealojen tuontipanosaste vaihteli Kasvi- ja eläinrasvojen jalostuksen noin 47 prosentista Maatalouden 12 prosenttiin vuonna 2007. Alkutuotannon ja palvelualojen tuontipanosasteet Muuta kotieläintaloutta lukuun ottamatta olivat alle kaikkien toimialojen tuontipanosasteen keskiarvon (24,6 %) sen sijaan elintarvikejalostuksen toimialat ylittivät keskiarvon Lihanjalostusta ja Meijerituotteita lukuun ottamatta. Elintarvikealojen tuontipanosasteiden nousua selitti pääsääntöisesti se, että niiden tuonnin arvot kasvoivat enemmän kuin tuotoksen arvot.

Carbon Nanosorbent for Purification Different Biomolecules

The article presents the results of physico-chemical studies on the development of nanostructured carbon materials from domestic raw materials. Were obtained and tested micro-mesoporous carbon sorbents for molecular-sieve chromatography of markers and investigated the applicability of carbon sorbents for the separation of protein-lipid complex, and plant bio-stimulator. Carbon sorbents have well-developed porous structure but their disadvantage is the weak mechanical<br />strength. Recently it was shown that some carbon nanostructures have enormous strength. Thus arose the need to give the nano structured elements to carbon sorbent. Creating carbon sorbents containing nanocarbon structure was the aim of our study, as these by sorbents will be very useful for large-scale purification of biomolecules.

Effectiveness of fused magnesium potassium phosphate for marandu grass

The current high price of KCl and great dependence on importation to satisfy the Brazilian demand indicate the need for studies that evaluate the efficiency of other K sources, particularly those based on domestic raw material. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with samples of a sandy clay loam Typic Haplustox, in a completely randomized 4 x 3 x 2 factorial design: four K rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 mg kg-1), three sources (potassium chloride (KCl), fused magnesium potassium phosphate (FMPP) and a mixture of 70 % FMPP + 30 % KCl) and two particle sizes (100 and 60 mesh), with three replications. Potassium fertilization resulted in significant increases in shoot dry matter production and in K concentrations, both in soil and plants. The K source and particle size had no significant effect on the evaluated characteristics. Potassium critical levels in the soil and the shoots were 1.53 mmol c dm-3 and 19.1 g kg-1, respectively.

Irradiation testing of matrix material for spherical HTR-10 fuel elements

In order to evaluate if the fuel elements and their components (matrix material and coated fuel particles) can meet the design requirements of 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10), an irradiation testing with four spherical fuel elements, 60 matrix material specimens of 5 mm × 5 mm × 40 mm and 13,500 coated fuel particles was performed in Russian IVV-2M reactor from July 2000 to February 2003. The irradiation temperature was 1000 °C. The fast neutron fluence of matrix material specimens reached 1.3 × 10 21 cm −2 ( E > 0.1 MeV). Post-irradiation examination contained the visual inspection, dimension measurement and determining the density, porosity, specific electrical resistance and bending strength. The irradiation results are given in this paper, and show that the matrix material for spherical HTR-10 fuel elements made from the domestic raw materials and fabricated by the quasi-isostatic room-temperature moulding process is suitable as a structural material for spherical HTR fuel elements.

Виробництво партії трубних заготовок трекс-труб та виготовлення дослідно-промислової партії твельних труб зі сплаву Zr1Nb із вітчизняної сировини

Виробництво партії трубних заготовок трекс-труб та виготовлення дослідно-промислової партії твельних труб зі сплаву Zr1Nb із вітчизняної сировини

The Political Economy of Raw Materials Transport from Internal Periphery to Core in the Early 20th Century US: The Calumet & Hecla Copper Company’s Struggle for Market Access, 1922–39

The Calumet & Hecla Copper Company was a firm funded by core capital, but operating in an internal periphery (Michigan’s Upper Peninsula), and eventually subject to peripheral constraints, along with the constraints of the physical environment, the physical characteristics of copper, and a concentrating industrial structure itself due largely to the physical characteristics of other types of copper mined elsewhere in the world. I focus on the firm’s efforts to maintain market access in the face of both a restructuring copper industry, driven by the coming online of much larger, lower-grade deposits that required much larger aggregations of capital to extract and process; and a restructuring transport system, driven by copper’s industrial restructuring, but also by the politics of core and periphery within the U.S., including the imperatives of transport capital that tied peripheral resources to core manufacturing industry. A number of world-systems works over the past decade have examined periphery-core resource transport, exploring its importance to historical capitalism via increasing the speed and scope of circulation, improving access to raw materials, and being a leading sector for rising hegemons, due to the ever-increasing need for raw materials entailed by economic ascent. The case examined here was part of the United States’ own core emergence and eventual hegemonic ascendance, which was largely based on its domestic raw materials and the internal transport lines that enabled core industry to gain cheap access to those resources.

Small-Diameter Scots Pine and Birch Timber as Raw Materials for Engineered Wood Products

In the future, the building industries will need predictable, homogeneous and cost-competitive wood products with structural safety in increasing quantity and quality. This can be provided by, e.g., breaking solid wood and reconstructing the structure in a way that the degrading influence of knots, cracks, decay and other natural irregularities in wood will be eliminated. Beams, panels or boards made by this principle are called the engineered wood products (EWP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibilities to utilize small-diameter Scots pine and birch timber for production of EWPs that are reconstituted of strands. The wood technological characteristics of the tree species used in these products worldwide were studied based on the literature, and the findings were compared to the characteristics of domestic woods. In addition, test specimens were manufactured from domestic raw materials of Scots pine and birch species, and tested in order to examine the differences between woods from young trees from the first commercial thinnings and top sections of mature trees from final cuttings as a raw material. According to the literature review, the average basic density and, consequently, many mechanical properties of pine and birch grown in Finland do not markedly differ from those of the numerous foreign species used for EWPs. The empirical tests indicated that beams (air-dry density ca. 620–800 kgm-3) with relatively auspicious static stiffness (ca. 6000–8500 MPa) and bending strength (ca. 32–42 MPa) could be manufactured from timber equal to or smaller than pulpwood in diameter.

Electrochemical Characteristics of the Negative Electrode in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Effect of Structure and Surface Properties of the Carbon Material

Dependence of charge-discharge characteristics of the carbon electrode of a lithium-ion battery on crystallographic and macrostructural parameters of the carbon material and the on conditions of a preliminary treatment of this material are studied. The conclusion is drawn that, in order to obtain a carbon material that would be optimum for the negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries, it is necessary to couple technological expedients of various types that would take into account the opposite, by the results, action of various factors (in the first place, dispersion of carbon and an increase in the temperature of its thermal treatment) on such electrochemical characteristics of electrodes as the rate of a charge-discharge process and value of its coulombic efficiency. Characteristics of carbon materials, obtained on the basis of domestic raw materials, which ensure efficient operation of such electrodes, are presented.

Procurement of Domestic Raw Materials under the Globalization of Food Processing Industries

Procurement of Domestic Raw Materials under the Globalization of Food Processing Industries