Domestic Milk Research Articles

Ecological and economic expediency of introducing modern membrane technologies of deep processing of milk whey

The article presents methodological and applied principles for justifying the feasibility of introducing modern membrane technologies of deep processing of milk whey into the practice of Ukrainian milk processing enterprises. It has been identified that the most common way of processing milk whey both in Ukraine and in global practice is its drying. As an alternative to the traditional technology of drying milk whey, it is proposed to introduce into the practice of Ukrainian milk processing enterprises an innovative technology of its deep processing, which includes the fractionation of whey proteins and the release of lactose derivatives, which is important for the use of processing products as innovative functional food products. The expediency of introducing modern membrane technologies of whey processing at domestic milk processing enterprises is substantiated, which allows rational use of raw milk resources, reducing the negative impact on the environment, and increasing the profitability of production. The results of calculations of the total ecological and economic effect are presented, which prove that the effect of the introduction of modern membrane technologies of deep processing of milk raw materials significantly exceeds the effect of using the traditional technology of drying milk whey, which is widely used in domestic milk processing enterprises. It was found that the ecological effect is manifested in the reduction of volumes of liquid industrial waste and fines for violations of environmental legislation and can be considered as an alternative to the construction of own treatment facilities. The economic effect is achieved by expanding the product range of exports and the offer on the world markets of high-margin dairy products for narrow target groups of consumers.

Performance Evaluation of Bowen Milk Collection Centre Iwo Osun State Nigeria

Milk collection centers (MCCs) were established to promote domestic milk production and lessen Nigeria’s reliance on the importation of milk and related dairy products. Restricted numbers of MCCs in Nigeria make milk supply difficult for the dairy farmers which are not located close to them. The study evaluated the performance of Bowen MCC. Two-stage sampling technique was used to select 60 dairy farmers for the study. Questionnaire and Key Informant Interview was used to collect data from respondents and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Result shows majority of respondents were males (85.0%), married (98.3%) with mean age of 40±7.63 years and household size of 9±1.93 persons. All (100%) respondents engaged in dairy farming (100.0%) as primary occupation with mean monthly income of ₦35,782.18±9,036.04 ($80.83) with mean years of experience of 31.00±7.19 years. Use of archaic production practices ( = 2.00) and unimproved genetic composition of local breeds for milk production ( = 1.90) were the major constraints encountered by dairy farmers. Bowen MCC has adequate number of staff and well equipped with functional equipment but the major challenge encountered is insufficient milk supply by dairy farmers. The study therefore recommends that farmers should be trained on different aspects of improving cattle’s’ productivity.

MODERNIZATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES BY MILK PROCESSING ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE AS A FACTOR IN INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF PRODUCTS

The article examines the relevance and substantiates the need for the introduction of the latest technologies and the modernization of existing production resources by domestic milk processing enterprises. The dynamics of the active enterprises of the milk processing industry of Ukraine over the last ten years were analyzed, and their structure for 2020 was also considered. For a generalized understanding of the state of development of the milk processing industry of Ukraine, the number of operating enterprises by region was studied and ranked. It was determined that the leaders of the milk processing industry are the following regions: Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Vinnytsia and Kyiv regions. As a result of the stable growth of the number of milk processing enterprises in Ukraine, the competition in the market of dairy products is also increasing, therefore business entities need to actively look for opportunities to increase the competitiveness of their products, and this is possible by introducing the latest and resource-saving technologies into their economic activity. A technical and economic substantiation of the application of the automatic system for washing the milk line of milking units UDM-100 "Bratslavchanka" and UDE-16 "Yalynka" was carried out. It is substantiated that in order to increase the quality of milk, production efficiency and resource saving (by reducing the consumption of air, hot water, energy and operating costs) it is advisable to use the invention, which increases the efficiency of the milking system washing system by using air and hydraulic injectors with automated control of mode parameters of their action depending on indicators of contamination of the milk-conducting equipment.

Review on Traditional Cow Milk Preservation Method and Marketing Practice in Ethiopia

The purpose of this review was to evaluate different reviews in different regions on traditional Ethiopian milk storage methods and marketing practices. Ethiopian farmers have a traditional system of handling milk containers that vary from place to place. Milking jars are thoroughly washed before smoking treatment, to mention a few, but the cleanliness of the wash water has been questioned. Milk processing began with the goal of turning fresh milk into long-lived dairy products and reducing food poisoning. Processing alone cannot solve the milk quality problem. Therefore, it is important to use proper processing and storage materials and to take the necessary precautions when handling milk and dairy products. Milk processing is progressing in Ethiopia. In the country, the average milk producer produces small quantities. The market for supplying fresh milk to consumers is not always easy, and local processors can suffer from problems such as power outages and disruptions in transportation. In most parts of the country, existing production and local marketing systems cannot easily meet growing demand. The degree of vertical and horizontal integration in the milk marketing system can vary from country to country or between regional and domestic milkfish. Therefore, this review should evaluate traditional domestic milk storage methods and marketing practices.

Устойчивая сырьевая база как фактор конкурентоспособности предприятий сыроделия

Russian cheese producers strive to increase their production. A sustainable best-experience raw material base can solve this problem. The authors analyzed the raw material supply in the leading cheese-producing countries in order to develop a system of new targets for Russian cheesemakers.
 The study featured the performance indicators of the world's leading cheese producers in terms of raw material supply. It relied on scientific, regulatory, and legislative documents. The study also included databases (2017–2022) published by the Federal State Statistics Service, the dairy economic consulting firm CLAL, and the Atlas Big site of international and regional data statistics. The data were processed by statistical methods, e.g., generalization, systematization, distribution, etc., and econometrics, e.g., correlation, regression analysis, etc. The authors calculated the statistical characteristics of raw material supply indicators, assessed the interfactorial relationships, and obtained regression equations to describe these relationships in quantitative terms.
 The calculations involved the volumes of total and per capita cheese production in various regions of the world. The group of leaders included twenty countries with an average production per capita of 26.5 kg. The key indicators of raw material supply included milk production per capita, livestock, structure, and milk cattle productivity. The research revealed some raw material problems in the domestic cheese industry. For instance, domestic milk production per capita (206.3 kg) is below the average for the leading countries (489.4 kg). This issue is associated with the low milk cattle productivity, which is 4492 kg in the Russian Federation and 7061 kg in the leading cheese-producing countries. The regression equations used determination coefficients of ≥ 0.8 to calculate the main parameters of the domestic cheese-making base that would meet dairy food security criteria. A milk production of 388 kg per capita proved to be the minimal amount that would guarantee food security in the domestic cheese sector. However, the existing number of cows (7.9 million) means that the milk productivity cannot fall below 7146 kg. The required value can be obtained by improving diets and selection.
 The analytical methods developed in this research provided highly reliable results. These results can solve the problems of providing Russian cheesemakers with a sustainable raw material base, as well as set new targets for agro-industrial dairy enterprises.

Factors Affecting the Adoption of record keeping in Koperasi Cianjur Utara

The government is trying to improve the food security of the community. By fulfilling the community's food needs, it can improve the community's welfare. Meeting good food and people can achieve nutrition needs by increasing milk consumption. However, domestic production is still unable to meet the domestic demand for milk. Increasing domestic milk production can be achieved by using technology. The use of livestock data recording technology can help farmers increase cow's milk production. This study aims to analyze the effect of socio-economic characteristics on the application of livestock data recording and the factors that influence the adoption of livestock data recording technology in North Cianjur KPS. The method used is descriptive analysis and logistic regression using data from a questionnaire with 71 respondents. The socio-economic characteristics in North Cianjur KPS show that respondents who adopt technology are of productive age, have low education, have few dependents, and are of medium-scale business. The results of this study indicate that the variables of age, informal education, and family dependents significantly negatively affect the application of livestock data recording. In addition, the number of cows, the area of the cowshed, and roof construction materials significantly positively affect the application of livestock data recording.

The Reflection of the Yakut Perception of the Animal World in the Process of Nominating Plants

Purpose. The plant world vocabulary belongs to the most ancient strata of the lexical fund of the Yakut language and reflects cultural, religious, economic, and practical study of nature by the Yakuts. The article analyzes 70 phytonyms containing a zoononym component in the Yakut language.Results. The research materials are dialectisms which were not subjected to a linguistic description previously, and were recorded by the authors of the article as a part of field work carried out in Amga, Verkhoyansk and Namsky districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The empirical material is classified according to semantic models revealing the Yakut understanding of the animal world, which is reflected in the process of plant nomination.Conclusion. Zoononym components in phytonyms reflect associative thinking and the formation of plant names by metaphorization. So, the names of domestic milk producing animals, being part of a two-component phytonym, emphasize the taste of berries and the presence of acids, sugar and other nutrients that are beneficial to the human body. The use of an animal and a bird as part of a nomination indicates prickliness and presence of thorns in the shoots of a plant. It was found that the form is one of the main motives in naming objects of nature.

Marketing Strategy and the U.S. Market Based on the Performances of Existing Chinese Milk Tea Brands

This study aims to discuss and find solutions for Mixue Ice Cream & Tea, a milk tea brand known for its social media presence and low price in China, regarding its emerging hindrance in the domestic milk tea market. The hindrance is the increasingly saturated market and heating up competition among all the brands, which is also a ubiquitous problem for all these brands. By examining the situation and finding the solutions, Mixue and similar brands can be benefited and seek further development overseas. This study used data analysis to elucidate the current status of Mixue and probed a precedent brand with similar problems as a case study to estimate the efficiency and practicability of certain strategies. The conclusion is drawn after scrutinizing the data and facts collected: to adapt to the overseas market, Mixue will have to reinforce the management of the franchisees, expand supplier chains, and adjust brand culture and brand image accordingly to the local environment.

Economic aspects of integration ties in dairy cattle breeding development in Ukraine

The article deals with economic aspects of integration ties in dairy cattle breeding development of Ukraine. Mutually benefcial integration of agricultural organizations with other market players signifcantly improves their economic stability. In addition to system-wide factors that determine agro-industrial integration, dairy subcomplex has a number of specifc features that determine occurrence and development of integration processes in the feld of production, processing and sales of milk. It is proved that a cooperative form of ownership may compete with joint stock in a global scale in dairy subcomplex mainly due to the fact that vertical cooperation has prevailed historically in countries specializing in milk production, which allows farmers to manage income from the dairy products sale. High dairy business concentration provides cooperatives with the opportunity to use the latest processing technologies, to pursue flexible commodity policies, to get access to interregional and international markets, to combine dairy business with logistics and other important services, to reduce the negative influence of seasonal fluctuations in milk production. The characteristic feature of the relationship between domestic milk producers and processing enterprises is its non-cooperative integration, which is based on contractual arrangements. To summarize the contracting type of dairy factories integration with agricultural producers, it should be noted that in this rather simple form of economic relations involves opportunities for further development. It is established that the low activity of establishing and dairy cooperatives running is inefcient due to low activity rural residents who farm cows. In our opinion, there are no prerequisites for agricultural cooperatives establishment in most regions since most of the population have only one cow and is focused on its self-provision. We believe that dairy-grocery cluster based on the principles of mutually benefcial long-term partnership between the subjects is the driving force in ensuring economic growth in the examined industry. It creates conditions for employment growth in the region, proposals for high-quality dairy raw materials and safe milk products. In general, this will contribute to the sustainable development of dairy cattle breeding enterprises in the region and other participants of the cluster association. Key words: dairy cattle breeding, cooperation, integration, cluster, agricultural enterprise, personal peasant farm.

Concentrations of metal residues in domestically produced and imported milk in Kosovo

The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of metal residues in cows’ milk and the health risks to humans from its consumption. In total 37 milk samples were analysed, namely 32 raw milk samples from domestic rural milk collection centres, and 5 imported sterilized milk samples from markets. The concentrations of chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) in the milk samples were from 0.06 to 20.3 μg/kg, 4.7 to 64.8 μg/kg, 2.16 to 65.99 μg/kg and 0.21 to 44.7 μg/kg, respectively. Concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) ranged from 157.52 to 989.95 μg/kg, 1429.63 to 5718.71 μg/kg, 0.12 to 2.01 μg/kg, 0.22 to 2.28 μg/kg, 0.00 to 0.29 μg/kg, and 0.17 to 4.29 μg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Mg, Fe and Zn were slightly higher in domestic milk samples than in imported milk. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were higher in imported milk samples than in the samples of domestic milk. Overall concentrations of minor elements had good nutritional values and the levels of the heavy toxic metals including As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were lower than the recommended limits and did not pose any threat to consumers.

Food for thought: Transport within the food supply chain

Recently Hayden and Zunino Singh wrote in the Journal of Transport History of the greater need to study food movement. Whilst accepting their general premise, we argue that they downplay the fact that the evolution of logistics and supply chains has received sparse attention in the historical literature. Using case studies of the domestic British milk trade (1919–c.1945) and international quail trade ( c.1850–1914), we demonstrate how a concept originating in the study of modern supply chains – supply chain governance – can be illuminating. As a conceptual framework, this can facilitate the identification of key agents, institutions and goods movements within supply chains, and the nature of the relationships between them, whilst illuminating how change and development is shaped by regulation, economic cycles, consumer demand, and, of course, transport. The concept's application therefore presents a robust way to better understand the movement of goods in history.

PENGARUH KONSUMSI, INFLASI, DAN KURS USD TERHADAP VOLUME IMPOR SUSU SAPI

Milk is a food requirement that has a very large role for the health of the body because of its protein and amino acid content. The lack of domestic milk production has forced the government to implement an import policy to fill the shortage of production. Many things affect imports, so it is necessary to identify what factors can affect milk imports in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of consumption, inflation and the USD exchange rate simultaneously and partially on the volume of imports of Indonesian cow's milk and to determine the most dominant variable influencing the volume of imports of Indonesian cow's milk. The analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression. The results of this study found that the variables of consumption, inflation, and the USD exchange rate had a significant effect on the volume of imports of Indonesian cow's milk. Partially, consumption and inflation have a positive and significant effect on the volume of imports of Indonesian cow's milk, while the USD exchange rate partially has a negative and significant effect on the volume of imports of Indonesian cow's milk. Consumption variables have a dominant effect on the volume of imports of Indonesian cow's milk
 Keywords: imports of cow's milk, consumption, inflation, and the exchange rate
 Klasifikasi JEL: C68, F43, L52

Evaluation and survey of nutrition and sensory quality in domestic and foreign milk sold in China

Consumer choice of milk commonly lacks a scientific basis, and consumers are often unable to obtain the most suitable milk for themselves. As far as know, data profile has not been used to investigate and compare the quality of domestic and foreign milk in Chinese market. Therefore in the current study, we compared the quality of 112 domestic brands and 48 foreign brands using independent samples t-test, correlation analysis, multivariate linear regression analysis, principal component analysis and sensory analysis. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the factors affecting consumers' purchase intention. The results show the contents of protein, calcium and fat in domestic milk were lower than those in foreign milk, whereas domestic milk achieved a higher 50 percentile score in the sensory analysis, but the principal component analysis showed no obvious difference in sensory quality between domestic and foreign milk. The correlation analysis results revealed that the price of domestic milk was strongly positively correlated with protein and fat. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that protein has significant and positive impact on the price. The questionnaire survey revealed that protein, calcium and fat were the most important nutrients consumers sought to obtain through drinking milk.

Диверсификация предприятия как инструмент влияния на ценообразование в молочном скотоводстве

The existing system of price relations between partners in the agro-industrial complex in the domestic milk market has a number of negative trends. The high cost of production and the inability to influence the selling price of raw milk have led to low profitability of agricultural producers. The diversification transformation in the form of the organization of a vertically integrated production system, including the processing of raw milk, will allow the dairy enterprise to reduce costs, manage pricing and receive additional profit, which contributes to the further development and capacity building of the enterprise.

Comparative Characteristics of the Amino Acids Composition of Sheep Milk from Breeds of Northern Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is characterized by a wide variety of natural, climatic, economic, and ethnic factors that have a specific impact on the development of sheep farming. The production of dairy products from sheep is limited due to the low productivity of animals and the seasonality of milk production throughout the year, as well as the short lactation period. Also, one of the problems is manual milking of sheep, which does not allow obtaining sheep milk on an industrial scale. The market of dairy products, currently in the Republic of Kazakhstan is represented only by-products made from cow's milk, and at the same time, most of them are products made from cow's milk powder, so the development of products made from sheep's milk is an urgent task. In addition, sheep's milk is a national product, and one of the tasks is to revive the traditional products of the Kazakh people. The analysis of literature studies shows that in-depth studies of the chemical composition of sheep's milk have not been conducted in Kazakhstan. The chemical composition data obtained during the Soviet period only give an idea of the primary chemical parameters obtained by generally accepted basic methods and do not provide reliable information about the deep chemical composition of the milk of local ewes. According to the results of studies, the content of the essential amino acid valine in cow's milk (0.21 g/100g) is also lower than in sheep's milk (9.69-3.79 g/100g). Sheep's milk protein is digested in the human body by 99.1%, and cow's milk protein by 91.9%. According to world experts, one of the advantages of Kazakhstan's domestic milk products is its naturalness, a low share of the use of genetically modified organisms, and environmentally friendly pastures, due to which they receive high-quality and safe products. Therefore, the designated research topic and its analysis are appropriate and relevant.

NEW GENERATION ADAPTED MILK FORMULAS PRODUCED BY UKRAINIAN MANUFACTURERS FOR FEEDING INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR

Breastfeeding is known as the only one form of human feeding that formed during the biological evolution. However, when breastfeeding is impossible, the only solution is to use modern adapted milk formulas to nourish infants. One of the most challenging issues is the adaptation of the formula protein quantity and quality to those in breast milk. Reducing the protein content in the adapted formula "Malutka Premium" prevents protein overload of the immature metabolic system of the child. Fats also play an important role in the nutrition of children as they perform two main functions in the body: they serve as structural components of biological cell membranes and energy material. The fatty component of "Malutka Premium" adapted formula is represented by 50% vegetable oils, which provides the required level of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The carbohydrate component of the adapted formula "Malutka Premium1" is represented by lactose; the adapted formula "Malutka Premium 2" also contains dextrinmaltose (30%). Prebiotics oligosaccharides and five most important nucleotides are added to the composition of "Malutka Premium" that enables to normalize the composition of the intestinal microflora and to intensify the digestive processes. Clinical observations of children receiving formulas with oligosaccharides and nucleotides have shown their high efficacy. Children gained weight better and were found as less likely to have functional digestive disorders. Introducing "Malutka premium with the addition of cereals" formulas to the child's diet enables to choose the most appropriate formula taking into account the peculiarities of the child's digestion. Feeding infants with domestic milk formula ensures the balanced intake of all necessary substances required in accordance with the age and allows to parents and paediatricians solve many problems in the nutrition of both healthy children and children with special nutritional needs.

Agribusiness development strategy farms dairy cattle in efforts to improve milk productivity in Central Java

The productivity of dairy cattle farming has been low and it has an impact on the supply of domestic milk. Milk imports continue to increase reaching 75% and the remaining 25% was met from domestic production. The study’s aim was to analyze local resource development strategies of dairy cattle farming in Central Java. The study was conducted by survey and observational methods. The determination of location was taken by purposive sampling in Semarang and Boyolali District. Samples of farmers were taken by simple random sampling from 10 dairy farmers groups. There were 120 respondents. In addition, this study had 15 key Informants to add validity to the data. Data collection was done by interview and focus group discussion (FGD). Meanwhile, the data analysis methods used were descriptive quantitative and qualitative. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to formulate strategies for developing dairy cattle farming. The results showed development strategy needs to be considered were human resources, local resources and capital of priority scale. Furthermore, the main actors who need attention were the Village Unit Cooperation (KUD), Government, and The Indonesian Association of Milk Processors (IPS).

Milking challenges while drinking foreign milk: the case of Ghana’s dairy sector

While the domestic milk production sector of Ghana remains stagnant over the years, dairy processing on the other hand is continually witnessing growth relying largely on milk powder and other dairy products imports mainly from EU member countries. The EU is blamed for the underdevelopment of the domestic dairy sector of many African nations. However, evidence that either prove or refute these growing criticisms are missing. This study was thus initiated to examine Ghana’s dairy sector with an emphasis on those parts of the value chain where imported milk powder is used. The study shows that the dairy processing industry is continually expanding relying largely on milk powder imports mainly from EU member countries. Also, processors expect an increase in consumer preferences for more diversified dairy products in the near future. This implies further growth of the processing industry which already relies largely on imported input. The study identified myriads of challenges facing the Ghanaian dairy sector which altogether contribute to its inability to contribute to the processing industry’s needs. Notwithstanding, any attempt to address the challenges of the sector should focus not only on economic and political aspects such as self-sufficiency, sovereignty, and trade dependency but also climate conditions, the use of natural resources and their subsequent environmental impacts should be considered.

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОГО АВТОМАТИЧНОГО МОБІЛЬНОГО ПУНКТУ ДЛЯ ЗАГОТІВЛІ МОЛОКА

The purpose of the research – to conduct experimental testing aimed at evaluating of the automatic mobil milk receiving unit of domestic production. Research methods. During the testing of the automatic mobil milk receiving unit of domestic production the quality of the technological process was determined using the methods given in DSTU 7435: 2013 and DSTU 3662: 2018, operational-technological and economic evaluation was carried out according to DSTU 8424: 2015 and DSTU 4397: 2005, safety and ergonomics were determined according to DSTU EN ISO 12100: 2014. Research results. According to the results of experimental testing, it was found that the automatic mobil milk collection unit АППМ-1 at the appropriate level measures the amount of delivered milk with an error of 0,9 %, which meets the requirements of the TU (up to 3,0 %). The water temperature for washing equipment is 58 °C, which meets the requirements of TU (50-60 °C). The system of washing of surfaces of the automatic point which are in contact with milk provides high-quality washing of the equipment, existence of an intestinal stick (coli-titer) makes > 1,0 that meets requirements of TU (not less than 1,0). The period of acceptance, transportation and delivery of milk to the processing plant for one working cycle of procurement is 3,3 hours, which meets the requirements of the TU (not more than 4 hours). Productivity of the automatic point of reception of АППМ-1 milk during performance of technological process on reception, registration and transportation of milk in a radius of 30 km makes 363 l / h, for a radius of transportation in 50 km - 330 l / h, 100 km - 280 l / h, that meets the requirements of TU (275-360 l / h). Specific fuel consumption (liquefied gas) is 7,4 liters per ton of milk collected. Conclusions. The first experimental testing of the domestic automatic milk collection point APPM-1 showed that the equipment satisfactorily performs the specified technological process of acceptance, registration, short-term storage of milk obtained in private farms and transporting it to processing enterprises, according to the quality of the process meets the requirements of technical conditions. The automatic milk collection point АППМ-1 is characterized by a high technical level and can be used in Ukraine.

Review: Challenges and prospects for milk production in China after the 2008 milk scandal

The primary objectives of this review were to characterize the challenges faced by China’s milk industry after the milk scandal of 2008 and to propose prospects for the future. This review is supported by data and information from the literature, various statistical yearbooks and databases, administration documents, news reports, and the authors’ own investigations. After the milk scandal and the resulting decline in the number of dairy cows in China, more recently annual milk production has come to the end of a rapid growth period. Importing large quantities of dairy products, especially milk powder, has affected domestic milk production. The high cost of milk production in China is the key reason for the lack of market competitiveness for milk within the country. Dairy farms are facing stricter environmental protection requirements, which have become an important economic constraint for future dairy farming development. In the transition from small-scale to large-scale (100 or more cows per farm) dairy farms in China, more 10,000-cow farms have emerged, which has triggered a debate about the size of dairy farms. Although China’s milk production is facing some challenges, the continuous improvement of consumers’ income, the formation of milk drinking habits, and governmental support have developed a large market potential for domestically produced dairy products and milk production. Improving market competitiveness while ensuring economic and environmental sustainability are key to the future prospects for China’s milk industry. The characterization and discussion of the past, current, and potential dairy industry in China is intended to enhance understanding for dairy farmers, dairy enterprises, and the government to positively and significantly adjust the strategies for the dairy industry. Future research needs to address the effects of different organizational forms of dairy enterprises and dairy farmers on milk production in China.