Divorced Women Research Articles

Hukum Idah Perceraian bagi Wanita Hamil Akibat Perbuatan Zina

Marriage and divorce of women who have become pregnant as a result of adultery are problems that are given attention in the discussion of Islamic jurisprudence. Marrying a pregnant woman due to adultery has been a polemic among Islamic scholars since long ago in various countries, including in Indonesia until it was finally stipulated in the Book of Compilation of Islamic Law which became an explanation of the Law on Marriage. Divorce after marriage, which is preceded by pregnancy due to adultery, is also an interesting discussion, especially regarding the issue of idah, or the waiting period for women who are pregnant and subject to divorce. Idah or waiting period has been prescribed by Islam for the noble purpose of maintaining the authenticity of one's lineage so as not to mix with others. This problem was studied from a socio-cultural normative perspective, which compares the arguments and factual conditions, thus giving different values. Law of idah can differ from one woman to another, based on the type of divorce or the process of breaking the marriage bond, as well as on the woman's condition. The law of divorce for women who are pregnant that is the birth of the child they are carrying can also apply to women who are divorced, while they are pregnant as a result of adultery.

Research of Attitudes toward Online Violence—Significance of Online Media and Social Marketing in the Function of Violence Prevention and Behavior Evaluation

The main aim of this paper is to analyze attitudes toward online violence in order to identify the current state of this problem through psychosocial analysis, as well as the possibility of preventing this kind of violence through the prism of online media and social marketing. The authors developed a conceptual model and conducted an online quantitative research study. The survey was conducted among 277 respondents in Montenegro, which is a developing country and as such is experiencing transitions in many segments. The data were analyzed using standard statistical tests, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, logistic regression and the Relative Importance Index. The results of the research showed that specific vulnerable groups such as women are more exposed to online violence. The results of the logistic regression revealed that female respondents aged 18 to 24 were 76.3% more exposed to online violence than respondents over 55. Regarding the aspect of marital status, the results showed that divorced women were most exposed to online violence, 74% more than widows, while single respondents had a 54.2% greater chance of being a victim of online violence compared to widows. In terms of education, the results of the research highlighted that female respondents with a higher level of education were significantly less likely to be victims of online violence than those with a lower level of education. Respondents who had completed doctoral studies had a 48.6% lower chance of being victims of online violence compared to the respondents who had only completed high school. In terms of online media being used as a tool for spreading online violence, 36.89% of respondents identified Facebook, while 21.61% identified Instagram as the main medium of this type of violence. Thus, the research identified the necessity of continuous work focused on informing the population about online violence, as well as raising awareness about measures that should be carried out in order to reduce online violence, because of the significant influence of online media on forming attitudes toward online violence, which was confirmed by 85.19% of respondents. Furthermore, the results showed that online media—in particular, social marketing—may have a key role in the prevention of online violence, as its preventive role was confirmed by 96.76% of respondents. The findings of the research may be extremely useful for different policymakers in order to help them to better understand and identify cases of online violence, especially against women, as well as to create adequate strategies for its prevention through the prism of online media and social marketing.

An examination of the problems experienced by women during and after divorce and their coping methods

The purpose of this study is to determine the divorce causes of divorced women and the problems they experience during and after the divorce period and their coping methods with these problems. Twenty-eight divorced women participated in the study. The universe of the study consists of divorced women living in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). In this study, criteria-based sampling, which is a purposive sampling method, was used in the determination of the study group. This research was conducted with qualitative data collection technique, and a semi-structured interview form which was developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. The interview form which was developed as a data collection tool was given its final version based on expert opinions. The collected data were analysed by means of content analysis. As a result of the analysis of the data, the most important causes for divorce mentioned by women appeared as differences of opinion, lack of interest and financial irresponsibility, whereas the least mentioned causes are age differences and jealousy. The leading problems experienced during the divorce process are psychological breakdown, external interventions and sharing of the property, whereas the least emphasised problems are the failure of the family to give support and failure to divorce due to living in different countries. The most important problems after divorce were listed as the negative viewpoint of the society towards a divorced woman, financial problems and psychological breakdown, whereas the least experienced problems are future anxiety and loneliness. The leading coping with problems method appeared as a social support from family and friends, and the least mentioned method was gaining financial strength. In terms of improvement of responsibility and value perceptions, it is recommended that studies are conducted in the fields of guidance and psychological counselling services and family counselling.
 
 Keywords: Divorced women, divorce process, coping with problems methods

PMH34 Economic Crisis and Its IMPACT on the Mental Health of Nursing and Medical Personnel in Imathia Municipality Greece

To investigate the possible impact of the financial crisis on the nursing and medical personnel’s mental health in the prefecture of Imathia, in north Greece and the influence of demographic, financial and professional data in occurrence of anxiety and depressive disorder. The sample constituted by 112 employees of nursing and medical personnel of public alongside private health institutions in the prefecture of Imathia. The survey was conducted by using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). The first part of the questionnaire comprised of demographic and questions regarding theis profession. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v23. The 25% of the sample appear to be anxious, 16% depressed but only 4,46% experience stress. The variables that show strong correlations on anxiety and depression mostly affecting employees on the way they work/ live, and their psychopathology are age (increasing age), working sector (public or private sector) workers in the private sector are related to the occurrence of anxiety disorders), the years of work (both young workers and the most experienced show signs of anxiety disorders), marital status (widowed, divorced and married women, are more related to the occurrence of anxiety and depression), the salary reduction (the workers who have been reduced ≥200€ from their salary and above) and work insecurity. Financial crisis created anxiety, stress and depression in nursing and medical employees of Imathia prefecture. Measures to provide work security are required in order to create a stable environment of health care workers.

Negotiating Jewish Divorce

In this article, I argue that beyond identifiable instances of extortion and abuse, the threat of being a chained wife disempowers women in divorce negotiations in a manner that is fundamentally problematic and must be remedied in a manner different than remedies often discussed that focus on punishing individual cases of abuse. Indeed, focus on the impermissibility or illegality of “abuse” creates a false sense that the agunah threat can be neutralized by curtailing individual immorality through legal means. In contrast, my argument is that the Jewish legal system that creates non-mutual, extreme power imbalances in negotiations cannot be remedied without changing the power imbalance embedded in the structure of Jewish divorce itself. Merely outlawing “extortion” might improve individual cases but fails to address the crux of the problem and obfuscates the need for more fundamental, structural reform. Using negotiation theory, I demonstrate how power imbalances that affect divorce negotiations are often left unacknowledged and yet create the potential for injustice for all women in Jewish divorce. Furthermore, these power differentials are only exacerbated by modern divorce law’s focus on gender neutrality, taking away women’s bargaining endowments that could have been used to counterbalance the unequal agunah threat. After providing reasons why instances of abuse and not fundamental problems with Jewish divorce negotiations dominate agunah discussions, I suggest ways to alter power imbalances in Jewish divorce negotiations that could ease the problems women face, assuming that the problematic status of chained wife itself cannot be completely removed without a change in religious law.

Emotionally Stable, Extraverted, Conscientious, and Unambivalent: Iranian Women Successfully Navigating Divorce Adjustment

The aim of the present study was to explore the extent to which the combination of the Big Five personality traits and adult attachment styles are associated with a broad array of divorce adjustment (DA) indicators. A total of 200 Iranian divorced women took part in the study. Participants completed a series of self-rating questionnaires covering socio-demographic, the Big Five, adult attachment styles, and indicators of DA. The results showed that higher levels of the Big Five (with neuroticism reverse-coded) were collectively associated with higher levels of feeling of self-worth (FSW), disentanglement of love relationships (DLR), social self-worth (SSW), rebuilding of social trust (RST), lower levels of symptoms of grief (SOG), and feelings of self-anger (FSA). Higher levels of secure attachment (and lower levels of ambivalent attachment) were associated with higher levels of FSW, DLR, RST, and lower levels of SOG, and FSA. The role of Iranian culture on post-DA is discussed.

Ethnic disparities in receiving benefits for disability following postpartum mental illness during first two years after delivery: an Israeli nationwide study

BackgroundDespite relatively high rates of Postpartum Depression (PPD), little is known about the granting of social security benefits to women who are disabled as a result of PPD or of other postpartum mood and anxiety disorders (PMAD). This study aims to identify populations at risk for underutilization of social security benefits due to PMAD among Israeli women, with a focus on ethnic minorities.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study is based on the National Insurance Institute (NII) database. The study population included a simple 10% random sample of 79,391 female Israeli citizens who gave birth during 2008–2016 (these women delivered a total of 143,871 infants during the study period), and who had not been eligible for NII mental health disability benefits before 2008.The dependent variable was receipt of Benefit Entitlement (BE) due to mental illness within 2 years following childbirth. Maternal age at delivery, population group, Socio-Economic Status (SES), family status, employment status of the mother and her spouse, and infant mortality were the independent variables. Left truncation COX proportional hazard model with time-dependent variables was used, and birth number served as a time discrete variable.ResultsBedouin and Arab women had significantly lower likelihood of BE (2.6 times lower and twice lower) compared with other ethnic groups (HR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.26–0.56; HR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.37–0.60 respectively). The probability of divorced or widowed women for BE was significantly higher compared to those living with a spouse (HR = 3.64; 95% CI: 2.49–5.33). Lack of employment was associated with higher likelihood of BE (HR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.30–1.82). Income had a dose-response relationship with BE in multivariable analysis: lower income was associated with the nearly four-fold greater probability compared to the highest income quartile (HR = 3.83; 95% CI: 2.89–5.07).ConclusionsDespite the exceptionally high prevalence of PMAD among ethnic minorities, Bedouins and Arabs had lowest likelihood of Benefit Entitlement. In addition to developing programs for early identification of postpartum emotional disorders among unprivileged ethnic groups, awareness regarding entitlement to a mental health disability allowance among ethnic minorities should be improved.

The Features of Psychological Defenses of Women with Different States of Family Functioning and Family Interaction

The aim of the article is to determine the features of psychological defenses of women with different states of family functioning and family interaction and their interrelation with personal characteristics, psychological and emotional states and indicators of family crisis. The following methods of research were used: theoretical (study, systematic analysis and generalization of socio-psychological, medical and psychological literature on the research topic); psychodiagnostic (observation, conversation, survey, testing); statistical (quantitative and qualitative analysis of experimental data). The results of the research. The analysis of the results of the study revealed the features of psychological defenses of women and men from crisis families, divorced women and women from normative families. A comparative analysis of psychological defenses of women and men was made, an analysis of the interrelation between psychological defenses and psychological and emotional states, factors of family crisis and personal qualities of women with different states of family functioning and family interaction and men from crisis families. Conclusion. An analysis of the stress of psychological defenses found that all the groups had problems with psychological defense of substitution and denial. In addition, the following stresses of psychological defenses were identified by groups: women in crisis – rationalization, regression; men and divorced – rationalization. Comparative analysis of the frequency of use and expression of mechanisms of psychological protection showed a significant difference among women and men from crisis families by the following indicators: displacement, regression, compensation, intellectualization, hypercompensation; among women from crisis families and divorced by indicators: denial, regression, compensation, projection, substitution, intellectualization; among women from crisis and normative families by projection indicator; women from normative families and divorced have a significant difference by indicator of denial. Positive and negative interrelations of psychological defenses with indicators of psychological and emotional states, factors of family crisis and personal qualities of women with different states of family functioning and family interaction and men from crisis families were found. The highest number of interrelation was found in the group of divorced women and women from crisis families. Thus, the analysis of the research results allowed to determine some factors and criteria for forecasting the development of a family crisis (personal growth and destructive response of the individual) and the growth of self-realization of a woman’s personality in a family crisis.

Lived experiences of divorced women in Kashmir: a phenomenological study

ABSTRACT Using a phenomenological approach, the present study aimed to gain an understanding of the lived experiences of divorced women in Kashmir. 20 divorced women were recruited through a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview schedule. Using Colaizzi’s techniques of data analysis, two themes emerged from the data: the reasons for divorce and the challenges faced after divorce. The results of the study uncovered that violence/family interference, infidelity/second marriage of spouses were the dominant reasons for the dissolution of marriage, followed by childlessness, and incompatibility. Additionally, divorce brought about numerous social, economic, cultural, and psychological challenges. To tackle the challenges and traumas, divorced women showed a greater sense of resilience during the post-divorce period utilizing different strategies.

Comparative Study of Vaginitis and Candida in Sexually Active Women in Traditional Sprawling Town in the Niger Delta, South – South Nigeria

This study was carried out to investigate the aetiologic agents of vaginitis in sexually active women in Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The subjects were 150 randomly selected sexually active women attending antenatal, postnatal, gynaecology and family planning clinics in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of General Hospital Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State. Two high vaginal swab samples were taken from each pregnant and non-pregnant woman, which translated to 80 samples from pregnant and 70 samples from non-pregnant women. Microscopy and culture including biochemical tests were done for the isolation and identification of organisms. Questionnaires assessing socio-demographic characteristics of the patients were administered. The prevalence of various aetiologic agents was found to be higher in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women. Candida albicans was more prevalent in pregnant women. Twenty eight samples (35.0%) from the pregnant women yielded C. albicans with p < 0.05. Age range of 16-30 years and ≥ 45 years had high prevalence of C. albicans, though more (40%) in pregnant women. While non-pregnant women in the age group 16-30 years had the highest prevalence of G. vaginalis, 8 (26.7%). Among pregnant women, the widowed had a higher prevalence rate of C. albicans, infection (50%) which was not statistically significant. The divorced non-pregnant women had the highest prevalence of C. albicans with p < 0.05 which was statistically significant. This study also revealed that pregnant women in their second trimester of pregnancy had more C. albicans infection, 15 (46.9%) when compared to other trimesters of pregnancy. Women who were pregnant for the first time or primigravidae had higher prevalence of C. albicans, 13 (37.1%) when compared to others. Pregnant women who use contraceptives prior to their recent pregnancies were found to have more infections of G. vaginalis, 14 (93.3%). Non-pregnant women on antibiotics had increased prevalence of C. albicans, 44.4%. The highest prevalence of C. albicans and T. vaginalis, 5 (6.3%) coinfection was seen in pregnant women. Irrespective of the women’s status, none were coinfected with the three microbial agents.

Associations between hormonal contraception use, sociodemographic factors and mental health: a nationwide, register-based, matched case–control study

ObjectivesSociodemographic and mental health characteristics are associated with contraceptive choices. We aimed to describe the sociodemographic, reproductive and mental health characteristics of all fertile-aged women in Finland who used hormonal...

The Effectiveness of Communication Skills Training in Reducing Emotional Divorce of Women Affected by their Husbands' Infidelity

The Effectiveness of Communication Skills Training in Reducing Emotional Divorce of Women Affected by their Husbands' Infidelity

Empowerment and intimate partner violence: Domestic abuse when household income is uncertain

AbstractIntimate partner violence is an important global health problem that remains ill understood. Several studies have documented that female empowerment may increase violence against women—the so‐called “male backlash.” We propose a utilitarian explanation for this phenomenon, based on the assumption that violence may be used as an instrument to affect the distribution of the household surplus between the spouses. Our main result is that promoting norms of gender equity (or otherwise enhancing the prospects of divorced women) may inadvertently promote violence against women in settings where production outcomes are uncertain.

THE EVALUATION OF BURNOUT AND COMMUNICATİON SKILLS IN PRIMARY CARE STAFF

Objective: Burnout syndrome is an important problem among health professionals. The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between the burnout status and communication skills in primary care staff. Methods: The study was conducted in the cross-sectional type between April and June 2019. The population of the study comprised of physicians and family health professionals working in primary care unit. The participants were administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory, certain questions concerning sociodemographic characteristics, and the communication skills evaluation scale. Results: In total, 383 individuals working in the primary care unit participated in the study. The mean age was 43 ± 8,1 and among them, 64.8% were women. The scores of the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of physicians were significantly higher compared to nurses. While the depersonalization score of women was significantly lower than men, the sense of personal accomplishment score was higher than men. As the number of daily clinic visits of the physicians increased, the rate of their emotional exhaustion and depersonalization increased. While the communication skills decreased as the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization increased, the communication skills level increased as the sense of personal accomplishment increased. Women, nurses, the widowed/the divorced women, and age group were determined to have better communication skills. Conclusion: A significant relation was determined between burnout subscales and increased number of daily average clinic visits of physicians, gender and occupational groups. There was a significant relationship between communication skill levels and burnout subscales concerning occupational groups, gender, marital status and age groups.

“Part‐Time Parent”: Mothering in the Context of Shared Physical Custody

ObjectiveThis qualitative study examined women's identities as mothers when sharing postdivorce physical custody of children.BackgroundThe increase in divorced parents sharing physical custody can create challenges, especially for women whose identity is manifested through the social position of mother. Although researchers have investigated children's outcomes in connection with shared physical custody, little is known regarding the effects of shared custody on women's identities as mothers.MethodA secondary analysis was conducted using interviews from a grounded theory study of 20 divorced women with shared physical custody arrangements.ResultsMothers resolved the cognitive dissonance they experienced upholding the competing values of being physically present for their child and supporting their child's relationship with their father by prioritizing the belief that their child should maintain relationships with both parents. The mothers found ways in which their part‐time parent role supported their mothering identity. They also experienced challenges and developed individual solutions to overcome the challenges.ConclusionThe ideology of intensive mothering may be changing, particularly for women who undergo divorce or separation. Mothers' beliefs that their children should maintain relationships with both parents overrides their desire to always be physically present for their children and decreases the time women enact their role as mothers.ImplicationsPractitioners are encouraged to guide mothers' adjustment to their custody arrangement and help them “redo” the ways they view their mother identity.

Economic Gender Equality and the Decline of Alimony in Switzerland

Research has established a historical decline of alimony for divorced women in Western countries. Because the main function of alimony is to compensate for differences in couples' economic resources and needs, it is plausible that the reduction of alimony is a consequence of greater economic equality between husbands and wives. Scholars of divorce law, however, have argued that declines in alimony have instead resulted from a deliberate reorientation of alimony law that, by limiting alimony, has sought to facilitate divorces and to cause greater economic gender equality. Through a trend decomposition analysis that draws on couple income data linked to case‐level court reports from Switzerland before and after the introduction of no‐fault divorce (1990–2008), this study assesses the extent to which the decline of alimony is a consequence of reduced economic inequality in couples. During the study period, alimony declined from about one divorce in two to about one divorce in three, but the explanatory value of lower economic inequality in couples is limited regarding this trend. In fact, greater shares of couples' incomes earned by women and more egalitarian distributions of child custody after divorce can explain, at best, half the decline in limited‐term alimony. Greater equality in pension incomes explains steep reductions in unlimited alimony but cannot account for why limited‐term alimony awards for women of working age have become less likely. I conclude that increases in Swiss women's economic self‐sufficiency have not kept pace with the decline of alimony. The hypotheses that changing norms in alimony law are reducing alimony and that less alimony stimulates women's employment thus deserve closer examination.

Intimate Partner Violence Dynamics and Help Seeking Among Mexican Women: Results From a 2016 National Household Survey.

Using the recent 2016 National Survey on Household Dynamics (N = 98,768 heterosexual Mexican women currently married, cohabiting, separated, divorced, or dating with a noncohabiting partner), this study has three objectives: first, to assess the prevalence of different intimate partner violence (IPV) dynamics, including situational couple's violence (SCV), intimate terrorism (IT), and violent resistance (VR); second, to empirically operationalize VR; and, third, to study women's help-seeking behaviors in public institutions, whether these are associated with violent dynamics and the type of responses offered by public institutions. Descriptive and multivariate logistic analyses show that, in the year prior to the survey, 5.8% of women experienced SCV, 1.2% IT and 0.6% VR. SCV is the most prevalent, but separated and divorced women are involved in IT and VR to a greater extent. Only 8.3% of females involved in IPV sought formal help from public institutions. Help seeking from public institutions is contingent upon violent dynamics and sociodemographic characteristics. Law enforcement and public security institutions fail to accept all IPV complaints and investigate them (especially in the case of VR), perhaps because women who seek help do not meet the social representation of battered women. The need to educate civil servants and service providers on the different dynamics of IPV, and recommendations for guaranteeing women greater access to public institutions that might be instrumental in putting an end to the violence are discussed in the Mexican context.

A Proposed Program for Developing Early Divorced Women’s Life Skills: A Social Service Perspective

The present research aims to propose a program, from a social service perspective, to develop early divorced women’s life skills through identifying the most important life skills that should be developed among them, determining the nature of social services provided to them for developing their life skills, and to identify the obstacles hindering social services from playing their roles in this regard. To achieve the research objective, the author adopted the descriptive analytical method, designed a scale for life skills applied to (100) early divorced women, and distributed a questionnaire to a sample of female faculty members, social specialists and managers to identify the social services provided to the early divorced women. The research results showed that the skills of problem solving, decision making, and critical thinking were highly available among the early divorced women while communication and interpersonal skills were the lowest available ones. The results also identified the social services provided to the early divorced women to contribute to the development of their life skills and the most prominent obstacles that prevent social services from playing their roles in developing those skills. Some recommendations have been made including continuing to intensively hold training courses and workshops for the early divorced women and qualifying them for developing their own life skills.

Experiences of Divorced Women Subject to Domestic Violence in Turkey.

This study examines the experiences of divorced women who were subjected to domestic violence from their former spouses. The purpose of this study includes investigating violence in marital life and post-divorce, coping strategies for survival and external factors that empower/disempower women based on their life experiences. The study uses qualitative research methods. The data are retrieved from qualitative interviews with 13 women who were exposed to domestic violence while they were married and after their divorce. The participants were divorced through either informal or formal divorce procedures. Five themes emerged from the study: how to seek help, the endless circle of violence, divorce and family oppression, coping strategies, and awareness raising. The study shows that, during the divorce process, the participant women became more empowered and adopted better coping strategies than in the pre-divorce period. The study provides an understanding of domestic violence in the post-divorce phase. This research reveals the continuation of partner violence even after divorce.

Effect of expressive writing Pattern on the decreasing of rumination, depression and stress in divorced women

Effect of expressive writing Pattern on the decreasing of rumination, depression and stress in divorced women