Mangrove Diversity Research Articles

Designing e-modules on mangrove species diversity leveraging local potential through pbl to foster environmental attitudes

This study aims to develop e-modules of mangrove species diversity as local potential in learning. The development model used is the Lee & Owens (2004) development model. There are five phases in the development of research, namely the analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The used learning model is Problem-Based Learning by presenting authentic mangrove problems in Banten. The e-module that has been developed will be tested for validity, practicality and effectiveness so that it can be disseminated for student learning activities. E-modules are tested for validity by conducting a 100% material expert validation test, 98.77% media and teaching material validation results and 100% validation results from field practitioners. Before being used in learning, the e-module was tested for practicality with a one-on-one trial getting a score of 93.33%, a small group trial of 89.41%, a field trial of 86.2% and a field test of 95.04%. Based on the results of student response testing, it can be concluded that the e-module of mangrove diversity is practically used in learning. The results of effectiveness testing to see the improvement of students' environmental attitudes were analyzed. The results of effectiveness testing to see an increase in students' environmental attitudes are measured qualitatively with an N-Gain measurement of 0,46 which is included in medium effectiveness and quantitatively measured using a simple paired t test with p-value of 1.88 which means there is a significant difference before and after using e-module in learning.

Strategies for Mangrove Resource Management: Development of Natural Science Booklet Based on Mangrove Diversity in Gili Sulat, East Lombok

The educational approach is one of the strategies in managing mangrove resources, especially mangroves in Gili Sulat. This study aims to develop a science booklet based on mangrove diversity in Gili Sulat, East Lombok. The method of collecting mangrove diversity data is a line transect. The type of research used is Research and Development with a 4-D model, namely defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The results of the study are in the form of a science booklet design on mangrove diversity in Gili Sulat which has distinctive characteristics, describes the potential and benefits of mangrove forests, displays factual information on mangrove diversity in Gili Sulat, East Lombok, uses short, clear language, is easy to understand and comprehend, and uses an attractive visual display of images.

Diversity Species and Structure of Mangrove Vegetation in Conservation Forest and Angke Nature Park North Jakarta

Mangrove is important life support ecosystems in coastal and marine areas that have bio-ecological and socio-economic functions. Mangroves are found in tidal areas that have the ability to grow in salty waters and have a role as a barrier to abrasion. Mangrove plants have special adaptability to the environment such as adaptation to low oxygen levels, high salinity and less stable soils. Indonesia has the largest mangrove ecosystem and the highest biodiversity in the world. This study aims to determine the index of diversity and structure of mangrove communities in Hutan Lindung Angke-Kapuk (HLAK) and Taman Wisata Angke (TWA) Angke-Kapuk which is divided into 11 points. The research was carried out on November 15 to 30, 2021 using purposive sampling techniques based on the representation element, which took 5% of the total area and the shape of a square plot with a size of 50x50 meters. The results showed that 11 family, 12 genus and 15 species of mangroves were found, the type was divided into 8 species of true mangroves and 7 species of mangroves followed. The extinction rate of mangrove species in HLAK and TWA Angke-Kapuk amounted to 1.25. The level of type similarity between research points in the HL Angke-Kapuk and TWA Angke Kapuk areas in 2020 and 2021, showed a slight change in the level of type similarity at each point. The dominant type of seedling and sapling tree level is the Avicennia marina type. Mangrove diversity index (H’) in the area of HLAK and TWA Angke Kapuk is 1.6.

Mangroves and their Associates in Metal-Rich Soils in Candelaria, Zambales Province, Philippines

The Philippines, an archipelagic nation in Southeast Asia, has a coastline of over 18,000 km. and hosts at least 50 % of the world’s 65 mangrove species. Mangrove ecosystems are vital in mitigating heavy metal pollution; however, their resilience is compromised in environments with excessive heavy metal contamination. The diversity of true mangrove species and their associates in San Vicente River, Candelaria, Zambales, Philippines was determined. With respect to the physico-chemical composition of the water and sediments. Twenty species of true mangroves were recorded belonging to 11 different families indicating moderate diversity, and 11 mangrove-associated species observed from 10 families. Acanthus ebracteatus was the most abundant species, while Osbornia octodonta was the rarest, found only in Station 1 with only 2 individuals. Sediment samples showed heavy metal concentrations exceeding limits for chromium, iron, nickel and copper. The study highlights the impact of heavy metal contamination on mangrove diversity and soil health, disseminating conservation and remediation efforts for mangrove ecosystem in polluted environments.

Mangrove Diversity as An Indicator of Ecosystem Health on Ambon Island, Indonesia

The research aims to determine the species richness, diversity and distribution of mangrove populations in forest areas, which is one of the parameters of forest health in the Passo Village’s mangrove forest. It was conducted from July to August 2023 on Ambon Island using the Forest Health Monitoring Field Methods Guide. The research covered 2 hectares of mangrove forest with 3 clusters of 12 observation plots. It was found that seven species of mangroves were found in the area, namely Sonneratia alba, Rhizophorastylosa, Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, Bruguiera gymnorrhyza and Bruguiera parviflora. Cluster 1 had 260 trees. Cluster 2 had 321 trees, and Cluster 3 had 193 trees. The highest value of mangrove species richness was at the sapling level of 1,003. Meanwhile, the species diversity was classified as low at only 0.701 at the seedling level. The highest density of the Sonneratia alba species was 4,290, the species dominance of the Sonneratia alba was 22,240, and the highest importance index occupied by the Sonneratia alba was 160.95. Considering the low level of mangrove forest biodiversity on Ambon Island, rehabilitation and reforestation efforts are needed to maintain the quality and health of the ecosystem, especially in facing the impact of climate change on small islands.

PENGELOLAAN VEGETASI DI KAWASAN EKOWISATA MANGROVE PERANCAK, JEMBRANA

Perancak mangrove forest is one of the important supporters for mangrove ecotourism in perancak as an ecosystem that functions ecologically, economically and socially as an effort to preserve the beach in a sustainable manner. This research aims to determine the level of diversity of mangrove vegetation types in the perancak coastal area and conduct mangrove management efforts through vegetation analysis and soil analysis. Sampling carriedout on true mangroves and associated mangroves using purposive sampling technique. The method of flora sampling was carried out by quadrant method by calculating the important value index, diversity index and type distribution pattern. True mangroves consist of 13 species and 1367 individuals, dominated by rhyzophora stylosa, with a total importance index (indeks nilai penting)= 299.86 % (classified as sestable), diversity index 1.1192 and distribution pattern = 0.548 (vegetation is stable and uniform). Associate mangroves consists of 13 types and 649 individuals, dominated by the type Terminalia cattapa. Important index =297.892 %, diversity index = 0.9438 and type distribution pattern = 0.73 i.e vegetation that grows is classified as uniform. Analysis results for the 5 soil samples for total n, p and k elements available and organic c, all support mangrove growth. the development of true mangroves and associations is the main supporting factor for the development of tourism areas in the perancak jembrana ecotourism area which is now developing into a beach park developed by the people of Perancak village. Keywords: Perancak; Mangrove Diversity; Management; Soil Analysis

Floristic diversity of mangroves and mangrove associate species of Kali River Estuary, Karwar, Karnataka, India

This study assessed the mangrove flora of the Kali River estuary, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. Fourteen true mangrove species belonging to eight families and 11 genera were documented from four locations: Devbagh, Mavinhole, Kalimatha Island, and Halgejoog. The mangrove species show a discontinuous distribution pattern in the Kali River estuary. The highest IVI in true mangroves was recorded for Avicennia officinalis at Devbagh, Acanthus ilicifolius at Mavinhole, Sonneratia caseolaris (after Oryza coarctata) at Kalimatha Island, and S. caseolaris (after Derris trifoliata) at Halgejoog. Of the four sites, Devbagh has the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and with regard to species composition, Devbagh and Kalimatha Island are the most similar sites. Kalimatha island has the most well-preserved mangrove community.

Floristic diversity of Naungan mangrove ecosystem in Ormoc, the largest port city in Leyte, Philippines

Abstract. Pasa AE, Solano VJD, Figueroa SMS, Valenzona EO, Buhay AFV, Buot Jr IE. 2024. Floristic diversity of Naungan mangrove ecosystem in Ormoc, the largest port city in Leyte, Philippines. Biodiversitas 25: 2093-2103. Assessing the floristic diversity of the Naungan mangrove ecosystem in Ormoc, the largest port city in Leyte and a highly susceptible area to geologic and natural hazards, extreme weather events and human disturbances, is vital to determine available resources and ecosystem services for communities. This study aimed to evaluate the present state of the mangrove ecosystem in Naungan by analyzing its floristic diversity, composition, and structural characteristics. A total of 55 nested quadrats were established as observation points, measuring 10 m x 10 m and 5 m x 5 m to document the upper canopy and understorey vegetation, respectively. Mangroves with a diameter of 10 cm and above were recorded for the upper canopy while plants with diameter below 10 cm were recorded for the understorey. Results showed that the upper canopy vegetation has a total of 331 individuals of which are 10 tree species belonging to 8 families while the understorey canopy has a total of 1,310 individuals of which are 23 species belonging to 15 families. The diversity of upper canopy vegetation, as measured by the Shannon index, is notably low at 1.492. Similarly, the understorey diversity, with a value of 2.198, falls into the low category. When considering the combined diversity of both upper and lower canopies, the overall score remains low at 2.176. Avicennia marina is the most dominant upperstorey species with a relative abundance of 0.39275 followed by Sonneratia alba with 0.27492 and Avicennia officinalis with 0.16012. The understorey is also dominated by Avicennia marina with a relative abundance of 0.352672 followed by Nypa fruticans with 0.118321 and Rhizophora apiculata with 0.10229. Aegiceras floridum and Ceriops decandra are “nearly threatened” while the other species are under the “least concern” category. The area is managed by a people’s organization but threats such as fishpond establishment, road construction, and subsistence farming remain and are expected to affect mangrove diversity and ecosystem services. A mangrove ecosystem conservation framework is proposed, incorporating the importance of policy intervention and local participation in realizing sustainable mangrove ecosystems and stable provisions of the ecosystem services.

Distribution and diversity studies of endophytic and rhizospheric fungi associated with the mangrove, Acanthus ilicifolius, using amplicon sequencing-based metagenomic approach

Fungal endophytes exhibit a broad diversity and are found universally associated with all plant species, playing a vital role in enhancing the host plant's resilience against both biotic and abiotic stressors. In this investigation conducted in Mumbai, India, the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform was employed to study the endophytic fungal diversity of the common mangrove, Acanthus ilicifolius and its rhizosphere utilizing the amplification of the fungal ribosomal ITS2 region. The results revealed the creation of 307 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from a total of 663,600 sequencing reads, clustered at a 97 percent similarity level. Evaluation using Simpson and Shannon indices indicated that the highest community diversity was observed in stem tissue compared to root and leaf samples. The total OTUs were categorized into five phyla, 41 orders, 89 families, and 133 genera, with Ascomycota being the predominant phylum at 76.9% relative abundance, followed by Basidiomycota at 22.87%. The most abundant genera in the soil were Malassezia (35%) and Aspergillus (29.5%), while Vishniacozyma (61%) dominated in leaf samples. Unlike stem and root, no single genus dominated these tissues. The findings demonstrated significant distinctions between the fungal endophytic communities in plant tissues and the fungal microbiome in the soil. Notably, the endophyte fungi community in roots exhibited a closer resemblance to stem samples than to leaf samples. FunGuild analysis also revealed characteristic communities in different samples indicating specific functions of these genera. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the intricate composition of endophytic fungi within the tissues of A. ilicifolius and its rhizosphere.

Assessing the mangrove community structure and aquatic environmental factors of the mangrove ecosystem in Jangkaran Village

Coastal areas have the potential for damage caused by abrasion, strong winds, and tsunamis. Seeing the high potential for damage that might occur, the appropriate approach is to conserve mangrove forests, one of which is found in Jangkaran Village, Temon District, Kulon Progo Regency. This study aims to identify mangrove community structure and aquatic environmental factors in Jangkaran Village. Mangrove community structure was analyzed using the importance value index and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Aquatic environmental factors were analyzed using temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity parameters. Data collection was carried out in three locations in Jangkaran Village. Mangrove vegetation data were taken from each transect using the 10 m x 10 m quadrat transect method. Data on aquatic environmental factors were taken directly at the location using a refractometer, DO meter, and pH meter. The results of this study are species with the highest importance index value in location 1, namely Rhizophora apiculata (117.094%), location 2, Avicennia marina (207.203%), and location 3, Avicennia marina (97.0362%). Shannon Wiener diversity indexes in the three locations are 0.6943, 0.4056, and 0.6841. The results of measurements of aquatic environmental factors are temperature 25.7-30.3 °C; pH 7.2-7.7; salinity 25-34; and dissolved oxygen 6.5-6.7. Thus mangrove diversity in Jangkaran village is included in the low category and the aquatic environmental factors is favorable for mangrove growth so that the mangrove ecosystem can be further developed.

Evaluation of Mangrove Ecosystem Quality in Bawean Island, East Java Using Phytoplankton as Bioindicators

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research Highlights from this results research: Restoration is a method to restore degraded mangrove ecosystems The success of restoration is measured by improvements in ecosystem services such as water quality, mangrove diversity, phytoplankton community structure and diversity Phytoplankton as bioindicator of water quality Anthropogenic activities are the main factor causing degradation of mangrove ecosystems Abstract The mangrove ecosystems in Bawean Island are degraded due to anthropogenic activities and land conversion. Plantation has carried out periodic which was continued in several mangrove ecosystems. This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical water quality of several mangrove ecosystems in Bawean Island, and phytoplankton as bioindicators. The evaluation of mangroves in Bawean Island was carried out at 11 locations based on different naturalness and human activities surrounding. The physical and chemical parameters of water observed were air temperature, water temperature, pH, TSS, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, conductivity, nitrate, and orthophosphate. Community structure and plankton diversity measured include the Importance Value Index (IVI), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (Id), evenness index (E), trophic diatom index (TDI), and pollution tolerant value (% PTV). The physical parameters of water chemistry show that it meets the quality standards based on Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 except for nitrate and orthophosphate, but it is still under plankton tolerant. A total of 63 species from 7 phytoplankton classes were found based on the importance value index. Based on the TDI index, mangrove ecosystems Sawahmulya, Sidogedungbatu, Hijau Daun, Pamona, Pasir Putih, Sungai Rujing, Bangsal, Jherat Lanjheng, and Lebak were classified as eutrophic while Pulau Cina and Dekatagung were hyper-eutrophic. Based on %PTV, the Hijau Daun mangrove is the best mangrove ecosystem while other mangroves were classified as moderate and heavily level polluted.

Genetic Diversity of Mangrove and Nypa Palm Species in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Mangroves and nypa palm are two dominant coastal vegetation in the Niger delta that are sources of numerous ecosystem services. We thus hypothesized that both species are monophyletic, which means they are identical by descent. We began the study by randomly collecting fresh leave samples of nypa palm in a mixed forest comprising nypa palm and mangrove at a coastal community called Eagle Island. We put the leaves samples in zip lock bags containing silica gel crystals and transported them to the laboratory, where the DNA of the leaves was extracted. A quick-DNA plant/seed miniprep kit (Zymo-research Lab, California, USA). A total of six primer pairs were used for the amplification, namely: three microsatellite markers and three universal primers. Fragments of the samples were sequenced using the Ninagen, Brilliant DyeTM Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit V3.1 BRD3-100/1000. All three samples of the nypa palm were amplified, and the BLAST prediction tool was used to produce the new species. Our results show that out of the three samples sequenced (NI, N2, and N3), the N1 sample was identified as Nypa fruticans with 100% identity (Accession Number is KT312925.1), while the others were the new strains identified in the study namely N2 identified as Astrocaryum aculeatum with 98.95% identity (Accession Number is NC 044482.1) and N3 identified as Astrocaryum aculeatum with 99.21% (Accession Number is 044482.1).

The Development of Popular Scientific Book Mangrove Diversity Base on Contextual Learning Material of Biodiversity in Senior High School

The biology of learning closely related to human life, so that in the learning process process can be implemented in the natural environment, in other words learning not only predicated on the provided text books in school but can also utilize the surrounding environment as a learning resource. Learning that so called contextual learning. One of the environment that can be used as a source for learning is the mangrove. Therefore, the need for innovation learning resource utilization is around students who could potentially be used as an ingredient for the manufacture of learning media for students. In addition to the availability of the media has not discussed the specifics about the mangrove. The media is a popular scientific book on Mangrove Diversity which discusses mangrove diversity that is clearly packaged in an interesting way to overcome the limitations of space and time. This popular scientific book developed to help students better understand about the diversity of mangroves around its environment. This type of research is research development using development model ADDIE. ADDIE development model consists of several stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subject of the tests in this study consisted of 2 biology teachers and 8 students of class X SMA Maqwa and 2 biology teachers of SMA Maqwa. Data collection instrument on this research is questionnaire. Shape data obtained quantitative data and qualitative data. The results of the validation by an expert of the material retrieved percentage 78.7% with the "good" category and the results of the validation by an expert media obtained the percentage of 91% with the category "very good". Furthermore, the test by the teacher obtained percentage 84.58% by category "very good" and small group trials obtained percentage 81.76 % by category "very good". Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the media of popular scientific books learning diversity of mangrove is worth is used in the process of learning both in schools as well as self learning. This media can be used as an alternative media learning material on biodiversity.

Integration of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) Index and Biophysical Assessment for Sustainable Ecotourism Mangrove: A Case Study of Karangsong, Indonesia

Marine ecotourism is one of the pivotal sectors that supports the sustainability of marine ecosystems and elevates the socioeconomic status of the country. Karangsong is located on the northern side of the Indramayu districts, covering approximately 25 hectares of mangrove. The significant number of tourists visiting sites of mangrove ecotourism in Indonesia contributed to the tourist intentions associated with the diversity of mangrove and management strategies. How the community-based tourism (CBT) index aligns with biophysical assessment is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the interconnectedness between the community-based tourism (CBT) index and biophysical assessment to measure the ratio number of tourists using the carrying capacity and sustainability index in Karangsong. A potential new suitability index for mangrove tourism was created. The various factors such as the mangrove ecosystem, substrate, and suitability that impacted the development of mangrove tourism were quantitatively analyzed. Our study identified that the majority of mangrove ecotourism sites in Karangsong Indramayu Regency consist of rich diverse mangrove species. The biophysical characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem were assessed with a suitability index of 83.7%. Our results indicated that the operations of mangrove tourism in the Karangsong region are well-managed and maintained. The region has a carrying capacity of 803 people/day, which refers to the maximum number of individuals for this area. This finding provides a more detailed understanding of the contribution of the new sustainability index of mangrove tourism and community-based tourism (CBT) approach assessing the potential development and challenges in the management of mangrove forests ecotourism.

Analysis of Mangrove Density using NDVI and Macrobenthos Diversity in Ampekale Tourism Village South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The mangrove ecosystem faces significant challenges, as its quality and quantity are threatened with decline. This study aimed to analyze the mangrove density and macrobenthos diversity in the Ampekale Ecotourism Village, Indonesia. This research utilizes remote sensing image analysis through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method. Complementary ground-check surveys were conducted to ascertain the density and diversity of mangrove and macrobenthos species. The overall mangrove density in the Ampekale area was relatively high, with some areas displaying moderate density. The sequence of mangrove species, from most common to least common, includes Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, and Acanthus ilicifolius. The most prevalent macrobenthos belong to the Crustacea class, such as Uca sp., Sesarma, Metaplax sp., and Scylla serrata. Moreover, the most diverse macrobenthos belong to the Gastropods class. The distribution of this biodiversity depends on their location (coastal or inland), tidal fluctuations, and river estuaries. Mangrove ecosystems situated in estuaries with high densities exhibited elevated macrobenthos abundance. This correlation suggests that areas characterized by dense mangroves also harbor stable ecosystem conditions with abundant macrobenthos. In contrast, ecosystems featuring lower biodiversity demonstrated reduced stability. These findings contribute valuable insights into the conservation and sustainability of mangrove ecosystems. Keywords: ecotourism, macrobenthos, mangrove density, mangrove ecosystem, NDVI

Preliminary Study on Floral Distribution, Abundance and Diversity of Mangroves in Vankalai, North-west Coast of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka harbors a remarkable amount of mangrove habitats. Northern Province shares about 16% of the total mangrove extent of the country. Vankalai consists of several ecosystems which range from arid-zone thorn scrubland, arid-zone pastures and maritime grasslands, sand dunes, mangroves, salt marshes, lagoons, tidal flats, sea-grass beds and shallow marine areas. Due to the integrated nature of shallow wetland and terrestrial coastal habitats, this sanctuary is highly productive, supporting high ecosystem and species diversity. The research was aimed to identify the distribution, abundance and diversity of mangroves in Vankalai of the Northern Province, Sri Lanka. Ten 25m wide belt transects with 10m intervals were randomly arranged in the small patch of mangrove vegetation perpendicular to the 350m of shoreline across the water-land gradient. Each transect was divided into five 5mx5m subplots for convenience of sampling. True mangrove species in each transect were identified and counted. The quantitative data has been used to compute the Shannon diversity index (H), Simpson Index (D) and Shannon Evenness (E), which were used to compare the diversity of the study sites. Ten different mangrove species including Avicennia marina (n=115), Avicennia officinalis (n=73), Rhizophora apiculate (n=33), Rhizophora mucronata (n=102), Sonneratia alba (n=3), Pemphis acidula (n=4), Excoecaria agallocha (n=40), Lumnitzera racemose (n=91), Bruguiera cylindrical (n=97), Ceriops tagal (n=31) were identified and they were belonging to five families; Avicenniaceae (n=2), Rhizophoraceae (n=5), Lythraceae (n=1), Euphorbiaceae (n=1) and Combretaceae (n=1). Further, based on the IUCN status, two mangrove species (Sonneratia alba and Bruguiera cylindrical) were identified as endangered species. The highest Shannon diversity index (H=2.21) and the lowest Simpson index value (D=0.14) were observed in the transects of point 1 due to minimal disturbances. The least Shannon diversity index and evenness were recorded in the point 5 as 1.65 and 0.85 respectively at the point 5 since fishing and tourism activities take place in the proximity of this place. The Shannon diversity index varied at the points of 1 (H=2.21)>2 (H=2.10)>3 (H=1.89)>4 (H=1.84)>5 (H=1.65) whereas Simpson index value were varied at the points of 1 (D=0.14)<2 (D=0.17)<3,4 (D=0.18)<5 (D=0.19) respectively. Pollution and human interaction would have degraded the environmental quality of the mangrove habitats. Based on the observations it was found that the extent of disturbances was minimum at the points of 1 and 2 whereas anthropogenic influence was increased at the points of 3<4<5 respectively. Further, use of mangrove poles and sticks to build fish baits and fishing rods by the anglers could possibly destroy these small patches of mangroves. Hence, actions should be taken for conservation of existing patch and replenishment of new mangroves. 
 Keywords: Mangroves, Diversity, Shannon Diversity Index (H), Simpson Index (D) and Shannon Evenness (E)

MangroveSeg: Deep-Supervision-Guided Feature Aggregation Network for Mangrove Detection and Segmentation in Satellite Images

Mangrove forests are significant participants in coastal ecological environment systems. For the development of protection strategies, it is crucial to automatically and accurately detect the distribution and area of mangroves using satellite images. Although many deep-learning-based mangrove detection and segmentation algorithms have made notable progress, the complex regional structures and the great similarity between mangroves and the surrounding environment, as well as the diversity of mangroves, render the task still challenging. To cover these issues, we propose a novel deep-supervision-guided feature aggregation network for mangrove detection and segmentation called MangroveSeg, which is based on a U-shaped structure with ResNet, combining an attention mechanism and a multi-scale feature extraction framework. We also consider the detection and segmentation of mangroves as camouflage detection problems for the improvement and enhancement of accuracy. To determine more information from extracted feature maps in a hidden layer, a deep supervision model is introduced in up-sampling to enhance feature representation. The spatial attention mechanism with attention gates is utilized to highlight significant regions and suppress task-independent feature responses. The feature fusion module can obtain multi-scale information by binding each layer to the underlying information and update feature mappings. We validated our framework for mangrove detection and segmentation using a satellite image dataset, which includes 4000 images comprising 256 × 256 pixels; we used 3002 for training and 998 for testing. The satellite images dataset was obtained from the Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve located in Haikou City, Hainan Province, China. The proposed method achieved a 89.58% overall accuracy, 89.02% precision, and 80.7% mIoU. We also used the trained MangroveSeg model to detect mangroves on satellite images from other regions. We evaluated the statistical square measure of some mangrove areas and found that the evaluation accuracy can reach 96% using MangroveSeg. The proposed MangroveSeg model can automatically and accurately detect the distribution and area of mangroves from satellite images, which provides a method for monitoring the ecological environment.

Mangrove Plant Community Structure, Sungai Apung Village, Tanjung Balai Sub-District, Asahan District, North Sumatra Province

Mangroves are a type of vegetation found in tropical coastal areas. In general, mangrove vegetation thrives in sloping coastal areas or near river estuaries and beaches that are protected from waves. The physical function of mangrove forests is to keep the coastline stable, protect the coast from erosion, reduce storms and waves, and catch sediment, while the biological function of mangroves is as a spawning place or residence, shelter for shrimp, crabs, shellfish, and other animals. Research on Mangrove Plant Community Structure in the Kwala Indah Village Area was carried out in August–November 2023 with the aim of determining mangrove types, mangrove diversity and uniformity, dominance, the Important Value Index (INP), and mangrove canopy cover in Singai Apung Village. The method used to observe the community structure of mangrove plants is to use the quadrant transect method by analyzing species density, relative density, species frequency, relative frequency, species dominance, relative dominance, and important value index at the tree level. , saplings and seedlings, as well as canopy cover. Based on the research results, 10 species were found, namely Avicennia alba, Avicennia lanata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera sexangula, Excoearia agallocha, Lumnitzera littorea, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum. Rhizopora mucronata, which has INP, diversity in the medium category, and uniformity in the high category, has the highest dominance in Rhizophora mucronata. Canopy cover is in the dense category.

Mangrove Plant Community Structure of Kwala Indah Village, Batu Bara Regency

Coastal areas are transitional areas between land and marine ecosystems that have high biological productivity. Mangroves are a type of plant that grows in coastal areas or river estuaries and has an ecological function by acting as the last defense against sea waves after coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, as sediment traps, as a place to find fish food, as a fish spawning ground, as a shelter, and as a place for fish farming. Mangrove Plant Community Structure Research in the Kwala Indah Village Area was conducted in August–October 2023 with the aim of knowing the types of mangroves, mangrove diversity and uniformity, dominance, Important Value Index (INP), and mangrove crown cover in Kwala Indah Village. The method used in the observation of mangrove plant community structure is to use the quadrant transect method by analyzing species density, relative density, species frequency, relative frequency, species dominance, relative dominance, and important value index at the tree, sapling, and seedling levels, as well as crown cover. Based on the results of the study, 7 species were found, namely Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus mekongensis, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Soneratia alba, Bruguiera parviflora, and Excoecaria agallocha. Xylocarpus and Rhizopora have the highest INP, diversity, uniformity, and dominance. Canopy cover is in the medium category; coastal areas are transitional areas between terrestrial and marine ecosystems that have high biodiversity values.

Diversity and abundance of mud crabs (Scylla spp.) living in mangrove forest ecosystems on Serangan Island, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Swasta IBJ, Murni IAAD, Amelia JM. 2023. Diversity and abundance of mud crabs (Scylla spp.) living in mangrove forest ecosystems on Serangan Island, Bali. Biodiversitas 24: 5664-5670. The mangrove forest ecosystem on Serangan Island contains dozens of types of aquatic fauna, including mud crabs from the Scylla genus (Scylla spp). The objectives of this study were to obtain the variety and abundance of mud crabs and to determine the variety and abundance of mangroves on Serangan Island after the reclamation. This study's results are expected to make all parties aware of the ecological impact of reclamation activities on the coast. Data on mangrove diversity was collected through observation during a field survey. At the same time, samples of mud crabs were caught randomly using traps (rakang) of as many as 20 units set proportionally around Serangan Island. The fishing gear (rakang) is placed in the afternoon at 18.00, then taken in the morning at 06.00 to see the trapped mud crabs. The data on the diversity and abundance of mud crabs were processed to obtain a diversity index using the diversity index formula (H') from Shannon Wiener and quantitative and qualitative descriptive. The results showed that there are three types of mud crabs around Serangan Island, namely Scylla serrata (47.8%), Scylla olivacea (30.4%), and Scylla tranquebarica (21.8%) with a diversity index (H' ) of mud crabs was 1,047. Scylla serrata has the highest prevalence of 35%, followed by Scylla olivacea (25%) and Scylla tranquebarica (10%). The mangrove community on Serangan Island consists of 6 species, namely Rhizophora apiculate, Rhizophora stylosa, Ceriop tagal, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia lanata, and Brugierra gymnorhiza.