Diverse Behaviors Research Articles

Comparative approaches to the neurobiology of avian vocal learning.

Comparative approaches to the neurobiology of avian vocal learning.

Adsorption behavior of crude oil hydrocarbons on polyethylene microplastics in batch experiments.

Adsorption behavior of crude oil hydrocarbons on polyethylene microplastics in batch experiments.

Research-based persona narratives for targeted health interventions in the elderly population: a narrative review

Abstract As global populations age, designing healthcare interventions that effectively address the unique needs of elderly patients is increasingly crucial. Personas, fictional yet empirically grounded user archetypes, have emerged as a tool to bridge the gap between clinical objectives and patient experiences. These personas encapsulate diverse attributes, behaviors, and motivations within specific user groups, enabling healthcare providers to tailor interventions to better meet the needs of elderly populations. Despite growing interest in their use, no comprehensive review has yet examined the application and effectiveness of personas specifically within elderly-targeted healthcare interventions. This narrative review synthesizes current research on persona-based healthcare design, with a focus on interventions for elderly patients. Studies from key databases were analyzed to explore how personas are created, applied, and evaluated for their impact on patient outcomes. A significant finding of the review is the lack of standardized and validated frameworks for persona development, which complicates their practical application across diverse healthcare settings. While personas are effective in designing empathetic, user-centered interventions, the absence of consistent protocols hinders their broader adoption. This review proposes a framework to guide policymakers in developing scientifically grounded, validated guidelines for persona creation, ultimately enhancing healthcare outcomes for elderly patients.

Coding principles of dopaminergic transmission modes.

Dopaminergic neurons influence diverse behaviors with varied firing patterns, yet the precise mechanisms remain unclear. We introduce a multiplexed genetically encoded sensor-based imaging and voltammetry method to simultaneously record synaptic, perisynaptic, and extrasynaptic dopaminergic transmission at mouse central neurons. Using this method alongside a genetically encoded sensor-based image analysis program, we found that heterogeneous dopaminergic firing patterns create various transmission modes, encoding frequency, number, and synchrony of firing pulses using neurotransmitter quantity, releasing synapse count, and synaptic and/or volume transmission. Under both tonic and low-frequency phasic activities, transporters effectively reuptake dopamine at perisynaptic sites, confining dopamine within synaptic clefts to mediate synaptic transmission. In contrast, under high-frequency, particularly synchronized firing activity or transporter inhibition, released dopamine may overwhelm transporters, escaping from synaptic clefts via one to three outlet channels, triggering volume transmission. Our study illuminates a collaborative mechanism of synaptic enclosures, properties, and transporters that defines the coding principles of activity pattern-dependent dopaminergic transmission modes.

Pezizales in Israel: Molecular Phylogenetic and δ13Cδ15N Stable Isotope Data Reveal New Records and Potential Discrepancies in Their Trophic Ecology

The order Pezizales (Ascomycota) consists of cup and truffle fungi growing in a wide range of habitats and geographical zones worldwide, exhibiting diverse nutritional behaviors. In Israel, morphological studies have designated most Pezizales as saprotrophs. We re-screened Pezizales mushrooms collected in northern Israel between 2020–2022 using molecular tools based on DNA sequences of partial large subunit rRNA (28S), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and partial heat shock protein (Hsp90) regions, along with macro images of each freshly collected samples. Trophic mode was determined through available literature and δ13C and δ15N stable isotope analysis along with a quadratic discriminator analysis (QDA) model to predict trophic modes: 112 collections were positively identified with identification of 23 genera; 23 taxa were resolved to the species level, 11 to approximate species, and 15 to the genus level. Helvella was the most species-rich genus; 25 species and species approximations were newly reported for Israel. Further molecular phylogenetic studies are needed to resolve species identity of the Israeli Pezizales. Most Pezizales collections were determined by trophic mode studies to be ectomycorrhizal, with a few saprotrophs. The QDA model yielded several samples with undefined nutritional behavior or a different trophic mode than previously inferred, suggesting that more in-depth study is needed to understand their trophic ecology. This study improves knowledge regarding species diversity, ecology, and evolution of Israeli Pezizales.

Symmetry-Aware Sequential Recommendation with Dual-Domain Filtering Networks

The aim of sequential recommendation (SR) is to predict a user’s next interaction by analyzing their historical behavioral sequences. The proposed framework leverages the inherent symmetry in user behavior patterns, where temporal and spectral representations exhibit complementary structures that can be harmonized for robust recommendation. Conventional SR methods predominantly utilize implicit feedback (e.g., clicks and views) as model inputs, whereby observed interactions are treated as positive instances, while unobserved ones are considered negative samples. However, the inherent randomness and diversity in user behaviors inevitably introduce noise into such implicit feedback, potentially compromising the accuracy of recommendations. Recent studies have explored noise mitigation through two primary approaches: temporal-domain methods that reweight interactions to distill clean samples for comprehensive user preference modeling, and frequency-domain techniques that purify item embeddings to reduce the propagation of noise. While temporal approaches excel in sample refinement, frequency-based methods demonstrate superior capability in learning noise-resistant representations through spectral analysis. Motivated by the desire to synergize these complementary advantages, we propose SR-DFN, a novel framework that systematically addresses noise interference through coordinated time–frequency processing. Self-guided sample purification is implemented in the temporal domain of our architecture via adaptive interaction weighting, effectively distilling behaviorally significant patterns. The refined sequence is then transformed into the frequency domain, where learnable spectral filters operate to further attenuate residual noise components while preserving essential preference signals. Drawing on the convolution theorem’s revelation regarding frequency-domain operations capturing behavioral periodicity, we critically examine conventional position encoding schemes and propose an efficient parameterization strategy that eliminates redundant positional embeddings without compromising temporal awareness. Comprehensive experiments conducted on four real-world benchmark datasets demonstrate SR-DFN’s superior performance over state-of-the-art baselines, with ablation studies validating the effectiveness of our dual-domain denoising mechanism. Our findings suggest that coordinated time–frequency processing offers a principled solution for noise-resilient sequential recommendation while challenging conventional assumptions about positional encoding requirements in spectral-based approaches. The symmetry principles underlying our dual-domain approach demonstrate how the balanced processing of temporal and frequency domains can achieve superior noise resilience.

Beyond the turbine: Charting the ecological footprint trajectory of wind energy technology budgets

Amid the world's pursuit of environmental responsibility, strategic investments in wind energy technology reveal a powerful synergy, illuminating the path toward a greener and more sustainable future. This research explores the asymmetric association between wind energy technology budgets and ecological footprint in ten leading nations that invest the most in wind energy R&D ( USA, China, Italy, UK, Brazil, France, India, Spain, Canada, and Germany ). Prior investigations utilized panel data approaches to probe the wind energy technology-environment nexus without accounting for the specific qualities of various economies. Contrarily, the current research adopts the Quantile-on-Quantile methodology to appraise this relationship individually for every nation. This unique approach improves the exactness of our estimation, delivering a holistic global viewpoint while delivering customized perceptions for every particular economy. The annual data for the economies extends between 2000 and 2023. The findings indicate that dedicating resources to wind energy technology improves environmental quality by reducing the ecological footprint across several quantiles in selected counties. Furthermore, the findings highlight the diverse behaviors of these linkages in sample economies. These results underline the significance of policymakers performing exhaustive appraisals and executing efficient measures to allocate wind energy technology budgets for ecological sustainability. Highlights The study analyzes wind energy technology-ecological footprint nexus. A unique methodology, “Quantile-on-Quantile (QQ),” is used. Wind energy technology reduces ecological footprint.

CSSA-YOLO: Cross-Scale Spatiotemporal Attention Network for Fine-Grained Behavior Recognition in Classroom Environments.

Under a student-centered educational paradigm, project-based learning (PBL) assessment requires accurate identification of classroom behaviors to facilitate effective teaching evaluations and the implementation of personalized learning strategies. The increasing use of visual and multi-modal sensors in smart classrooms has made it possible to continuously capture rich behavioral data. However, challenges such as lighting variations, occlusions, and diverse behaviors complicate sensor-based behavior analysis. To address these issues, we introduce CSSA-YOLO, a novel detection network that incorporates cross-scale feature optimization. First, we establish a C2fs module that captures spatiotemporal dependencies in small-scale actions such as hand-raising through hierarchical window attention. Second, a Shuffle Attention mechanism is then integrated into the neck to suppress interference from complex backgrounds, thereby enhancing the model's ability to focus on relevant features. Finally, to further enhance the network's ability to detect small targets and complex boundary behaviors, we utilize the WIoU loss function, which dynamically weights gradients to optimize the localization accuracy of occluded targets. Experiments involving the SCB03-S dataset showed that CSSA-YOLO outperforms traditional methods, achieving an mAP50 of 76.0%, surpassing YOLOv8m by 1.2%, particularly in complex background and occlusion scenarios. Furthermore, it reaches 78.31 FPS, meeting the requirements for real-time application. This study offers a reliable solution for precise behavior recognition in classroom settings, supporting the development of intelligent education systems.

Nexus between corporate sustainability disclosures and tax avoidance: does gender quotas on board make any difference?

Abstract The rise in female participation has led to a positive shift towards gender diversity and inclusivity in significant leadership roles. This change is vital for creating more sustainable and ethical business practices like tax avoidance. Considering this context, this research investigates the impact of board gender quotas on the relationship between corporate sustainability disclosures (CSD) and tax avoidance in Malaysia. A two-step system GMM estimator tests the hypotheses on the data from the 100 listed Malaysian companies from 2017 to 2022. Results show that firms engaged in tax avoidance tend to have higher levels of CSD. However, the moderating effect of female directors indicates that greater gender diversity in boardrooms reduces the tax avoidance and improve CSD. This research offers empirical evidence from a developing nation, highlighting the role of gender diversity in corporate behaviour, and provides insights for policymakers to promote gender-diverse boards and improve corporate governance and sustainability.

Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Beyond Traditional Surgery and Targeted Therapy.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare subset of pancreatic neoplasms with diverse biological behavior and clinical presentations. Traditional treatment approaches, such as surgery and targeted therapies, have significantly improved outcomes. However, advancements in molecular biology, immunotherapy, and minimally invasive techniques have ushered in a new era of treatment possibilities. This manuscript explores the emerging modalities in PNET management, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach tailored to individual patient profiles.

Quasi‐Resonant Tunneling Transport in Magnetic CrBr3

AbstractTunneling techniques are pivotal for probing 2D magnetic materials. While the Fowler‐Nordheim model describes tunneling in bulk materials through bias‐induced triangular potentials, van der Waals layered systems require special consideration of interlayer gaps. The fundamental mechanisms of tunneling processes in van der Waals magnetic materials are delved into, with a specific emphasis on CrBr3. Layer‐resolved quasi‐resonant tunneling (QRT) mediated by ladder‐shaped barriers is revealed. QRT occurs because the outermost CrBr3 conduction band aligns with the Fermi level of the tunneling electrode under the bias voltage tilting, resulting in an increased tunneling probability and enhanced current. Two competing mechanisms driven by the magnetic field—the suppression of spin fluctuations leading to negative tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) and the spin‐flip‐induced elevation of the conduction band energy causing positive TMR—are identified to explain the diverse behaviors of tunneling magnetoresistance under different bias voltages and temperatures. The work establishes van der Waals heterostructures as distinct tunneling systems differing fundamentally from conventional bulk barriers, while introducing the QRT concept as a critical advancement in understanding electronic tunneling in layered materials.

SrTiO3 Cubes and Truncated Rhombic Dodecahedra Exhibiting Large Lattice and Piezoelectric Variations.

Recognizing the existence of notable X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak shifts between SrTiO3 cubes and {100}-truncated rhombic dodecahedra, their synchrotron XRD patterns were analyzed. Again significant peak shifts are present. Moreover, cubes give symmetric diffraction peaks, yet truncated rhombic dodecahedra exhibit peak splitting that can be deconvoluted into bulk and (110)- and (110)-related surface lattice components. Temperature-varying XRD measurements reveal different cell constant expansion and contraction behaviors for these two samples. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing of their high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images indicate a thinner surface layer lattice with considerable lattice point deviations for a truncated rhombic dodecahedron than that for a cube, explaining the observation of XRD peak splitting. The truncated rhombic dodecahedra also show much larger piezoelectric and ferroelectric responses than the cubes do. The diverse facet-dependent behaviors of SrTiO3 crystals are linked to their interior lattice variations.

CHARACTERIZING EJACULATORY PATTERNS AMONG MALES: INSIGHTS FROM LATENT PROFILE ANALYSIS

Abstract Objectives Ejaculatory disorders (EjD) are the most prevalent sexual concerns for men and cover a spectrum of issues, including premature, delayed, anhedonic ejaculation, and anejaculation, all of which impact a man’s sexual well-being and quality of life. Understanding specific ejaculatory patterns can aid in better diagnosing and managing these disorders. The present study aimed to identify distinct orgasmic profiles in a non-clinical sample of adult males by utilizing latent profile analysis (LPA). This approach allows for a nuanced classification of individuals based on their sexological outcomes, shedding light on diverse orgasmic behaviors that extend beyond traditional diagnostic categories. Methods A sample of 1364 Italian male adults, aged 18 to 65, participated in this study. They completed a comprehensive battery of questionnaires, including the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), and the Orgasmometer, designed to assess various aspects of sexual function and satisfaction. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to classify participants into distinct profiles based on four key variables: premature ejaculation (PEDT), intercourse satisfaction (IIEF), perceived orgasmic intensity (Orgasmometer), and ejaculatory frequency (self-reported). Predictors of latent profile membership were also explored to assess the psychometric features associated with each group. Results LPA revealed four distinct profiles: “Delayed” (N = 189, 13.9%), “Premature” (N = 105, 7.7%), “Normal” (N = 914, 67.0%), and “Anhedonic” (N = 156, 11.4%). The “Delayed” group displayed low frequency, low satisfaction, low PEDT, and medium orgasmic intensity. The “Premature” group showed high frequency, medium satisfaction, high PEDT, and medium intensity. The “Normal” group was characterized by high frequency, high satisfaction, low PEDT, and high intensity. Finally, the “Anhedonic” group exhibited high frequency, low satisfaction, low PEDT, and low orgasmic intensity. Conclusions Identifying and characterizing distinct ejaculatory profiles offers critical insights into the variability of orgasmic experiences in men. These findings highlight the complexity of EjD and suggest that future research should focus on developing more tailored diagnostic tools and interventions. Addressing the diversity of orgasmic and ejaculatory patterns can improve clinical approaches to EjD management. Conflicts of Interest None.

Suppression of Tin Oxidation via Sn→B Bonding Interactions for High-Resolution Lead-Free Perovskite Neuromorphic Imaging Sensors.

Lead-free tin-based perovskites, specifically (4-Cl-PEA)2SnI4, possess significant potential for the development of high-performance, robust neuromorphic imaging sensors, owing to their superior optoelectronic properties and compatibility with conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor fabrication techniques and silicon-based readout circuits. However, the excessive oxidation of Sn2+ remains a significant obstacle, leading to suboptimal synaptic performance and low resolution in the neuromorphic imaging sensors due to increased recombination losses and poor film uniformity. This study first demonstrates that the introduction of novel Sn→B donor-acceptor bonding interactions effectively suppresses Sn2+ oxidation, enhancing uniformity, reducing nonradiative recombination, and improving synaptic plasticity. A vertical optoelectronic synapse demonstrates diverse synaptic behaviors, attributed to hole trapping and detrapping at the device interface. Additionally, the device enables applications in associative learning, neuromorphic computation, letter encoding, and handwritten digit recognition. Ultimately, integration with silicon circuits results in a high-resolution (32 × 32) neuromorphic imaging array, one of the highest reported resolutions for perovskite optoelectronic synapse arrays. The improved uniformity of boric acid-added (4-Cl-PEA)2SnI4 perovskite films significantly reduces photo response non-uniformity, enhances resolution, and improves memory capabilities. This neuromorphic imaging array successfully integrates sensing, storage, and computation, enabling advanced functionalities like letter recognition, memory, and processing, surpassing conventional image sensors.

Non-stoichiometry Governs the Pathway from Amorphous to Crystalline Calcium Carbonate.

The controlled crystallization of calcium carbonate underlies the elaborate architectures of marine corals, the design of biomimetic materials, and the global carbon cycle. Despite its ubiquity, the chemical mechanisms that govern the crystallization of calcium carbonate from its amorphous precursor, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), remain elusive, largely due to the difficulty in resolving the structure and chemistry of this transient amorphous state. Here, we use time-lapse photography, image analysis, spatially resolved pH determination, in situ synchrotron pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to reveal pervasive compositional variability in ACC that underpins its metastability and crystallization. By evaluating the kinetics of the amorphous-to-crystalline transition across different solution chemistries, we demonstrate that ACC is non-stoichiometric and CO3-deficient. Counterions from the precursor (e.g., NO3- from Ca(NO3)2) substitute into the ACC network, displacing CO3 ions and mediating both ACC stability and transformation. Crystallization proceeds through refinement of the stoichiometry toward CaCO3 and uptake of free CO32- anions. These findings are consistent across a wide range of concentrations and different carbonate sources, explaining the diverse behaviors observed for ACC and providing a chemical framework for controlling calcium carbonate crystallization.

Nucleic acid nanobiosystems for cancer theranostics: an overview of emerging trends and challenges.

Different cancers remain major global health challenges due to their diverse biological behaviors and significant treatment hurdles. The aging of populations and lifestyle factors increase cancer occurrence and place increasing pressure on healthcare systems. Despite continuous advancements, many cancers remain fatal due to late-stage diagnosis, tumor heterogeneity, and drug resistance, thus necessitating urgent development of innovative treatment solutions. Therapeutic nucleic acids, a new class of biological drugs, offer a promising approach to overcoming these challenges. The recent Nucleic Acids and Nanobiosystems in Cancer Theranostics (NANCT) conference brought together internationally recognized experts from 15 countries to discuss cutting-edge research, spanning from oncolytic viruses to anticancer RNA nanoparticles and other emerging nanotechnologies. This review captures key insights and developments, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary translation of scientific advancements into clinical practice and shaping the future of personalized cancer treatments for improved therapeutic outcomes.

Enhanced Photoaging of Functionalized Nanoplastics by Cadmium Ions and Corresponding Diverse Transport Behaviors of Products in Porous Media: Mechanisms and Modeling.

The photoaging of nanoplastics (NPs) mediated by heavy metals and the transport mechanisms of the products have been widely overlooked. This study demonstrated that cadmium ion (Cd(II)) mediation accelerated the photoaging of polystyrene NPs (carboxyl-modified CNPs, amino-modified ANPs, sulfonate, and amino comodified SANPs) by generating more •OH and 1O2, thereby altering their physicochemical properties and consequent transport behavior. Kinetic attachment models and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory proved that the Cd(II)-mediated photoaging process had diverse effects on the transport and retention of surface-functionalized NPs in water-saturated sand media. In particular, Cd(II) mediation at 50 mg/L increased the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on aged CNPs, facilitating their transport by 20.3% with reduced k2 (0.036 vs 0.021) and increased φmax (74.804 KBT vs 85.127 KBT) values. Conversely, enhanced aged ANP agglomerates driven by amino-carboxyl electrostatic attraction had ripening adsorption on additional heterogeneous surfaces of sand. The presence of reinforced fragments of aged ANPs deposited on sand led to remarkable detachment. Aged SANPs retained their original mobility after Cd(II) mediation due to negligible changes in surface groups, whereas their retention associated with a higher k1d (0.347 vs 0.183) became more reversible to be flushed out by water. This study provided insights for evaluating cocontamination risks in watersheds and surrounding soils.

Nonlinear dynamics in international finance: evaluating real exchange rate behavior across 20 Eastern and Southeastern European economies

PurposeThis paper aims to enhance the understanding of international finance by analyzing the nonlinear dynamics of exchange rates through the lens of the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis. The study focuses on 20 Eastern and Southeastern European economies to explore the relationship between exchange rate movements and PPP within the context of international finance.Design/methodology/approachThis study begins with a comprehensive critical review of theoretical and empirical literature on exchange rate behavior in international finance. Recognizing the potential nonlinear dynamics of real exchange rates, the analysis employs various linearity tests, including those proposed by Teräsvirta et al. (1993), White (1989), Keenan (1985), Tsay (1986) and Brock et al.’s test (1996). To assess the PPP, the study investigates the stationarity of monthly real effective exchange rates using three categories of unit root tests: linear tests (ADF, PP), a unit root test with structural breaks (Lee and Strazicich, 2003) and a variety of nonlinear tests (Kapetanios et al., 2003; Kruse, 2011; Sollis, 2009; Hu and Chen, 2016). By combining traditional approaches with advanced methodologies, this framework provides a thorough and nuanced evaluation of PPP.FindingsThe results demonstrate that while nonlinear unit root tests provide stronger support for purchasing power parity in certain cases, the hypothesis does not hold uniformly across all the countries studied. This indicates varying levels of alignment with PPP, highlighting the complex dynamics of exchange rates in international finance. Consequently, the results reveal that many of the economies examined do not experience price convergence or align in terms of international competitiveness with their trade partners. These findings underscore the need for carefully designed and effective policies tailored to the specific economic contexts of each country.Originality/valueThis paper makes a significant contribution to the field of international finance by applying advanced nonlinear analysis techniques to examine exchange rate dynamics and the validity of PPP. The research provides new insights into the complexities of PPP and its broader implications for international finance. Furthermore, it scrutinizes the traditional theoretical and empirical models that form the basis of mainstream policy implications, raising concerns about their applicability in certain contexts. The paper delivers robust and comprehensive results, enhancing the understanding of PPP, particularly in economies with diverse exchange rate behaviors.

The Landmark Series: Surgical Management of Functioning and Non-Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are comparatively rare pancreatic malignancies that exhibit diverse biologic behavior, ranging from indolent tumors to widely metastatic cancers, with up to 15 % secreting hormones that cause symptoms. As a consequence, the management of PNETs is highly individualized and can include active surveillance of small (1-2cm) and very small (< 1cm) nonfunctioning tumors without worrisome features, parenchymal-sparing resection of appropriately located tumors, anatomic pancreatectomy and, in select cases, debulking of metastatic disease, particularly in the liver. This review synthesizes society recommendations and contemporary evidence guiding the surgical management of PNETs. Innovations in molecular profiling and systemic therapies hold promise to refine surgical algorithms for this heterogeneous tumor.

The presence of female legislators: fraud triangle elements and fraud

Purpose The main objective of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of fraud triangle elements in the relationship between the presence of female legislators and fraud. In addition, this study examines the impact of fraud triangle elements on fraud, as well as the role of female legislators in contributing to these elements. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducted the study in all Indonesian provincial governments between 2016 and 2018, using purposive sampling techniques and observation periods. This process yielded a total sample of 102 observations. This research uses factor analysis, principal component analysis, and mediating regression methods. Before carrying out factor analysis and PCA to reduce variables and mediation analysis, multivariate assumption tests have been carried out. Findings The results of this study indicate that the fraud triangle element does not have a mediating effect on the relationship between the presence of female legislators and fraud. On the contrary, the presence of female legislators has a direct effect on fraud, indicating that the presence of female legislators can provide variation in policymaking, especially in terms of improving performance, supervision, strengthening governance and preventing fraudulent activities. This study encourages fraud prevention efforts so that the Indonesian Government prioritizes strengthening ethical character among state administrators by considering the gender dimension accompanied by an in-depth evaluation of individual track records. Research limitations/implications This research has limitations in terms of sample size which needs to be expanded to district and city governments. Then, this research only uses fraud triangle theory and it can be developed to carry out investigations using fraud diamond theory. Practical implications This paper critically analyzes the existence of female legislators through an approach to controlling elements of the fraud triangle in preventing fraud, especially in Indonesia which is still faced with high levels of fraud. Social implications Characteristics or demographics represented by the presence of female legislators play an important role in preventing and reducing fraud in Regional Governments in Indonesia. The presence of female legislators provides diversity in behavior and taking action, especially in monitoring and ratifying budgets and regulations. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature by investigating the existence of female legislators in controlling fraud triangle elements and mitigating fraud, which are still unexplored, by combining gender factors in legislators and controlling fraud risk elements simultaneously within a single framework of the context of provincial government in Indonesia. Enhance understanding and provide a framework to inform the Indonesian Government’s strategies for mitigating fraud incidents.