Background: Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among men. Screening strategies aimed at reducing prostate cancer–related mortality have raised concerns about overdiagnosis—defined as the detection of cancers that would not cause symptoms or death during a patient’s lifetime—and subsequent overtreatment. This review systematically evaluates whether PSA-based screening primarily enables early detection or contributes to clinically relevant overdiagnosis. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, randomized controlled trials and cohort studies enrolling men aged ≥ 40 years without prior prostate cancer were included. Studies compared PSA-based screening with no screening or alternative strategies. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from 2015 onward. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB2 for randomized trials and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Primary outcomes included prostate cancer diagnosis, overdiagnosis, prostate cancer–specific mortality, and overall mortality. Results: Thirteen studies enrolling men aged 45–74 years, with follow-up ranging from 2 to 22 years and sample sizes from 4,276 to 415,357, were included. Biopsy-related complications were infrequent (≤2%), and MRI-guided biopsy was associated with fewer infectious complications compared with standard transrectal biopsy. Overdiagnosis estimates varied widely across studies; however, the pooled estimate was not statistically significant (RR 1.56 [95% CI 0.65–3.79]). PSA screening did not reduce overall mortality (RR 0.99 [95% CI 0.88–1.11]). Prostate cancer–specific mortality was modestly reduced, with pooled results borderline significant (IRR 0.87 [95% CI 0.76–1.00]). Substantial heterogeneity and risk of bias across studies limited the certainty and generalizability of pooled estimates. Conclusion: PSA-based screening is associated with a modest reduction in prostate cancer–specific mortality without an improvement in overall survival. Lower overdiagnosis rates observed in more recent, risk-adapted screening strategies highlight the importance of shared decision-making and support the integration of modern diagnostic tools to minimize harms. Further well-designed, representative trials are needed to define optimal screening pathways across diverse populations

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder that affects over 400 million people worldwide. The deficit causes individuals susceptible to hemolysis during oxidative stress. In newborns, G6PD deficiency can lead to hyperbilirubinemia, bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction, and kernicterus, making early detection and screening crucial. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of three rapid screening tests for G6PD deficiency in newborns: the fluorescent spot test (FST), G6PD rapid test kit, and SD Biosensor, using spectrophotometry as the gold standard. Materials and methods: Blood samples from 70 newborns were tested using these three methods. The diagnostic performances, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and efficiency of each method were analyzed. Results: Both the FST and G6PD rapid test kit exhibited higher specificity, PPV, and efficiency compared to the SD Biosensor. Nonetheless, the SD Biosensor exhibited superior sensitivity and NPV, but it was unable to identify G6PD activity in 16.4% of instances due to elevated hemoglobin concentrations. Conclusion: The FST and G6PD rapid test kit are reliable and suitable for G6PD deficiency screening in newborns, especially in settings with limited resources, due to their high efficiency, specificity, and rapid results. The SD Biosensor remains a valuable tool in clinical contexts requiring high sensitivity. For newborns with high hemoglobin levels, the FST or G6PD rapid test is recommended for accurate screening. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm the reliability of these tests in diverse populations.

ABSTRACT.Dementia cases are rising globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like those in Latin America.Objective:The aim of the study was to enhance diagnostic accuracy in diverse populations; modifications to brief cognitive tools may be necessary.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved 197 participants who underwent neurocognitive assessments with both the Peruvian version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS-PE) and a modified version of RUDAS-PE (mRUDAS-PE). Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and receiver-operator curves, were used to compare the diagnostic performance of the original and modified RUDAS.Results:The mRUDAS-PE showed improved performance in the visuospatial construction domain, with more participants achieving top scores, especially among controls and Alzheimer’s disease patients. The judgment domain also yielded higher scores for controls. Only the judgment domain modifications do not change the diagnostic accuracy.Conclusion:Judgment modifications could be considered to improve the diagnostic performance of RUDAS-PE. Further testing in populations with different educational levels from rural areas is needed to assess their broader impact.

Psychometric testing of two measures of vaccination attitudes among U.S. Latine respondents.

Millimeter-wave high frequency 5G (26GHz) electromagnetic fields do not modulate human brain electrical activity.

Smartphone-delivered ecological momentary interventions for disordered eating following intense shame experiences.

Protective predictors of cardiovascular disease: an explainable AI approach.

A scoping review of responsive caregiving in diverse populations and its association with child development.

Urinary PlGF at 28-32weeks of pregnancy as a predictor of small for gestational age infant and fetal growth restriction: a prospective observational study.

Predicting suicide attempts in early-onset major depressive disorder: A nomogram-based approach.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disease that impacts patients' physical and mental well-being and is frequently linked to concomitant depression. This study aimed to explore prevalence the co-occurrence of depression in T2DM patients and investigate the potential biomarkers involved in this comorbidity, particularly focusing on Claudin-5, Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and haptoglobin. This prospective case-control study was conducted at a single centre in New Delhi, India. A total of 200 participants (100 T2DM patients and 100 healthy controls) were recruited. Clinical assessments included anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, and depression assessment. Quality of life (QoL) was evaluated using the SF-36 Health Survey. Serum levels of biomarkers Claudin-5, IL-10, BDNF, and haptoglobin were measured using ELISA. Mild depression was more common in the T2DM group (57%) than in the healthy controls (p < 0.001). According to biochemical examination, the T2DM group had lower levels of BDNF and higher levels of haptoglobin, IL-10, and Claudin-5 (p < 0.001). In terms of overall health opinions, mental health, social functioning, and physical functioning, the T2DM group also reported noticeably lower QoL. Biomarkers such as Claudin-5, IL-10, BDNF, and haptoglobin were altered in T2DM patients compared to controls. These findings lay the groundwork for biomarker-guided, integrative therapeutic strategies aimed at concurrently addressing metabolic dysregulation and mental health deterioration in diabetic patients. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to delineate causal pathways and to evaluate the predictive value of these biomarkers in larger, diverse populations.

Substantial efforts have been made to categorize the diverse and broad population of individuals with primary hypertension into more defined, homogeneous subgroups according to their hormonal responses to biological stimuli, such as low-renin hypertension. This study aimed to explore the phenotype and prognosis of patients with untreated primary hypertension with high renin and aldosterone levels. In this study, we explored hypertensive phenotypes related to renin and aldosterone levels in untreated patients with primary hypertension (n=747). Patients were stratified into 4 groups on the basis of plasma renin activity (≥1.0 ng/mL/hr or <1.0 ng/mL/hr) and the plasma aldosterone concentration (≥15 ng/dL or <15 ng/dL).: high renin and aldosterone (n=172), low renin and high aldosterone (n=70), high renin and low aldosterone (n=308), and low renin and aldosterone (n=196). Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age (p<0.001), higher pulse rates (p=0.002), and greater nighttime systolic blood pressure (p=0.046) were independent predictors of high renin and aldosterone levels. Microalbuminuria (25.5%, p<0.001) and elevated uric acid levels (5.5±1.4 mg/dL, p=0.006) were also more prevalent in this group. These findings highlight the importance of stratifying hypertensive phenotypes to enable personalized treatment for primary hypertensives with elevated renin and aldosterone levels.

Patient-Resident Gender Concordance Influences Perceived Communication Quality in Orthopedic Care.

Student pharmacist accuracy and confidence in identifying dermatologic conditions in skin of color: a pilot study.

ECG interpretation for pre-participation screening in athletes.

In this study, we present evidence for the validity of a shortened form of the Quantitative Reasoning for College Science (QuaRCS) Assessment, a validated instrument assessing the numeracy and math-related affect of undergraduate students in general education/introductory science courses. Previously published analyses of QuaRCS data revealed that 1) roughly 30% of students found the assessment boring, leading to lower self-reported effort and 2) affective factors (e.g. numerical self-efficacy) were significant predictors of QuaRCS score. As a result, we reduced the length of the assessment from 25 to 15 quantitative items, and expanded the affective variable selection from three to eight to include math related anxiety, situational math affect, sense of belonging, growth mindset and metacognition. We administered the abbreviated assessment ("QuaRCS light") to roughly 15,000 students across 18 institutions and validated it with classical test theory and item response theory based methods. We found, despite a modest decrease in reliability, students' effort scores were significantly higher on QuaRCS light, justifying this tradeoff. In addition, we validated the new affective factors using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. When included in a linear regression model as predictors of QuaRCS score, these 8 factors explain 31% of the observed score variance, increasing to 49% when student confidence, effort, and calculator usage are included. Our findings emphasize the importance of affective factors in understanding and fostering numeracy, and this work informs the design of more holistic and effective assessments that are appropriate for assessing numeracy in diverse student populations.

Radiomics enhance the prediction of endovascular treatment success for femoropopliteal chronic total occlusions: a proof-of-concept study.

A strategic vision for global health: Innovative nursing education, leadership, and research.

A comprehensive mixed-methods usability evaluation of COVID-19 home test kits: focusing on effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction.

As populations age, promoting health span has become a public health priority. Occupational therapy is well positioned to contribute through health promotion and primary prevention, yet its effectiveness remains underexplored. To examine the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions in health promotion and primary prevention for adults, as measured by health-related outcomes such as occupational performance, quality of life (QoL), well-being, and participation. The PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Wiley Online Library databases were searched in February 2025. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines, eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions led by or aligned with occupational therapy in adult health promotion or primary prevention. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (2024) checklist. Data were narratively synthesized because of heterogeneity. Twelve RCTs (2020-2024) were included, covering diverse populations and settings. Interventions included workplace health promotion, home modifications, telerehabilitation, exergaming, and environmental or behavioral strategies. Positive effects were noted in fall reduction, coping, physical performance, and health-related QoL. Interventions rooted in occupational frameworks and delivered by trained occupational therapy practitioners showed greater effectiveness. Variability in intensity and delivery limited comparability. Occupational therapy interventions can support adult health promotion and disease prevention when contextual, person-centered, and occupation-based. Further research should address younger adults, leisure occupations, and intervention intensity. These findings support integrating occupational therapy into public health strategies to enhance health span and reduce reliance on reactive care. Plain-Language Summary: This review looked at how occupational therapy can help adults stay healthier longer through health promotion and disease prevention. We found 12 studies showing that occupational therapy programs-such as those focused on workplace wellness, home safety, or digital health-can improve things such as quality of life and physical ability. Programs led by trained occupational therapists and tailored to people's everyday lives worked better. More research is needed to learn how to reach younger adults and to understand what features make programs most effective. These findings show that occupational therapy can play a key role in public health and help people live healthier lives longer.