Districts Of Istanbul Research Articles

The effect of an Empowerment-Based Human Centered Educational Program on early weaning.

To determine the effects of an Empowerment-Based Human Centered Educational Program on early weaning. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) means that the infant receives only breast milk during the first six months of life. It is essential for the healthy growth of the infants and is supported by the main health organizations all around the world. Intervention studies performed within the antenatal period suggest that the education extends the duration of breastfeeding and increases the frequency of EBF. This is a semi-randomized control study. An interactive training module including role-plays which contain traditional patterns, short films, short presentations, and group practice with models was prepared. The participants were recruited in the study based on the voluntary participation of pregnant women followed up for antenatal care in a total of four family health centers in Pendik, a district of Istanbul. The pregnant women of one center formed the control group while others constituted the intervention group. All of them were certified as "Baby Friendly" institution. A pretest and a posttest have been performed to measure breastfeeding knowledge in the intervention group. The mothers of the intervention group have been randomized into two subgroups: one group for reminder call and the other for routine follow-up. All the participants including control group were called at the end of the postpartum sixth month to determine the rates of EBF. Statistically significant increase in the rates of EBF at the end of six months showed the effectiveness of the education module (42.9 versus 22.2%, P = 0.001). Supplementary food taking time was earlier in the control group (18.5 ± 8 versus 15 ± 9.5 week, P = 0.03). The main reason of early weaning reported by the mothers was "the insufficiency of the mother's milk." The group training and postnatal reminders were found to be more effective than the individual training provided at the baby-friendly health institutions in terms of the effectiveness on increasing the frequency of EBF.

Changing socio-spatialities in Kadiköy, Istanbul: A case study

This study aims to reveal the relationship between the social structure and urban pattern in a specified urban area by means of the socio-spatial dialectic. To understand the circumstances behind this dichotomy, analyses were conducted on two intertwined subjects - social structure and morphology - as part of a case study of the historical core of the Kad?k?y district in Istanbul, Turkey. Based on the findings, some inferences, depending on the predefined social and morphological components, are made about changing socio-spatialities in the given place by means of time-spacesociety relations. The results show that each socio-cultural group brought their own culture and adapted their physical environment according to their basic needs, and that culture has a restrictive and explanatory effect on the formation of space. In addition, population growth and the adaptive capacity of society to external forces demanding change in the urban space also turn out to unavoidably affect the development scheme of the morphological character of the area.

Problematic Internet Use in Turkish High School Students: Prevalence and Related Factors

Objectives: In this study, we sought to determine the prevalence of problematic Internet use (PIU) among high school students and identify demographic and socioeconomic factors related to PIU. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, we conducted this study between November 2017 and January 2018 of 1412 students attending high schools in the Silivri District of Istanbul in Turkey. We administered a questionnaire inquiring about sociodemographic information, Internet use, and Young's Internet Addiction Test to participating students. Results: Among participants, 18.5% (male = 17.2%; females = 19.8%) were found to show PIU. PIU rates were higher among those with a high household income and lower among those who studied in science high schools, performed physical activities at least 2 days a week, and read at least one book a month. PIU rates were also higher among those who had their own bedrooms, phones, smartphones, Internet connections at home, and social networking accounts. Conclusion: The prevalence of PIU among the participants was 18.5%. Female sex, high household income, low physical activity, grade level, school type, reading fewer than one book per month, and Internet use experience were risk factors for PIU. PIU is considered a significant public health concern across the world, including in Turkey.

The effect of project assignments for environmental problems on secondary school students’ environmental and media literacy levels

Bu çalışmada ortaokul öğrencileri tarafından yapılan çevre sorunları ile ilgili dijital içerikli proje ödevlerinin öğrencilerin çevre ve medya okuryazarlığı düzeylerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada tek gruplu ön test-son test deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim yılında İstanbul ili Küçükçekmece ilçesindeki bir ortaokulda öğrenim gören 77 yedinci sınıf öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Öğrenciler radyo programı hazırlama, ana haber sunumu hazırlama, uzaktan eğitim yapma, e-dergi ve e-gazete oluşturma, röportaj, belgesel çekimi gibi dijital teknolojilerin kullanıldığı farklı uygulamalar ile çevre sorunlarına yönelik bir proje ödevi hazırlamışlardır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak “Çevre Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği” ile “Medya Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi Belirleme Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Ölçekler 5’li Likert tipindedir. Çevre Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği 20 madde ve iki alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Medya Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi Belirleme Ölçeği ise 34 madde ve dört alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Veri analizinde IBM SPSS 25 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Çevre Okuryazarlığı Ölçeğinden elde edilen puanlar normal dağılım göstermediğinden Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar Testinden yararlanılmıştır. Medya Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi Belirleme Ölçeğinden elde edilen puanlar normal dağılım gösterdiğinden İlişkili Örneklemler için t-Testinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda dijital teknolojiler kullanılarak yapılan çevre sorunlarına ilişkin proje ödevleri ile öğrencilerin çevre ve medya okuryazarlığı düzeyleri arasında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak fen bilimleri dersinde dijital teknolojiler kullanılarak hazırlanan çevre sorunlarına yönelik proje ödevlerinin 7. sınıftaki öğrencilerin çevre ve medya okuryazarlığı düzeylerine anlamlı etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür.

Konuttan Müzeye Yapı-İşlev Uyumu: Beyoğlu Bölgesi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarihi konutların müze olarak işlevlendirilmesindeki uygunluk düzeyinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Konutların müzeye dönüştürülmesinde uğradığı müdahale şekli ve düzeyi çerçevesinde problem ele alınmıştır. Tarihi yapıların işlevlendirilmesinde mevcut yapının sahip olduğu değerlerin korunması ile yapının yeni işlevini karşılaması arasındaki dengenin kurulması önemli bir noktadır. Çalışmada, yeniden işlevlendirmede, konutlara yapılan müdahaleyi tespit etmek için görüşme, mekân analizi ve yerinde gözlem çalışması yapılmıştır. İstanbul’un Beyoğlu ilçesi içerisinde bulunan ve konuttan müzeye dönüştürülmüş Adam Mickiewichz, Masumiyet, Orhan Kemal ve Doğançay Müzeleri çalışma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Müze ev işlevinin konut yapılarının sürekliliği açısından uygun olduğu, sanat evi ve koleksiyon evi olarak kullanıldığı noktada mevcut yapıya müdahalelerin arttığı ve aslının daha az korunduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak tarihi yapının korunmasında bir yöntem olan yeniden işlevlendirmede mevcut konutun mekânsal boyutları ve birim sayısı dikkate alınarak işlev önerilmesi, müdahale düzeyini en aza indirmekte ve böylece mevcut daha iyi korunabilmektedir.

Prosedürel Adalet Algısı ve Örgütsel Özdeşleşme Arasındaki İlişki: Etik Liderliğin Aracılık Rolü (The Relationship Between the Perception of Procedural Fairness and the Organizational Identification: The Mediating Role of Ethical Leadership)

Purpose – The main purpose of this study is to determine the mediating role of ethical leadership practices in the relationship between teachers' perceptions of procedural justice and their organizational identification. Design/methodology/approach – The sample of the study consists of 721 teachers working in 417 public schools teaching in Kadikoy, Maltepe, Atasehir, and Uskudar districts of Istanbul. In this study, in which the random sampling method was used, the data were collected in the 2018-2019 academic year using a questionnaire containing the expressions of demographic characteristics, organizational justice perception (procedural justice perception), ethical leadership, and organizational identification scales. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS (YEM) package programs. In order to test the validity and reliability of the scales used in the study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed, respectively. The hypotheses determined in the study were tested with the correlation and structural equation model. Findings – In the findings obtained after the analysis, while the positive effect of procedural justice perception on ethical leadership and organizational identification was observed, similarly, it was determined that ethical leadership perception had a positive effect on organizational identification. It is also seen that ethical leadership has a fully mediating role in the relationship between procedural justice perception and organizational identification. Discussion – The most valuable capital an organization has is its employee. For this reason, what the procedures and practices within the organization are and how they are carried out are important for the welfare, peace and attitude and behavior towards the organization. Both the fairness of the functioning and the ethical behaviors of the managers are the antecedents for organizational identification, which is the bond that employees will establish with their organizations. For this reason, the managers of the organization should act systematically with a holistic perspective.

Tüketicilerin organik gıdalar hakkında bakış açılarının değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Bu çalışma bireylerin organik gıdalara karşı bilgi, bilinç düzeylerini değerlendirip; tüketiciye organik gıda seçimi ve tercihi konusunda yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Araştırma Şubat-Mayıs 2019 tarihleri arasında İstanbul ili Kadıköy ilçesi Kozyatağı, Erenköy, Caddebostan, Fikirtepe, Göztepe ve Koşuyolu semtlerinde halk pazarları ve marketlere gelen 18 yaş ve üzeri toplam 370 yetişkin erkek ve kadın bireyin organik gıdalara karşı bakış açılarını değerlendirmek amacı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılara araştırmacı tarafından anket uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmada kadın ve erkek bireylerin %84 ü şimdiye kadar organik gıda satın almıştır. Ek olarak bireylerin %89.3’ü organik gıdayı sağlıklı olduğu için tercih ettiklerini belirmiştir. Ancak bireylerin %95 i organik tarım logosu ve organik gıda hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada kişilerin organik gıdaların sağlığa olumlu etkilerinin olduğunu düşünme durumları ile eğitim durumları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık vardır. Her eğitim seviyesindeki katılımcı, organik gıdanın sağlığa etkisinin olumlu olduğunu büyük oranda düşünmektedirler. Ancak organik gıda tanımı ile bireylerin eğitim seviyesi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki yoktur. Sonuç: Tüketicilerin organik gıdalara bakış açıları değerlendirilirken bireylerin daha fazla bilgilendirilmeye ve yönlendirilmeye ihtiyacı vardır. Doğru bilgilendirme ve yönlendirme ile organik tarım güçlenecektir. Bunlara ek olarak doğa ve insan sağlığı korunacak, gelecek nesillere iyi bir dünya bırakılabilecektir.

Determination of Situations of Extra-curricular Practices Carried About Robotics, Coding and Electronics

In the study, it was aimed that the establishment of intramural and extracurricular practices carried regarding robotics, coding and electronics and the determination of teacher opinions on various subjects regarding robotics, coding and electronics. Within the context of this study, data was collected by teachers or administrators from 52 state schools in Avcılar district of Istanbul with the help of an online interview form. For examining the data collected in the study, descriptive analysis which is a kind of qualitative data analysis methods was used. Collected data was analysed in the frame of current situation determination, the determination of schools’ requirements, future plans of schools and the contribution of practices of robotics-coding and electronics into education. According to results of the study, it was determined that the use of practices of robotics, coding and electronics in intramural and extracurricular activities would provide a more effective learning environment for students and that it would contribute in a positive way to grow up individuals who use improving technology more effectively. In addition, common opinion of all schools that receive or want to receive education in these fields is that the practices of robotics and coding will make a positive contribution on students’ academic successes, attitudes and motivations.

Gaming Duration and Preferences: Relationships with Psychiatric Health, Gaming Addiction Scores and Academic Success in High School Students

Problematic gaming behavior is an important problem that may lead to a recently introduced psychiatric condition named internet gaming disorder (IGD). Gaming addiction has been reported to have major influence on the lives of adolescents and young adults affected by it. Our aim was to determine relationships between gaming-related parameters, academic success, levels of depression, anxiety and stress, and gaming addiction scores. We performed a cross-sectional study comprised of 499 non-senior high school students from the Bakırköy district of Istanbul. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured with the DASS-21, gaming addiction was measured via the IGDS9-SF. A single questionnaire form was prepared to record demographics, game play behavior and preferences, DASS-21 scores and IGDS9-SF scores. Girls comprised 80.2% (n=400) of the participants in this study. Eighty-eight (17.6%) students reported that they did not play games. There was a statistically significant worsening in IGDS9 scores and all subscales of the DASS-21 with increased game playing time. Gaming addiction score was higher in those that reported being academically unsuccessful. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the factors that increased IGDS9 scores were: time spent gaming, and preference of action, simulation or social media games. Whereas, smartphone gaming was found to be independently associated with lower IGDS9 scores. The association of higher IGDS9 scores with gaming time and preference of action, simulation and social media games, and lower scores with smartphone gaming are interesting results and may have implications in the approach to and treatment of those with IGD.

USING THE TOTAL EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS (T-EFA) AS A CALIBRATION TECHNIQUE FOR SLEUTH MODEL

Abstract. Developments in information technologies (IT) allow to modelling dynamic and complex form of cities and several studies have been implemented since 1990s. The cellular automata based urban growth simulation model, SLEUTH is the most well-known one among the simulation models. Calibration is the most important stage of the model created in three stages such as test, calibration, prediction. The more precise the calibration is completed, the more accurate the model generates. Several methods have been developed for the calibration step in which growth coefficients values are calculated by metrics. The study aims to investigate success of the Total Exploratory Factor Analysis (T-EFA) technique, which provides using the 13 metrics all together, in rapid grown settlement areas using high resolution data. In this context, the Sancaktepe district of Istanbul was selected as the study area and a simulation model was generated for the year 2050. The obtained results are promising to apply the T-EFA method in different studies.

USING GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN THE SMART CITIES

Abstract. The population of cities is increasing rapidly nowadays, and therefore, rational use of urban resources is required. With developing technology, the amount of data obtained from different sources also increases. This situation sometimes causes complex geographic decision problems in cities where many factors must be evaluated simultaneously. Difficulties in this decision-making process can be overcome by using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques. In this study, how the different MCDA techniques can be used in geographic-based problems and the most commonly used methods were examined in this context. The case applications on the adaptation of GIS-based MCDA techniques in smart cities were examined and explained. All of the examined case applications were carried out in the Pendik district of Istanbul. The subjects of the investigated case applications are, respectively, the evaluation of land suitability for determining urban development areas, producing a land value map for the management of the urban real estate, parking areas selection for sustainable urban transportation planning, and prioritizing suitable/alternative car parking areas. This study provides an effective implementation methodology for the hybrid use of GIS-based MCDA techniques within the scope of sustainable urban land management practices in smart cities.

Primary School Students' Attitudes towards Reading

The purpose of this study is to examine the level of primary school students' attitudes towards reading and whether they differ according to various variables. Descriptive scanning model was used in the research. The universe of the research consists of primary school students studying in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th grades in Istanbul. The sample of the study consists of 534 primary school students who study in 2, 3 and 4 classes in primary schools in Avcılar and Beylikdüzü districts of Istanbul. In the research, “Personal Information Form” and “Reading Attitude Scale” were used as data collection tools. SPSS was used in the analysis of the data. As a result of data analysis, it was observed that primary school students' attitudes towards reading were high. The attitudes of primary school students towards reading show a statistically significant difference in the total scores, in the reading for fun and in the academic reading sub-dimensions according to variables of gender, book-magazine reading status and state of enjoying the gift of books. The attitudes of female students, those who read books and magazines, and those who like to give books to them are higher. The attitudes of primary school students towards reading show a statistically significant difference according to the variable of buying book magazines to read in the sub-dimension of reading for entertainment and in the total scores. This difference is in favor of those who buy book and magazines to read. The attitudes of primary school students towards reading show a statistically significant difference in sub-dimension of reading for entertainment purposes according to the number of siblings. The attitudes of primary school students towards reading show a statistically significant difference in the total scores, in the reading for fun and in the academic reading sub-dimensions according to the variables of the class she studied and the number of books read per week. Primary school students' attitudes towards reading do not show a statistically significant difference according to variables.of mother and father educational status and favorite book type.

On how the ergodic assumption influences seismic risk

The Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation approach has been widely applied to the problem of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) for geographically distributed systems. Although the conventional integral approach is well-established in PSHA, the MC simulation approach is an efficient and flexible alternative when complicated factors, such as spatial correlation of ground shaking are involved. The objective of this study is to assess how the ergodic assumption influences the economic loss results for a region. To meet this objective, MC simulation and multi-scale random fields techniques are used to assess the probabilistic seismic hazard of a region, while incorporating estimated site-terms (δS2Ss) based on available strong-motion records at specific sites and spatially correlated δS2Ss at others in addition to single-station sigma to the PSHA process. The proposed method is applied to the Fatih district of Istanbul in the case of a moment magnitude 7.3 earthquake on the Marmara Fault. Results indicate that the probability for total economic loss being underestimated due to the ergodic assumption by at least 29% is 0.50 in the case of a moment magnitude 7.3 earthquake on the Marmara Fault.

Spatiotemporal relationship analysis of the 2019-nCoV patients hospitalized in Istanbul: A retrospective database analysis

Aim: The COVID-19 epidemic has reached every country in the world. Control strategies require effective tracing and isolation activities. Electronic mapping techniques are used in the visualization of spreading characteristics of COVID-19. The Geospatial Information System became an exceedingly popular open web tool to inform professionals and the public. These systems allow public health authorities to monitor the spreading characteristics and plan effective control strategies. The objective of this study was to identify the spatiotemporal mutual relationship of COVID19 patients living in two of the biggest districts of Istanbul (Kadikoy and Uskudar) who were admitted to the hospital. Methods: A total of 672 adult patients who were diagnosed with possible or confirmed COVID19 infection were included in the analysis. COVID19 diagnosis was confirmed either with positive RT-PCR test or radiographic chest imaging plus the presence of symptoms of the infection. Pearson correlation analysis and Moran’s correlation analysis were applied to the data set. Small pieces of regions [100,000 x 100,000] were set for the districts, and each event origin was fitted into the proper region using cartesian coordinate information. Getis-Ord hot spot analysis was performed to pinpoint the infections with higher concentration over time. Results: Pearson’s correlation revealed no significant results, while Moran’s analysis showed a significant correlation between distance and admission date [I: 0.64]. We identified at least 10 relevant hot spots in 3 districts. Conclusion: Determining the spatiotemporal relationship among cases of a central hospital may inform local authorities about dissemination patterns and help improve control measures against epidemics.

District based flood risk assessment in Istanbul using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process

Floods, among the most frequent and severe hazards in the world, threaten the sustainability of the built environment by causing immense damage to infrastructures, buildings, economies, social activities and beyond all, cause loss of lives. Istanbul is the most densely populated industrial, commercial and cultural center of Turkey. Besides, the population of Istanbul has increased over the last decade since the city attracts immigrants from all over Turkey, along with other countries. Therefore, it is vital to prioritize the districts of Istanbul by determining flood risk mitigation strategies since flood risk management is carried out at district level units in local municipalities in Istanbul. In this study, a new hierarchical procedure that consists of thirteen flood vulnerability and hazard criteria is proposed for the generation of Istanbul’s district-based flood risk map. To obtain the criteria weights the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was adopted. The sensitivity analysis conducted in this study reveals the stability and robustness of the proposed fuzzy AHP model. Among all the criteria, land use and the return period of a storm event were found as the most significant criteria for vulnerability and hazard clusters, respectively. Criteria weights calculated through the fuzzy AHP method were integrated with the data taken from various institutions with respect to each district to calculate risk scores of the districts. Consequently, district risk scores were used to generate a flood risk map of Istanbul. The findings show that high-risk districts are mainly at the center and highly populated areas of the city. Moreover, the accuracy of the proposed approach was validated through observations of the significant flood events experienced in the last two decades. Thus, the fuzzy AHP method can be considered as advantageous to make a quick and regional flood risk assessment. In addition, the proposed approach is useful to mitigate flood risk along with allocating a fair budget to the local municipalities for flood risk mitigation measures. The findings of this research could also provide useful procedures for professionals of the water resources and local authorities.

Organisational silence and person-organisation fit: A study on classroom teachers

Examining the relationship between classroom teachers’ organisational silence and person-organisation fit levels is the main purpose of this study. In addition, organisational silence and person-organisation fit levels of classroom teachers were determined and examined whether they differ according to seniority and gender. The sample consisted of 330 classroom teachers working in state primary schools in Bağcılar district of Istanbul in the 2018-2019 academic year. Demographic Information Form, Organisational Silence Scale and Person-Organisation Fit Scale were used in the study. The results indicate that the organisational silence levels of classroom teachers were low and person–organisation fit levels were high, and there was no significant difference between organisational silence and person–organisation fit levels among classroom teachers according to gender. When seniority was examined, the findings indicated that there was no significant difference between person and organisation fit, but there was a significant difference between organisational silence levels of classroom teachers with 6-10 years, 16-20 years, 11-15 years and 16-20 years of seniority. On the other hand, a low negative correlation was found between person–organisation fit and organisational silence.
 
 Keywords: Classroom teachers, organisational silence, person-organisation fit

‘Street-Level Justifications’: Service Providers Mediating Refugee Reception in the Urban Context of Istanbul

Abstract This article discusses the mediating role of service providers between citizens and refugee reception policies. Based on an analysis of interviews with local government officials and NGO workers and observations in two districts of Istanbul, I examine the ‘street-level justifications’ that service providers use to counter anti-refugee resentments expressed by the citizens. The article suggests that as street-level bureaucrats endeavour to justify their work with refugees through three types discursive strategies; cultural similarity, call for empathy, and pragmatic explanations. Such strategies by constantly re-defining us and them, bear implications for social cohesion. The article offers a meso-level analysis of refugee reception policies in the Turkish context and highlights the limits of initial hospitality. The findings have wider implications for other contexts where the settlement of displaced or migrant populations is rather nascent, policies are top-down and where bureaucratic structures mediate among displaced populations, citizens, and the resources available to them.

Paternalistic School Principal Behaviours and Teachers’ Participation in Decision Making: The Intermediary Role of Teachers’ Trust in Principals

In this study, the effect of school principals’ administrative mentality on teachers’ participation in the decision-making process was analysed via the intermediary role of teachers’ trust in principals. In this study, which utilised structural equation modelling (SEM) to analyse conceptual relationships, the sample consisted of 646 teachers who worked in various school types in the Cekmekoy district of Istanbul. In the findings, a positive correlation was found between benevolent and moral leadership (dimensions of paternalistic leadership behaviour), and trust in principals and teachers’ participation in decision making. On the other hand, a negative and significant relationship was found between the authoritarian leadership dimension and trust in principals and teachers’ participation. The results of the SEM analysis, in which the conceptual model was tested, indicated that the benevolent and moral leadership dimensions of paternalistic leadership could positively predict trust in the administrator and teachers’ participation in decision making. As for authoritarian leadership, it negatively predicted teachers’ participation in decision making, and trust in principals played a full intermediary role in this relationship. When these findings were synthesised, morality and benevolence were found to affect teachers’ trust in principals and participation positively, while authoritarian leadership was found to have a negative effect.

Change in political party strategy and organization in Turkey: the Republican People’s Party in government and in opposition

ABSTRACT Political parties rely heavily on clientelistic networks in Turkey. However, parties may change and pursue alternative strategies while appealing to voters. The goal of this study is to explain why political parties change their strategies from clientelistic to programmatic or vice versa. Therefore, the key question is: under what conditions do parties adopt a clientelistic strategy or a programmatic strategy? Based on field research in Istanbul, Turkey, concerning party-voter linkages, I argue that parties’ access to state resources affects the changes in party strategy. When a party is involved in a governing coalition, the party is more likely to pursue a clientelistic strategy; conversely, when a party becomes the opposition, it is more likely to pursue a programmatic strategy. In order to support my arguments, this research observes government (1991–1995) and opposition (2002–2015) periods of the Republican People’s Party (CHP, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi). In this context, the CHP’s electoral strategy and local organizations are observed in the more developed Kadıköy and less developed Esenler districts in Istanbul.

Evaluation of waste management using clustering algorithm in megacity Istanbul

Industrialization and urbanization are increasing with the effect of globalization worldwide. The waste management problems are rising with the rising population rate, industrialization, and economic developments in the cities, which turned into environmental problems that directly affect human health. This study aims to examine waste management performance in the districts located in the city of Istanbul. To ensure that the districts are clustered in terms of the similarities and differences base on waste management. On this occasion, the authorized unit managers of the districts in the same cluster will be able to establish similar management policies and make joint decisions regarding waste management. In addition, the division of districts into clusters according to the determining indicators can provide information about the locations of waste storage centers. Also, these clusters will form the basis for the optimization constraints required to design appropriate logistics networks. Waste management performance of 39 districts in Istanbul in 2019 was compared by taking into consideration domestic waste, medical waste, population, municipal budget, and mechanical sweeping area. The data were obtained from The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) and Turkey Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). One of the non-hierarchical clustering methods, the K-means clustering method, was applied using IBM SPSS Modeler data mining software to determine the relations between 39 districts. As a result, the waste management performance of the districts was evaluated according to the statistical data, similarities and differences were revealed by using the determined indicators.