Distribution Of Vibrio Research Articles

Prevalence of Vibrio Species Isolated from Water Bodies in Buguma Community in Rivers State, Nigeria

Aim: To assess the prevalence of Vibrio species isolated from water bodies and stool samples in Buguma community in Rivers State, Nigeria. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study with simple randomized sampling technique. Methodology: The study used a total of 80 samples comprising of 40 stool and 40 water samples from different water bodies where public toilets were collected in Buguma community in Rivers State, Nigeria. The Vibrio species were isolated from the samples using Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt agar (TCBS), and blood agar as a confirmatory after which biochemical tests were carried out for further identification. Data collected was analyzed with Graph pad prism version 8. The prevalence and distribution of Vibrio were presented in frequencies and percentages with all analysis done at a 95% confidence interval and P-values less than .05 were considered significant. Results: From chi-square analysis there was a 35% prevalence rate in water bodies samples in comparison to stool samples that had a 7.5% prevalence (P value = .56). A higher prevalence was also reported in the female subjects (7.6%) compared to the male subjects (7.4%). There was a statistically significant difference in consumption of shellfish which poses to be a risk factor (P value = .01). There was also a statistically significant difference in prevalence of Vibrio species in water bodies and Vibrio species isolated from human stool sample (P value = .0026). Conclusion: Higher prevalence of Vibrio species was found in water bodies compared to stool. The consumption of shellfish is potential a risk factor for Vibriosis in Buguma community in Rivers State of Nigeria.

Surveillance of diseases in farmed Penaeus vannamei in the indian sunderbans

Penaeus vannamei farming has been the major aquaculture practice in the Indian Sundarbans. This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics, management practices, distribution of vibrios, and the prevalence of bacterial, parasitic and viral diseases in 14 P. vannamei intensive culture farms in the Indian Sunderbans during 2016. The total heterotrophic counts of the pond water ranged from 3.53 to 6.21 log10 cfu/ml. The presumptive vibrios were in the range of 2.40-4.99log10 cfu/ml. Mild vibriosis was noted in 3 farms. Twenty out of 21 isolates from the haemolymph samples were confirmed to be Vibrio parahaemolyticus by the PCR amplification of toxR gene. No acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) causing V. parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND) strain was, however, detected. Of the 14 shrimp farms surveyed, only one farm sample was white spot virus (WSV) positive and all others were negative. All the P. vannamei farms were negative for infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus, hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus, and infectious myonecrosis virus. No incidence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, white faecal syndrome, running mortality syndrome, protozoan infestation, and luminous vibriosis was observed during the survey period. The survival rate was 90-95% in the normal ponds, while the lowest survival was 60% in an asymptomatic WSV infected farm. The physicochemical characteristics of the farms were well within the optimum, except the WSV infected farm, which had high ammonia levels. Due to the lack of awareness on the P. vannamei farming practices and high operational costs, the biosecurity measures were not strictly followed in the surveyed farms.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of the total and active Vibrio spp. populations throughout the Changjiang estuary in China.

Summary Vibrio is ubiquitously distributed in marine environments and is the most extensively characterized group within Gammaproteobacteria. Studies have investigated Vibrio spp. worldwide, but mostly focused on pathogenic vibrios and based on cultivation methods. Here, using a combination of molecular and culturing methods, we investigated the dynamics of the total and active Vibrio spp. throughout the Changjiang estuary in China. The total Vibrio abundance was higher in summer (~6.59 × 103 copies ml−1) than in winter (~1.85 × 103 copies ml−1) and increased from freshwater to saltwater (e.g. 8.04 × 101 to 9.39 × 103 copies ml−1 in summer). The ratio of active to total Vibrio (Va/Vt) revealed a high activity of vibrios, with remarkable differences between freshwater and saltwater (p < 0.05). Based on the community compositions of the culturable, total and active Vibrio, Vibrio atlanticus and Vibrio owensii were the dominant and active species in winter and summer, respectively. The distribution of Vibrio was governed by the effects of diverse environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and SiO3 2−. Our study clearly demonstrates the spatiotemporal dynamics of total and active Vibrio spp. and lays a foundation for fully understanding the ecological roles of marine Vibrio.

Vibrio communities along a salinity gradient within a marine saltern hypersaline environment (Saline di Tarquinia, Italy).

Vibrio species are ubiquitous in a number of different aquatic environments and promptly adapting to environmental changes due to high genome plasticity. The presence of these bacteria in marine salterns, in relation to a salinity gradient has been not investigated yet. Moreover, it is not clear if these hypersaline environments could represent a reservoir for Vibrio spp. This work investigated, through a metagenetic approach, the distribution of Vibrio (over 2 years) in different ponds along the salinity gradient within the 'Saline di Tarquinia' salterns, considering also the adjacent coastal waters and an isolated brine storage basin (BSB). Vibrio occurrence was higher in the sea than in the ponds and BSB, where it usually represented a rare taxon (abundance <1%). In the sea, it showed abundances in-between 1%-2.6% in 8 months out of 24. Four OTUs were assigned to the Vibrio genus; except for one that was more abundant in BSB, the others were much higher in the sea. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested a different distribution of the OTUs in relation to water temperature and salinity. Vibrio was found, even with low abundances, at the highest salinities also, suggesting the salterns as a possible reservoir for the bacterium.

Environmental and hydroclimatic factors influencing Vibrio populations in the estuarine zone of the Bengal delta

The objective of this study was to determine environmental parameters driving Vibrio populations in the estuarine zone of the Bengal delta. Spatio-temporal data were collected at river estuary, mangrove, beach, pond, and canal sites. Effects of salinity, tidal amplitude, and a cyclone and tsunami were included in the study. Vibrio population shifts were found to be correlated with tide-driven salinity and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Increased abundance of Vibrio spp. in surface water was observed after a cyclone, attributed to re-suspension of benthic particulate organic carbon (POC), and increased availability of chitin and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Approximately a two log10 increase in the (p < 0.05) number of Vibrio spp. was observed in < 20μm particulates, compared with microphytoplankton (20-60μm) and zooplankton > 60μm fractions. Benthic and suspended sediment comprised a major reservoir of Vibrio spp. Results of microcosm experiments showed enhanced growth of vibrios was related to concentration of organic matter in SPM. It is concluded that SPM, POC, chitin, and salinity significantly influence abundance and distribution of vibrios in the Bengal delta estuarine zone.

Prevalence and Distribution of Vibrio spp. in Wild Aquatic Birds of the Southern Caribbean Sea, Venezuela, 2011-12.

Vibrio spp. are associated with waterbirds mainly in temperate latitudes. We evaluated the prevalence and distribution of Vibrio spp. from fecal samples of resident and migratory aquatic birds collected during October 2011 and March 2012 at two coastal sites in the tropical southern Caribbean Sea. We amplified DNA by PCR in 40% of samples, resulting in 47% and 36% estimated prevalence for resident and migratory birds in Cuare Wildlife Refuge, and 33% and 44% in Margarita Island, respectively. We found nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Cuare Wildlife Refuge with a higher prevalence in resident birds (18%). Our PCR results for Vibrio and V. cholerae were not significantly different between sites or bird migratory status. The 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis sequences from fecal samples from Cuare Wildlife Refuge were highly similar to V. cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus , whereas sequences from Margarita Island samples formed clusters with species related to the Harveyi clade. Our findings indicate that several species of Vibrio are common in aquatic birds along the southern Caribbean Sea and contribute to our understanding of the role of birds as possible reservoirs of potentially pathogenic bacteria.

Species diversity, spatial distribution, and virulence associated genes of culturable vibrios in a brackish coastal Mediterranean environment

The Vibrio genus is widespread in marine and brackish environments, and several species are human and animal pathogens of global importance. Vibrios adapt rapidly to many environmental stresses, so that brackish environments can be both a suitable niche and a possible reservoir for them. To test the occurrence of culturable vibrios and their possible correlation with environmental factors in a temperate brackish environment, a 1-year sampling study was performed in three brackish ponds located along the Central Thyrrenian coast in the Macchiatonda Nature Reserve (Santa Marinella, district of Rome, Italy). Molecular methods were used to detect Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus pathogenicity-associated genes among the Vibrio isolates. Out of 130 Vibrio isolates identified by sequencing a recA fragment, 70 harbored virulence-associated genes including ctx, ace, tcpA, tdh, trh, vvhA, vllY, and toxRS, so confirming the spread of virulence determinants across the environmental isolates. Ecological analysis showed that, although the water temperature is known to be a strong predictor of abundance and distribution of vibrios, its influence accounts for 27 % of the observed variance in the Macchiatonda samples, increasing to 40 % when combined with salinity.

Distribution ofVibrio cholerae in two Florida estuaries

The distribution ofVibrio cholerae was examined in 2 Florida estuaries, Apalachicola and Tampa Bay.Vibrio cholerae serotype non-01 was the most abundant serotype, being isolated from 45% of the oyster samples, 30% of the sediments, 50% of the waters, and 75% of the blue crabs.Vibrio cholerae serotype 01 was isolated from only one oyster sample. Strong linear correlations betweenV. cholerae and temperature, salinity, or the other physical/chemical parameters measured,Escherichia coli, or fecal coliforms were not observed, but a range of temperatures and salinities appeared relevant to the distribution of the organism. The organism was present in the highest concentrations when salinities were 10‰-25‰ and temperatures were 20‡C-35‡C.In vitro growth curves of 95V. cholerae environmental isolates further supported that 10‰-25‰ was an ideal salinity range for the organisms. The results suggest thatV. cholerae is a widely distributed organism in the nutrient-rich warm waters of the Gulf Coast estuaries.

Adherence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its relation to pathogenicity.

Cultured epithelial cells were used to investigate the adherence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Correlation between adherence in vitro and pathogenicity (colonization) were shown by experiments on the distribution of vibrios in the small intestine of guinea pigs and on the lethal activity of vibrios to mice. In vitro adherence of 32 strains of V. parahaemolyticus including Kanagawa phenomenon (KP) positive and KP-negative strains was studied. The effect of purified KP toxin and antiserum against KP toxin was also studied. Adherence was not related to KP. Adherence of V. parahaemolyticus was thought to depend on viability, since the decrease in the number of colony-forming units paralleled the decrease in the number of bacteria adhering to epithelial cells, and bacteria fixed with ethanol and formalin did not show adherence.

Distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay during the Summer Season

The distribution ofVibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay during the warmer weather of the summer months was examined. This species was found throughout the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, even in areas of very low salinity. Counts of this species ranged from 0.04 per 100 ml to 46 per 100 ml in the water column and 2.03 to ≥2.4×103 per 100 cc of sediment. A variety of physical, chemical and bacteriological properties associated with the incidence and distribution ofV. parahaemolyticus were examined and salinity was found to be the major influence among the factors examined. Correlation and regression analysis showed that the population size of this species increased with increasing salinity in the estuary.

Enumeration and distribution of bacterial populations of Long Island Sound

Long Island Sound was divided with a total of 25 north-south transects. Ninety-six stations were established along these transects at which sediment and/or water and plankton samples were collected. Total faecal coliforms and total viable bacteria were enumerated from sediments from 53 stations. The presence of vibrios was determined in sediment, water and plankton samples from 186 enrichments. Counts obtained along the Connecticut shore were similar to those along the Long Island shore. No correlation was noted between the prevalence of faecal coliforms and total viable bacteria in sediment from the same station. Dilute seawater medium was superior to Marine Agar (Difco) for the enumeration of bacteria from 34 of the 53 stations tested. Presumptive vibrios were present in 95% of the sediment samples, 51% of the water samples and 100% of the plankton samples. No correlation was observed between the distribution of vibrios and faecal coliforms.

Use of fluorescent antibody in studies of immunity to cholera in infant mice

Infant mice 8 days of age were infected orally with virulent, motile, classical or El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae and with nonmotile mutants of low virulence derived from the same strains. At intervals of 8 and 12 h postinfection, frozen thin sections of the ileum were prepared, stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit anti-vibrio antibody, and examined with the fluorescence microscope. The motile organisms were present in larger numbers, especially at 12h, and had penetrated the intervillous spaces and crypts of Lieberkuhn more completely than nonmotile vibrios. Dilution counts were made on various regions of the intestines of infant mice challenged orally 12 h previously with either motile or nonmotile strains of V. cholerae. Greater numbers of organisms were found, especially in the upper intestinal regions, when motile organisms were used. Low numbers of vibrios, limited mostly to the lumen, were seen in the ileum of infant mice infected with motile organisms when the infants were the offspring of mothers that had been immunized with crude flagellar vaccine or a vesicular preparation derived from the vibrio cell surface. The distribution of vibrios in this case was similar to that found in infected infants of unvaccinated mothers challenged with nonmotile organisms. Motility appears to enable the bacteria to better populate the upper regions of the intestinal tract and to avoid the washing effects of secretions and peristalsis. Antibacterial immunity may function, at least in part, by making it impossible for motile vibrios to accomplish this widespread distribution within the ileum.