Distribution Of Tannins Research Articles

Distribution of tannins in the leaves of Siebold’s beech (Fagus crenata) grown under different light regimes

Distribution of tannins in the leaves of Siebold’s beech (Fagus crenata) grown under different light regimes

Tannins in mangrove plants in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Siregar AS, Sulistyo I, Mahdiana A, Junaedi T, Muslih, Pertiwi RPC, Samudra SR, Prayogo NA. 2021. Tannins in mangrove plants in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3508-3516. Mangrove tannin is polyphenol compound and extractive matter in mangrove vegetation. Mangrove tannins have the potentials to support paint industry, animal feed, tanners and wood adhesives industry. This research is aimed to investigate the mangrove species in Segara Anakan, Central Java, Indonesia that produce tannins, and to analyze the distribution and contents of tannin in the part of mangrove plant. A total of 342 samples from 19 mangrove species was collected from 37 sampling points in Segara Anakan. UV-Visible Spectrophotometry was used to analyze the tannin content in the samples. The results showed that the tannins contained in bark and stems were higher (66.6%) than those in leaves (33.4%). Mangrove vegetation can be classified into five classes in terms of tannin percentage with Heritiera littoralis, Nypa fruticans, and Rhizophora mucronata had highest tannin percentage. The clustering analysis of mangrove tannin showed that Ceriops decandra-Ceriops tagal, Acacia auriculiformis-Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris-Xylocarpus granatum, and Avicennia marina-Rhizophora apiculata had high similarity of tannin percentage. The distribution of tannins in mangrove species is as follow: 0.59-10.14 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) and 0.20-3.74 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) until 8.84-158.96 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 40 cm) and 4.60-91.65 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 40 cm). R. mucronata and R. apiculata had the highest total tannin content, ranged between 386.60-460.38 kg trees-1.

A Review of Tannins in Berries

Tannins are a group of polyphenolic compounds synthesized and accumulated by higher plants as secondary metabolites. They are divided into hydrolysable tannins and proanthocyanidins and are found in many plant tissues in which they occur in diverse structures and amounts. This review provides a brief background on tannin distribution in plants, and summarizes the current literature on tannins in strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, currently the most commonly cultivated and consumed berries, and chokeberries, which have become popular in the last decades. The effects of processing and storage on tannin composition and levels in processed products are also provided.

From Flavanols Biosynthesis to Wine Tannins: What Place for Grape Seeds?

Phenolic compounds are among the most important quality factors of wines. They contribute to the organoleptic characteristics of wine such as color, astringency, and bitterness. Although tannins found in wine can come from microbial and oak sources, the main sources of polyphenols are grape skins and seeds. Since the 1960s, this subject has been widely studied by a large number of researchers covering different types of wine, climate conditions, growing practices, and grape varieties. As these works have been conducted under different conditions, the data collected can be conflicting. Moreover, even though the biosynthesis of the major proanthocyanidins units (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin is well-known, the mechanism of their polymerization remains unexplained. This is why the question remains: what factors influence the biosynthesis, the quantity, and the distribution of tannins in grape seeds and how can winemaking processes impact the extractability of seed tannins in wine?

Distribution of tannin-'tolerant yeasts isolated from Miang, a traditional fermented tea leaf (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) in northern Thailand

Miang is a fermented food product prepared from the tea leaves of Camellia sinensis var. assamica, and is traditionally produced in mountainous areas of northern Thailand. Although Miang has a long history and reveals deep-rooted cultural involvement with local people in northern Thailand, little is known regarding its microbial diversity. Yeasts were isolated from 47 Miang samples collected from 28 sampling sites, including eight provinces in upper northern Thailand. A hundred and seven yeast isolates were recovered and identified within 14 species based on the comparison of the D1/D2 sequence of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene. Candida ethanolica was determined to be the dominant species that was frequently found in Miang together with minor resident yeast species. All yeast isolates demonstrated their tannin-tolerant capability when cultivated on yeast malt agar (YMA) containing 50g/l tannin, but nine isolates displayed clear zones forming around their colonies, e.g., Debaryomyces hansenii, Cyberlindnera rhodanensis, and Sporidiobolus ruineniae. The results obtained from a visual reading method of tannase revealed that all yeast isolates were positive for methyl gallate, indicating that they possess tannase activity. It is assumed that a tannin-tolerant ability is one of the most important factors for developing a yeast community in Miang. This research study is the first report to describe tannin-tolerant yeasts and yeast communities in traditionally fermented tea leaves.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Artocarpus altilis leaf

This study investigates the effect of Artocarpus altilis leaf extracts on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Among the extracts tested, hot ethanol extract exhibited a potent ACE-inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 54.08 ± 0.29 µg mL−1 followed by cold ethyl acetate extract (IC50 of 85.44 ± 0.85 µg mL−1). In contrast, the hot aqueous extracts showed minimum inhibition with the IC50 value of 765.52 ± 11.97 µg mL−1 at the maximum concentration tested. Further, the phytochemical analysis indicated the varied distribution of tannins, phenolics, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and anthraquinones in cold and hot leaf extracts. The correlation between the phytochemical analysis and ACE-inhibitory activity suggests that the high content of glycosidic and phenolic compounds could be involved in exerting ACE-inhibitory activity. In conclusion, this study supports the utilisation of A. altilis leaf in the folk medicine for the better treatment of hypertension. Further studies on isolation and characterisation of specific ACE-inhibitory molecule(s) from ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts of A. altilis leaf would be highly interesting.

Morphology and Anatomy of Fruits in Pouzolzia (Urticaceae) in Relation to Taxonomy

The pericarp and perianth in fruits of 27 of the 35 currently accepted species of the genus Pouzolzia (Urticaceae) were studied. The pericarp is crustaceous and always entirely sclerified. Cell walls are impregnated with silica, lignin and/or tannins, colouring the pericarpium. Cells of the innermost mesocarp layer have amorphous solid contents. Pericarp structure is of a consistent basic pattern throughout the genus. The fruiting perianth is crustaceous and generally easy to detach from the pericarpium. Fruiting perianth structure is much more variable than pericarp structure, differing not only between species but sometimes also within a species or an individual plant, giving rise to fruit polymorphism in certain taxa. Outgrowths of the perianth give rise to surface sculpture, ribs, or wings. Fruits were classified into seven groups on the basis of the number and structure of pericarp cell layers, the presence and distribution of tannins and the structure of the innermost mesocarp layer. These seven groups of species differ from one another also in fruiting perianth anatomy: the groups correlate well with classification based on gross morphology. Characters of both perianth and pericarp clearly support the distinction between the genera Pouzolzia, Boehmeria and Pipturus. Within Pouzolzia they also support the distinction between sections Pouzolzia and Memorialis. Certain adaptive features are discussed and evolutionary trends suggested.

TLC determination of tannins and flavonoids in extracts from someErodiumspecies using chemically modified stationary phases

Natural phenolic compounds, e.g. ellagitannins, gallotannins, and flavonoid glycosides, from the aerial parts of Erodium cicutarium ( Geraniaceae ) have been isolated and identified. The structures of these compounds were determined by conventional methods of analysis and confirmed by MS and NMR spectral analysis. The distribution of tannins and flavonoids in E. ciconium, E. cicutarium, E. manescavi , and E. pelargoniiflorum were examined by TLC on unmodified silica gel and on silica gel chemically modified with polar and nonpolar groups (HPTLC Si 60, HPTLC Si 60 LiChrospher, HPTLC diol, HPTLC CN, and HPTLC RP-18W).

Structural and functional traits of Quercus ilex in response to water availability

Water potential and morpho-anatomical parameters were measured, during the course of 1 year, on leaves of Quercus ilex trees growing in two coastal stands in Tuscany (Central Italy) with different conditions of water availability: Colognole (CL, mesic site) and Cala Violina (CV, xeric site). Morpho-anatomical measurements included: general leaf features and sclerophylly indices (surface area, thickness, mass per area and density), leaf moisture indices (water content, relative water content, succulence) and histochemical analysis (detection and localization of cutine and tannins in the leaves and starch reserves in the twigs). During the warmest and driest period (August) pre-dawn water potential ( ψ pd) in Holm-oak leaves reached −2.7 MPa at CV and −0.6 MPa at CL. Leaf surface was lower (−34%) and total leaf thickness (+10%), as well as spongy-palisade parenchyma ratio (+20%) were higher at CV. The sclerophylly parameters (leaf mass per area and leaf tissue density) were higher at CV than at CL (+24% leaf mass per area and +19% leaf tissue density). Among the moisture parameters, water content was higher at CL (+8%) and succulence was higher at CV (+13%). No differences in relative water content were observed between the two sites. All the parameters considered were substantially stable during the study period, with the exception of relative water content at CL, that fluctuated within the year. Histochemical analysis revealed a greater thickness of the upper cuticular layer at CV, whereas there were no differences in tannin distribution and content between the two sites. Differences in starch storage were detected in branchlets: it was abundant in CV but very scarce at CL. The strategies of Quercus ilex to cope with water stress were discussed at morpho-structural level.

Clonal variation in morphology, growth, physiology, anatomy and ultrastructure of container-grown white spruce somatic plants

We assessed clonal variation in morphological variables, mineral nutrition, root growth capacity, net photosynthesis, tannin distribution, and cuticle and epicuticular wax features within four families of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Seeds were collected from four families obtained through controlled crosses among selected genotypes. For each family, plants were produced either from seeds (zygotic) or by somatic embryogenesis (clones). Each family was therefore represented by its zygotic seedlings and three clones. Within a family and under similar growth conditions, several clones differed significantly from the zygotic seedlings in height, root-collar diameter, needle dry mass, branch density, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and length of needles. Branch density (number of first-order branches per cm height) of zygotic seedlings and clones varied from 0.8 to 1.4 branches cm(-1) and from 0.6 to 1.3 branches cm(-1), respectively. Mean needle length of zygotic seedlings and clones ranged from 11 to 14 mm and from 11 to 17 mm, respectively. For many variables (height, dry mass of new roots, needle dry mass and branch density), differences among clones were significantly greater than differences among zygotic seedlings within a family. Tannins were more abundant in needles of clones than in needles of zygotic seedlings. In some clones, tannins occurred as a ribbon along the central vacuole, whereas in others they appeared as aggregates dispersed in the vacuole. Within a family, N, P and K showed considerable variations in their use efficiency. Interclonal variations were observed in root growth potential and net photosynthesis. Variations in growth and physiology reflect genetically determined differences among clones within a family.

Taxonomic, evolutionary and ecological implications of the leaf anatomy of rhizomatous Iris species

The leaf anatomy of the rhizomatous Iris species with ensiform leaves and the related genera Pardanthopsis and Belamcanda is described. Their isobilateral leaves may or may not have a pseudo-dorsiventral structure. Variable characters of their leaf blades include: outline in transverse section, height and shape of papillae, form and structure of stomata, transverse section outline of marginal fibre strands and sclerenchy matous inner bundle sheath at phloem and xylem poles, forms of mesophyll arrangement, mesophyll structure and air canals, vascular bundle arrangement and the detailed structure of the larger vascular bundles, distribution of tannin, size and distribution of crystals. The taxonomic and ecological significance of these characters has been evaluated. The anatomical characteristics of 25 supraspecific taxa in three genera are presented and compared in tables. The relationships and evolutionary position of these taxa are discussed. Each of the three subgroups within Iris appears to be correlated with a syndrome of anatomical characters. Some species currently of uncertain taxonomic position are discussed, and their classification based on anatomical data is suggested. Some characters related to xeromorphy or helomorphy are mentioned.

Tannin allocation in blackbrush ( Coleogyne ramosissima)

Blackbrush ( Coleogyne ramosissima) is a spinescent shrub occurring in nearly monospecific stands in the southwestern United States. Winter browsing by domestic goats stimulates spring twig production by blackbrush plants. Current season's twigs produced by older branches growing on the outer edges of the plant canopy (terminal branches) contained 2.37 times more tannins than did older twigs. Within blackbrush plants, current season's twigs on terminal branches contained 1.34 times more tannins than did current season's twigs on sprouts and younger branches (basal branches). When analysed separately, current season's terminal twigs contained 1.47 times more tannins than did leaves, while current season's basal twigs contained 1.10 times more tannins than did leaves. Phytochemicals, mainly phenolics, in blackbrush reduce its risk of being over-utilized by domestic herbivores, and the occurrence and distribution of tannins in blackbrush lend support to hypotheses dealing with secondary compounds as plant defences.

Chemical composition of different varieties of grain sorghum.

Five varieties differing in endosperm texture and pericarp thickness were grown at College Station, Texas, in 1970. Grain starch in the waxy type, TX615, consisted of 100% amylopectin, but in the other varieties it was 30% amylose and 70% amylopectin. NSA740, with a predominantly floury endosperm, had the highest protein content. The content of minor fatty acids varied among varieties. TX615 had a higher chromium, iron and nickel content than the other varieties. Contents of copper and zinc also varied. NSA740 and the high-tannin variety GA615 had half the free sugars content of the other varieties. The distribution of tannins in four protein fractions separated by a modified procedure described elsewhere [see PBA 50, 10231] was compared in GA615 and in a variety with moderate tannin content. The protein content of the analogous fractions varied between the varieties

Tannins—their occurrence and significance

AbstractThe extent to which tannin extract production is itself an agricultural operation is indicated and the distribution of tannins in the plant kingdom discussed. Present knowledge of the nature of the tannins is summarized and illustrated, by reference to specific extracts. The problem of the biological origin and function of tannins is discussed, particular reference being made to the effect of these substances on viruses. Brief mention is made of the effect of tannins on soils which they may disperse or aggregate to a marked extent.

The distribution of tannin in the American chestnut tree with particular reference to stumps and roots

The evolution of dislocation substructures and their correlation with strees response in Ni3Al+B single crystals fatigued at room temperature has been studied. Fatigue was conducted at total-strain amplitudes of 0.05–0.2%. Cyclic strain hardening and a tension/compression flow stress asymmetry were observed. The magnitude of stress asymmetry was found to depend on the applied cyclic strain. A dislocation structure composed of jogged superdislocations and superdislocation dipoles was observed. The dislocation dipoles were mainly formed by nonconservative of jogged superdislocations. Dragging of jogs, interaction between dislocations, and impedance of dislocation motion by dislocation dipoles (point defect clusters) are considered to be the major contributors to cyclic strain hardening in Ni3Al+B single crystals. The separation between superpartial dislocations of a paired superdislocation was found to fluctuate away from the equilibrium spacing during cyclic straining. The extent of the fluctuation became more pronounced as the applied cyclic strain increased. This phenomenon was intimately related to the cyclic-strain dependence of tension/compression flow stress asymmetry found in fatigued Ni3Al+B single crystals.Onétudie l'évolution des sous-structures de dislocations et leur corrélation avec la résponseàla contrainte dans des monocristaux de Ni3Al+B fatiguésàla température ambiante. La fatigue est réalisée avec des amplitudes de déformation totale de 0,05–0,2%. On observe un durcissement par déformation cyclique et une asymétrie de la contrainte d'écoulement en traction/compression. On trouve que la valeur de l'asymétrie de la contrainte dépend de la déformation cyclique appliquée. On observe une structure de dislocations composée de superdislocations crantées et de dipoˆles de superdislocations. Les dipoˆles de dislocations sont principalement formés par le mouvement non conservatif des superdislocations crantées. On considère que le traînage des crans, les interactions entre dislocations et l'obstacle au déplacement des dislocations duˆaux dipoˆles de dislocations (amas de défauts ponctuels) sont les principaux agents du durcissement par déformation cyclique dans les monocristaux de Ni3Al+B. On trouve que la séparation entre les dislocations superpartielles d'une paire de superdislocations flucture autour de la position d'équilibre pendant la déformation cyclique. L'extention devient plus prononcée lorsque la déformation cyclique appliquée croît. Ce phénomène est intimement liéàla dépendance de la déformation cyclique visàvis de l'asymétrei de la contrainte d'écoulement en traction/compression, qui est observée dans les monocristaux de Ni3Al+B.Die Entwicklung der Versetzungsstruktur und deren Zusammenhang mit dem Spannungsverhalten wird an Einkristallen Ni3Al+B, die bei Raumtemperatur ermüdet wurden, studiert. Ermüdet wurde mit Gesamtdehnungsamplituden zwischen 0,05–0,2%. Die zyklische Verfestigung und eine Asymmetrie der Flieβspannung in Zug und Druck werden beobachtet. Die Gröβe der Spannungsasymmetrie hängt von deräuβeren Spannung ab. Die Versetzungsstruktur besteht aus Superversetzuungen mit Sprüngen und Dipolanordnungen. Diese Dipole werdenüberweigend gebildet durch nichtkonservative Bewegung von Superversetzuungen mit Sprüngen. Nachschleppen von Sprüngen, Wechselwirkung zwischen Versetzungen und Behinderung der Versetzungsbewegung durch die Dipole (Punktfehleragglomerate) werden als die wesentlichen Ursachen für die zyklische Verfestigung in diesen Kristallen angesehen. Der Abstand der Superpartialversetzungen einer Superversetzung weicht während der zyklischen Verformung von der Gleichgewichtsweite ab. Das Ausmaβ dieser Abweichung wurde deutlicher mit steigenderäuβerer Spannung. Diese Erscheinung hängt ursächlich mit der Abhängigkeit der Flieβspannungs-Asymmetrie von der zyklischen Dehnung ab.