Distribution Of Prestige Research Articles

Кризис современного либерального мирового порядка как фактор возвышения Китая

The liberal world order is vulnerable to the challenges it has created. In other words, the nature of the liberal world order creates two paradoxes that are difficult to resolve on the base of its principles. First, a liberal world order requires open economies to sustain and spread of economic growth. However, as national economies become interdependent on the free flow of capital, labor, and output, income inequality increases, as does the likelihood of job losses and regular economic crises like the Great Recession. Secondly, the idea of ​​promoting democracy and protecting human rights discredits itself with the alleged right of «gendarme powers» to violate the fundamental principle of the sovereignty of individual states. Thirdly, these paradoxes are exacerbated not only by the one-dimensional retreat of the United States from fulfilling the obligations of the hegemonic power, which accelerated under D. Trump, but also by the sharp increase in political ambitions and the economic rise of developing states, especially China. The accompanying dualism of these processes leads to systemic changes in the structure of the distribution of power, the essence of which, revealed through the theory of hegemonic stability, is the non-wests desire to reform this system of global distribution of prestige, as Washington's prestige continues to decline rapidly. Finally, these processes represent a perfect storm for the successful implementation of China’s offensive foreign policy under Xi Jinping, aimed at revising the modern world order in such a way as to achieve greater inclusiveness of Global South. China’s willingness to lead this process and its growing attractive development model are even more confirmed during the current COVID-19 pandemic, when key elements of the modern system of international relations have failed to coordinate efforts and collectively formulate a universal strategy to combat the new global threat.

Trademarks in the Light of the Thomas Theorem: a model of a social object ontology

The paper considers the reasons for the existence of trademarks as a social phenomenon. The authors reveal three dominant functional explanations: rationalistic, stratification and semantic. A rationalistic model describes a trademark in terms of identifying the source of the goods (the trademark allows the consumer to identify the goods of a particular manufacturer). The stratification explanation defines the function of the trademark in terms of demonstratively maintaining social differentiation and the distribution of prestige. The semantic approach focuses on the trademark as a mental cell in the consumer’s memory archive, which contains information about the product and its associations. All three approaches are characterized by common problems of functional explanation, namely: the logical circle and internal connection with the homeostatic image of the social system. To overcome these problems, the authors propose an approach to the social ontology of trademarks based on the well-known “Thomas theorem”, which allows to establish causal relationships between the subjective and objective world on the basis of the postulation of equality between reality and perception at the level of formation of human actions. The authors demonstrate the explanatory power of the “Thomas theorem” on example of self-fulfilling prophecies that can be observed in the practice of using trademarks, considering the rationalistic, prestigious and semantic functions of trademarks through the prism of this principle.

Homophily and prestige: An assessment of their relative strength to explain link formation in the online climate change debate

Previous work has shown that hyperlinks reflect actors’ strategic choices; these dyadic relationships depend on the actors’ exogenous attributes (e.g., homophily) and the network’s endogenous features (e.g., prestige distribution among actors). We combine these factors as explanatory variables in different exponential random graph models (ERGMs) to assess the relative strength of prestige and homophily for the actors’ link formation. We analyze the climate change discourse in a hyperlink network formed by US civil society actors from November 2014 and test how relevant the different factors are, including variables such as actor type, country, position, and topic. We find that both prestige and various aspects of homophily influence link formation online. With regard to the importance of the different factors, positional homophily stands out, followed by prestige and other homophily effects.

The Two Faces of Inca History: Dualism in the Narratives and Cosmology of Ancient Cuzco

The Two Faces of Inca History: Dualism in the Narratives and Cosmology of Ancient Cuzco

Gender, Race, and Homicide: Precarious Gesture and Bringing the Generalized Other Back In

Work on homicide has increasingly moved to cultural analysis that reframes basic sociological concepts like structure and value. In addition, symbolic interactionist work has increasingly focused on cultural structures. This study contributes to both efforts, framing homicide as variation in performances for group boundary production, that is, for the social distribution of prestige. Does gender and race identity represent different ways of performing homicide? The study uses Supplementary Homicide Reports, 2009 of the Unified Crime Reports data that the US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation prepares. The study examines four direct effects of boundary production, namely black male, black female, white male, and white female statuses. It includes five performance regularities, gender and race, age, relationship to victim, condition of the homicide, and weapon used. The cross-classified analyses show cultural boundaries that associate with gender and race statuses. The study tests urban and southern residences of homicidal offenders using enter hierarchical logistic regressions and finds support for the hypothesis that cultural performances produce boundaries for geo-economic and geo-historical identifications.

Sírios e libaneses: redes sociais, coesão e posição de status

O objetivo central deste estudo é compreender o processo de inserção e de localização de sírios e libaneses na estrutura hierárquica de distribuição de prestígio e de riqueza na sociedade hospedeira. O artigo mostra que esses imigrantes tiveram uma inserção ocupacional padronizada, com predomínio na área do comércio. Esse fato proporcionou-lhes prestígio econômico, uma vez que a maioria deles alcançou a posição de empregador. Reconhecimento social ainda maior foi obtido a partir da formação educacional de seus filhos. A sustentação da inserção padronizada e da ascensão social foi proporcionada pela grande coesão das redes sociais. Essa coesão é mantida pelos contatos e pelos costumes (tais como, linguagem e casamento endogâmico) alimentados pelas instituições mantidas por tais grupos.

Review Article: Prestige and its significance for medical specialties and diseases

The aim of this paper is to review the literature concerning the existence of prestige hierarchies for medical specialities and diseases. Moreover, the implications of prestige for priority setting in healthcare systems are discussed. The study is based on a review of the literature. Papers were obtained through the National Library of Medicine, PubMed. The search was conducted on 14 July 2005, and included articles from 1950 until that date. The medical subject headings "disease", "illness", and "medical specialities" were combined with the search word "prestige". A total of 183 papers were found. Only studies focusing on prestige hierarchies for medical specialities and diseases were included. The final search identified 20 articles, six of which specifically established hierarchies for medical specialities and diseases. The review documented prestige hierarchies for medical specialities and diseases. Explanatory characteristics behind the distribution of prestige were identified. It was demonstrated that active, specialized, biomedical, and high-technological types of medicine practised on organs in the upper part of the bodies of young or middle-aged people were accorded high levels of prestige. Medicine with the opposite characteristics had low levels of prestige. Medical specialities and diseases differ with regard to prestige. Characteristics related to specialties and diseases determine their prestige. The authors suggest that differences in prestige bear consequences for actual priority setting in healthcare systems, and contend that this should be further investigated.

Covering the Arts

Previous articleNext article No AccessCovering the ArtsRobert von HallbergRobert von Hallberg Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Critical Inquiry Volume 30, Number 2Winter 2004 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/421149 Views: 64Total views on this site ©2004 by The University of Chicago.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Intergenerational Social Mobility and Assortative Mating in Britain

This paper investigates the links between the socio-economic position of parents and the socio-economic position of their offspring and, through the marriage market, the socioeconomic position of their offspring's parents-in-law. Using the Goldthorpe-Hope score of occupational prestige as a measure of status and samples drawn from the British Household Panel Survey 1991-1999, we find that the intergenerational elasticity is around 0.2 for men and between 0.17 and 0.23 for women. On average, the intragenerational correlation is lower, and of the order of 0.15 to 0.18, suggesting that the returns to human capital, which is transmitted across generations by altruistic parents, contribute more to social status than assortative mating in the marriage market. Substantially higher estimates are reported when measurement error is accounted for. We also find strong nonlinearities, whereby both inter- and intra-generational elasticities tend to increase with parental status. We offer four possible explanations for this finding, three of which â?? one based on mean-displacement shifts in the occupational prestige distribution, another based on life-cycle effects and the third based on differential measurement errors â?? do not find strong support in our data. The fourth explanation is based on the notion of intergenerational transmission of social capital and intellectual capital. The evidence supports the idea that richer parents are likely to have a larger and more valuable stock of both social capital and intellectual capital to pass on to their children.

Festival as communicative performance and celebration of ethnicity

Ethnicity is an observable and instrumental element of cultural communication. The modern age continues to witness a growing desire for ethnic recognition in individuals and groups, a search for ethnic identity, and a conscious exhibition of distinctive ethnic traits (Degh 1978:36). The current article attempts to describe festivals and ethnic expressions occurring in that context. A festival prepares a communicative scenery for manifestations of ethnicity and cultural unity with the special objective to demonstrate and experience a particular identity. Festival is discussed here as a cultural performance which is scheduled, temporally and spatially bounded, programmed, characterized by co-ordinated public occasions and heightened occasions of aesthetic expression (see Stoeltje 1992). A festival provides opportunities to observe the communicative system of the culture, conveyed through semiotically complex performance events. Although a festival enfolds large-scale social units, there obviously occurs small-scale social interactional communication, performance which constitutes face-to-face interaction. According to Beverly J. Stoeltje, festivals occur at calendrically regulated intervals, are public in nature, participatory in ethos, complex in structure, and multiple in voice, scene, and purpose. Festivals are collective phenomena and serve purposes rooted in group life. Systems of reciprocity and of shared responsibility ensure the continuity of and participation in the festival through the distribution of prestige and production. (Stoeltje 1992:261) A festival performance serves the purpose of the articulation of the group's heritage, it is a communicative situation actively engaging participants, presenting a combination of participation and performance in a public context. Motivation for participation in festivals includes social interaction that allows for the exploration and negotiation of many kinds of relationships. Activities available in a given festival reflect the concerns of the community, thus providing scenery for expressing particular ethnicity while suggesting personal affirmation, political action, social revitalization. Festival facilitates regeneration and enacts social life, it strengthens the identity of the group and its power to act in its own interest, it contributes to the articulation of social issues. The messages of festival concern the shared experience of the group and multiple interpretations of that experience. Festival brings the group together and communicates about the society itself and the role of the individual in it. In the context of modernity there are two other concepts closely related to festival, these are ritual and spectacle. Ritual is defined as the performance of more or less invariant sequences of formal acts and utterances not encoded by the performers (Rappaport 1992:249). Ritual is usually regarded as a mode of communication associated with the concerns and practice of religion, but relevant symbolic enactment occur outside religious contexts. Ritual and festival appear in modern cultures and particularly in modern religions as separate events, but older religions integrate the calendrical rites which might be labelled as festival into larger ritual cycle.

Research Note: The Demography of Occupational Prestige in the Australian Workforce

Occupational prestige is an indicator of social class amenable to measurement. Dividing the workforce of Australia on the basis of occupational prestige gives a profile of the numbers in each of six occupational prestige categories. This exercise provides a norm for the Australian population and gives a basic prestige distribution for comparative purposes. Of particular interest for sociologists and social scientists generally is the shape of this profile. The top two categories are very small indeed; the third holds 15 per cent of the workforce; and 80 per cent of the workforce are in the lower half of this prestige hierarchy.

Chicago Lawyers: The Social Structure of the Bar.

The legal profession has grown immensely in size, diversity, and influence but some lawyers clearly have more influence than others. What determines the systematic allocation of status, power and economic reward among lawyers? What kind of social structure organizes lawyers' roles in the bar and in the larger community? As John P. Heinz and Edward O. Laumann demonstrate, the legal profession is stratified primarily by the character of the clients served, not by the type of legal service rendered. Using data from extensive personal interviews with nearly 800 Chicago lawyers, the authors show that lawyers who serve one type of client seldom serve the other. Furthermore, lawyers' political, ethno-religious and social ties are very likely to correspond to those of their clients, and the distribution of prestige among lawyers reflects the dichotomy of client types. This volume raises questions about law and the nature of professionalism, questions addressed in the provocative and far-ranging final chapter. This work was originally published in 1983 and has been substantially revised to better serve students and laypersons alike. It offers a sophisticated and comprehensive analysis of lawyers' professional lives.

Stratification and prestige among elite experts in methodological and mathematical sociology circa 1975

This discussion has two purposes. One is to describe the social differentiation of experts within an élite invisible college devoted to methodological and mathematical work circa 1975. The other is to illustrate the positional approach in network analysis. After introducing the invisible college to be considered, the form of stratification within it is described. Although completely interconnected to one another, experts are stratified across five structurally unique statuses. The form of stratification is given greater empirical meaning by considering its content. There is a subtle linkage between the extent to which a status is defined by substantive and methodological influence relations. The most prominent experts have merged their methodological concerns with specific substantive concerns. The most prestigious status is occupied by a “social statistics élite” to whom a “mobility élite” exists as a satellite status. Methodology leaders among social psychologists divide into a group pursuing the study of three-person groups, a “triads élite”, and a group with more general interests, a “social psychology élite”. Finally, a “mathematical sociology élite” jointly define no status since they have highly dissimilar substantive relations with one another and other experts. The last question addressed concerns the distribution of prestige in the college. As would be expected under a norm of universalism, the relative prestige of experts within the college is uniquely determined only by an expert's record of publishing in the college's core journals. The discussion concludes with comments.

Positions in Multiple Network Systems, Part Two: Stratification and Prestige Among Elite Decision- Makers in the Community of Altneustadt

Three basic research issues are addressed concerning the structure of relations among elite community decision-makers as an illustrative application of the conception of a system of actors as a social topology given in Part One (appearing in the previous issue of this journal): (1) What is the form of the role-sets defining statuses across which the elite are stratified? (2) What is the content of these role-sets, i.e., what is the substance of the relations differentiating the community elite? (3) How is the possession of resources associated with the distribution of prestige among the community elite? The application to elite decision-makers in a small German community illustrates the explicit epistemic linkage between abstract and empirical structure inherent in casting a system of actors as a social topology and the hypothesis testing capabilities arising from this explicit linkage. One of the systems of actors most familiar to social scientists as a laboratory for studies of stratification and prestige-and as a source for new ideas concerning both concepts, is that composed of elite decision-makers in a community (see, e.g., reviews by Aiken and Mott; Bonjean et al.; Clark, a, d; Hawley and Wirt). This has become increasingly the case with the adoption in community research of a metaphor discussed at length by Clark (a, c, d) in which the stratification of elites arises in some manner as a consequence of exogenous characteristics of a community and determines in some manner the policies adopted within the community. Adoption of *Modest computer funds from the Department of Sociology and facilities made available to me during the writing of this paper at the National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago by J. S. Coleman through a grant from the National Science Foundation (SOC7305504 A02) are gratefully acknowledged. The presentation of ideas here has benefited from discussions with J. S. Coleman and E. 0. Laumann.

Alternative social structures and the limits of hierarchy in the modern kingdom of Tonga

Recent research on social relations in highly stratified societies indicates that principles of status differentiation uniformly permeate relationships on all levels in these societies. Dumont, for example, has shown that in India indigenous conceptions of purity and impurity structure both interand intra-caste relationships (Dumont, 1970). Maquet has defined a premise of inequality which underlies virtually all social interactions in the Kingdom of Ruanda (Maquet, 1961). From the perspective of the classic Weberian distinctions concerning social differentiation be tween class (distribution of control over goods, services, and resources), status (distribution of prestige and honor), and power (distribution of authority), the concern of the above analyses and this paper is primarily with stratification by status, specified in cultural ideologies of rank. The extent to which the distribution of prestige and honor corresponds to the distributions of power and of control over resources in any particular society is an empirical question of secondary interest here. Rather, the central problem of this paper is to examine the extent to which routine, everyday interpersonal relations within a low status group or class in a highly stratified society are in fact permeated by the same concerns with status differentiation or rank determination that characterize social relations between status groups or classes. The expression of culture-specific ideologies of rank in interpersonal

Marches Internes et Carrierisation des Cadres d'Entreprise.

The studies of M. Sherif and C. W. Sherif on conflict and cooperation between groups are analyzed briefly in chapter 7. The findings of these studies are relevant to real-life organizations in that both conflict and cooperation processes are simultaneously present in them. Shared interests exist side by side with conflicts and oppositions of interest on such matters as division of the income arising from collaboration, allocation of resources, distribution of prestige and power, and recognition of contribution (p. 1 26). The presence of conflict in organizations is central to Sofer's discussions of Between Management and Workers, and Between Colleague Groups, chapters 1 7 and 1 8, respectively. These two chapters together with chapter 1 9, Professional Intervention in Conflict and Change, contain details of the mechanisms contained in bureaucratic organizations for controlling, lessening, and in some cases suppressing intergroup conflict. In other words, the significance of the classical social psychology experiments on conflict and cooperation within and between groups is readily appreciated as one looks at the processes of leadership, conflict, and change in organizations as Sofer has done in the final section of his book.