Distribution Of Petroleum Products Research Articles

OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION, CONTROL AND COUNTERMEASURE PRACTICES AT SMALL PETROLEUM FACILITIES

ABSTRACT The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a study of small petroleum production and petroleum products distribution facilities (stripper wells and bulk plants) in four regions of the country, with respect to those facilities' ability to comply with EPA's Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation (40 CFR, Part 112). The four regions covered were Texas/Oklahoma, Louisiana, Penn-Grade, and New England. Field surveys were conducted at a total of 125 individual facilities. The facilities were categorized into generic types, both intra-regional and across-the-board. Numerous technical problems were identified involving both the facilities' ability to comply with the regulation and the techniques selected by the owners and operators to achieve compliance. The problems and compliance techniques were evaluated for both appropriateness and cost. The problems were also screened and categorized into types most common to all facilities, by facility type and by geographic area. Engineering solutions have been proposed for these most common problems, with emphasis on the most cost effective solutions. For the several generic types of facilities identified, “Generic SPCC Plans” were developed to serve as examples for facilities of the type covered.

Practical Applications of Linear Programming to Shell's Distribution Problems

Improved capabilities and sophistication of mathematical programming systems (model builders, report generators, and mixed integer codes) have considerably expanded the size and scope of real life applications that can be handled. This paper is restricted to applications in the distribution of petroleum products. A linear programming formulation of Shell's distribution network with three products handled by three transportation systems between four sources of product and a large number of transshipment points and terminals is discussed, with emphasis on cost logistics, ranking of various alternatives, and some applications of mixed integer formulations.

A note on ‘a linear programming model for determining an optimal regional distribution of petroleum products’ by C Moore and Z Zolters

A note on ‘a linear programming model for determining an optimal regional distribution of petroleum products’ by C Moore and Z Zolters

Optimal regional distribution of petroleum products

An economic model is presented which applies linear programming to determine the most efficient distribution of petroleum products among industries and regions. The model maximizes employment while (1) ensuring a balanced economy via input-output relationships, (2) maintaining at least the minimum production of basic goods and services necessary to prevent abnormally high inflation which could be caused by shortages, (3) ensuring that regional economies do not become severely depressed due to energy unavailability for their industrial base, (4) making sure that the industry capacity in each region is not exceeded, and (5) allowing policy makers control over the balance of payments. The model utilizes an input-output framework at both the national and regional level and makes adjustments for regional differences by incorporating regional multipliers.

Petroleum Product Distribution and the Evolution of Economic Regions in Iran

ETROLEUM products are the most widely marketed commercial goods in developing countries, not only because they are consumed in transportation but also because they are used in illumination and later in cooking and heating. Even in the poorest countries petroleum products tend to reach the most remote settlements. In view of the wide dispersal of petroleum products, of their bulky nature and the need for suitable containers and handling installations throughout their distribution area, of their importance to large numbers of people, and of the resulting volume of trade, a geographical study of the evolution of the distribution systems for petroleum products offers significant clues for the identification of economic regions and of the transportation networks and hierarchical structures that emerge in these regions in the process of development. In analyzing this evolution the impact of political and other factors must be assessed in order to establish the economic character of the regions. To determine the significance of the observed regional patterns and structures, comparisons must be made with other definitions of regions (physical, urban, and so forth), as well as with models of regions and their properties (networks, hierarchies of nodes, boundaries, and the like) in various stages of development. Such comparisons will permit evaluation of the advantages and shortcomings of my approach to regional definition and thus will indicate whether the methods can be applied elsewhere in geographical analysis. Iran was selected as a case study for this inquiry. Petroleum products have been marketed there for more than a century, longer than in most developing countries. Moreover, the varied nature of Iran's physical and social geography enables us to distinguish regional patterns associated both with imports and with locally manufactured products.

The Development of the Solus System of Petrol Distribution in the United Kingdom, 1950-1960

For three years after the end of the war, petroleum products continued to be distributed in the United Kingdom under the control of the Petroleum Board, into which the personnel and physical resources of the industry had been organised in 1939. The Board was dissolved on June 30th, 1948, and the physical assets returned to the control of the individual companies. During the following year the industry worked within the framework of a Mutual Aid scheme, operated by a central group (composed of representatives of the larger sellers) which exercised control over the import and distribution of petroleum products. After this scheme had ended, normal trading in petrol was still prevented by rationing. With the removal of rationing in May, 1950, the wholesale petrol market closely approximated that of a conventional model of undifferentiated oligopoly. Each seller offered a perfectly substitutable good-the pool grade of petrol which had been introduced during the war and which continued to be the sole grade permitted by the government until 1953. The number of sellers was small, and three large groups dominated the market. The largest, with over half of the market, was Shell Mex and B.P. (S.M.B.P.), which had been established in 1931 to market the products of the Shell group and the Anglo Iranian Oil Company. Closely associated with S.M.B.P. were National Benzole (bought by S.M.B.P. in 1956), Power and Dominion. The second largest seller was Esso Petroleum (Esso), the British subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company (N.J.), which, together with its subsidiary, Cleveland, had approximately one quarter of the petrol market. Third was the Regent Oil Company, a marketing organisation established by Trinidad Leaseholds and the California Texas Corporation, with about one eighth of the petrol market. The fringe of the market included Fina Petroleum Products, an amalgamation of smaller distributing firms accounting for approximately 3 per cent. of the petrol market.' New entry by small companies was made all but impossible by developments in the early post-war years. Restrictions on dollar purchases cut off access to supplies from the Americas, and the cheaper

Water Pollution by Petroleum Oils

ППНЕ importance of the petroleum industry in a modern industrial X civilization with a high standard of living may be judged by the tremendous increase in the use of petroleum products since 1920. From 1920 to 1936 inclusive, consumption of motor fuel increased 345 per cent, gas and fuel oil 136 per cent, while the population increase is estimated at about 22 per cent (see Table 1). Most of this demand was for automotive and heating purposes, both industrial and residential. The distribution of petroleum products to a mass market has created a new problem for some public water supplies. This has resulted from the widespread installation of storage tanks for gasoline and heating oils, even in strictly residential communities. Waste incidental to distributing these products has affected the quality of drinking water under certain circumstances. The gasoline service station with underground tanks, easily controlled pumps and company supervision is usually maintained in a clean condition and with little waste, although the potential hazard to water courses from spillage may be large. Oil and gasoline pipe lines crossing streams are usually well patrolled but there is danger of severe contamination from accidental breakage. The retail fuel yard, which often stores several kinds of fuel, has elevated tanks from which small truck tanks are loaded by gravity through a swing pipe. This type of storage station frequently wastes considerable oil to the ground by spillage, leakage from piping fixtures and tank overflow. Factories with oil storage tanks above ground are another source of possible waste. On occasion, usually after heavy rains in the winter, potable water supplies draining populated areas may be seriously affected by waste petroleum products. A disagreeable