Distribution Of Income In Society Research Articles

Pengaruh Payment Gateway dan Literasi Keuangan Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Pada Pelaku UMKM di Kelurahan Kebonsari

MSMEs have an important contribution to Indonesia's economic growth by creating extensive employment opportunities and supporting a more equal distribution of income in society. This research aims to identify the impact of payment gateways and financial literacy on the level of financial performance of MSME players. This research applies an associative design and quantitative methods. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to MSMEs in Kebonsari Village. The results of this research show that both payment gateway (X1) and financial literacy (X2) have a positive and significant influence on the financial performance (Y) of MSMEs in Kebonsari Village.

Pendapatan Perempuan Terhadap Kemiskinan dan Ketimpangan: Bukti Data Panel dari Provinsi Bali

This research aims to analyze the influence of women's income on poverty levels and income inequality in the province of Bali. Using panel data from 9 city districts during the 2011-2022 period, the analytical model applied to test the functional relationship between variables is panel regression with a fixed effect approach. The research results reveal that women's income cannot significantly reduce poverty levels, but can improve income distribution in society. These findings have implications that efforts to reduce levels of inequality and poverty in the province can create an economic empowerment program that is oriented towards increasing women's income.

Effective salary policy as a component of the development strategy

The inefficient distribution of income in society creates a number of problems, the main of which are the following: approved social standards are at least two times lower than the actual value of the minimum consumer basket, half of the Pension Fund's income is formed at the expense of subsidies, and half of the country's households need subsidies to pay for housing and communal services. As a result, there is no solvent demand for goods and services on the market, which slows down the socio-economic development of the state. The need for radical improvement of the principles of income distribution in society determines the relevance of the research topic. The task is to determine the legal means of effective distribution of income in order to accelerate the socio-economic development of the state. The drivers of economic growth based on wages and/or profits of enterprises are analyzed. However, none of the possibilities will be realized in the absence of a stable or at least predictable exchange rate of the hryvnia, a progressive income tax system and fair market prices. The socialist ideology of the connection of wages with labor productivity, which is equated with labor intensity, does not allow to implement the optimal distribution of incomes and restrains the socio-economic development of the state. Labor productivity is determined by the level of production equipment and technology, the progressiveness of technological processes, the use of innovative materials, the introduction of patents and know-how, etc., which provides for higher qualification of personnel and higher wages and determines the direction of using the received profits and attracting investments. The regulator of the use of profits is the tax system and progressive tax rates. Income distribution in society should be determined by acceptable social standards and ensured by the application of progressive personal income tax rates. Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine have been proposed, which will ensure the solution of the set tasks

ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ РИНКУ НЕРУХОМОСТІ: ЗАГАЛЬНІ ПІДХОДИ ТА ЇХ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО РИНКУ

This article presents the results of investigation the general approaches to real estate market analysis. The attemption of economic analysis of the Ukrainian real estate market was made. The authors assumed the importance of applying the main provisions of the general theory of markets in the economic analysis of the real estate market. The key factors affecting the demand in the real estate market are identified. They include the general level of well-being (income) of citizens, the equality/inequality of income distribution in society, the level of liquidity and profitability of the alternative to real estate another assets, conditions of bank lending for purchasing real estate, methods (algorithms , instruments, rules) of valuation the real estate, dynamics of the national currency exchange rate, activity of market agents who work on behalf of buyers. Identified key factors affecting supply on the real estate market, including: economic potential of construction and development companies, price level for construction materials and repair work, conditions of bank lending to developers and investors, methods (algorithms, instruments, rules) real estate objects evaluation, dynamics of national currency exchange rate, the activity of market agents who work on behalf of real estate sellers. Objective reasons for state regulation of the real estate market are singled out. The dynamics of the indicator of the number of transactions on the Ukrainian real estate market were analyzed and the fact of cyclical changes of this indicator under the influence of the psychological factor was clarified. The dynamics of changes in the general level of prices on the Ukrainian market were studied and the fact of a certain stability in changes of the price rate growth was clarified. Some problems of real estate market analysis related to the lack of statistical information necessary for meaningful economic analysis of this market are outlined.

Home Ownership, House Prices, and Belief in Meritocracy: Evidence from South Korea and 34 Countries

Do home ownership and house prices impact the shaping of individual perceptions on inequality and belief in meritocracy? We argue that home ownership and rising asset prices increase the salience of an individual’s own relative economic position, which in turn facilitates belief in meritocracy. We expect that, when house prices increase, homeowners are likely to strengthen their belief in meritocracy and defend their position by rationalizing that income distribution in society is fair and that economic success and failure are primarily determined by individual efforts. Our analysis of both a Korean panel survey and a cross-national survey finds strong and robust evidence of the asset price effect. Our findings suggest that the housing price effect on economic ideology is a general pattern, which implies that there are social and political consequences to the asset price effect.

KONTRIBUSI TOKOH PEMIKIR EKONOMI ISLAM DI ERA KONTEMPORER

This research aims to find out the figures of contemporary Islamic economic thought, among others; Baqr al Sadr, Abu Ya'la Al-Maududi, and Monzer Kahf. These Muslim thinkers are divided into three categories; first, experts in the field of fiqh so that the approach taken is legalistic and normative; second, modernist groups who are more courageous in providing interpretations of Islamic teachings in order to answer the problems faced by society today; third, practitioners or Muslim economists with Western educational backgrounds. They combine fiqh and economic approaches so that Islamic economics is conceptualized in an integrated manner. In fact, the construction of an Islamic economic system capable of delivering welfare and social justice must be built on the basis of aqidah and elaborated in great detail in the concepts of ownership, the role of the state, and distribution, including production and consumption. Even though the distribution of income in society is the most important thing in the construction of the Islamic economic system.

Assessing Inequality of Income Distribution and Education in the Regions of Kazakhstan

In the current social conditions, the problems of inequality associated with the uneven distribution of income in society is an important research problem. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the level of regional differences in income distribution in developing countries like Kazakhstan. The study aims to assess the influence of income, social expenditures, and inequality in the distribution of education and education costs between different regions of Kazakhstan. Unlike previous scientific papers in this area, this paper uses panel data on the distribution of human capital and income in 17 regions of Kazakhstan. The methodological framework of the research is represented by methods of statistical assessment of economic inequality, such as the indicator of differentiation, reflecting the degree of social and economic inequality. Based on the proposed methodology, we analysed the disparity in the level of education and obtained data on the standard deviations of the distribution of education for the population of the regions of Kazakhstan. According to these data, inequality changes over time and affects the distribution of education and education costs between different areas. Income inequality is slightly higher in Karaganda and East-Kazakhstan regions; other areas have a more equitable income distribution by about 0.05 Gini coefficients. The regression specification shows that large megacities like Shymkent, Almaty, and Astana have a more significant influence, while Mangystau and North-Kazakhstan regions have minor power. The obtained results emphasise the importance ensuring access to education for reducing regional disparities and achieving stability in income distribution.

Analysis of The Determining Factors of Open Unemployment Rate In East Java Province 2018-2020

Indonesia is one of the developing countries that is still experiencing a process of economic development which has the goal of achieving social welfare, in achieving prosperity one of which is needed is the existence of supportive employment opportunities and the existence of equal distribution of income in society, in Indonesia between existing employment opportunities and the workforce occurs gap, namely the increase in the number of employment opportunities is not proportional to the increase in the labor force which increases too quickly, this can have an impact on unemploymentThis study aims to analyze and find out how much influence population, economic growth, labor force and education level have on unemployment in East Java in 2018-2020. This study uses secondary data, namely time series data for 2018-2020. The analysis tool uses panel data regression. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that population size and economic growth have a negative effect on unemployment while the human development index, labor force, and education level have no effect on unemployment

Income Inequalities in EU Countries: Gini Indicator Analysis

Abstract Franklin Delano Roosevelt said that “the test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.” According to the World Economic Forum (2021), income disparity is at the top of global risks in the coming years. The development of income inequality is a growing concern worldwide, particularly since the Great Recession. This study is based on available data on the Gini coefficient of equivalized disposable income from 2005 to 2019 for the 27 European Union countries. We found that the indicator’s value demonstrates a reasonably even distribution of income (not exceeding 40%) in all European Union countries, except Bulgaria. We used the FORECAST ETS function (Excel for Microsoft 365) that is based on the AAA version of the Exponential Smoothing (ETS) algorithm to conduct our analysis. We grouped the EU 27 countries to investigate income equality behavior. According to the interval’s median of the sample’s standard deviation, we selected Italy, Spain, Germany, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria for further investigation. We conclude the absence of general trends in the inequality of income distribution in society due to the financial crisis factors. The research presents exploratory insights into income inequality in the European Union.

Tuition in the economy of education

Introduction. The question of obtaining higher education is highly relevant all over the world today, particularly in Ukraine. The modern system of financing higher education has big and complex problems and remains one of the most important and least settled issues of our country. The opportunity to obtain high-quality education in a prestigious higher educational institution often depends not only on the level of knowledge and readiness of the young person, but also on his/her ability to pay for the education. Thus, the lack of research on the relationship between the cost of higher education as a factor affecting the educational economy, deserves particular attention regarding the influence on the socio-economic status of the nation, and makes the selected topic significantly relevant. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the impact of the cost of higher education on the economy of the state and justify the need to consider this issue from the point of view of the education economy. Results. The article presents the scientific views on the interpretation of the concept of education economy. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the educational economy are characterized. The article also defines the problems of financing higher education from the state budget as it remains one of the most important and complex issues which are not sufficiently settled in our country. There is a review of the functions of education, which aim is to provide a higher level of income and increase the level of well-being of the individual. It is shown that accessibility to higher education for the population has an impact on the distribution of income in society, leads to increased productivity, which is resulted in the growth of individual employee’s income and in increased productivity in the national economy and rises the total income of society. Conclusion. Due to the fact that the main priority of the state in the part of the education economy is to increase its level, higher education should be used as a tool of state socio-economic policy for the development of this sector and support of talented young people. Knowledge generated in higher education is the most important and inexhaustible resource for a science-based economy. In today's context, education needs to be guided by the demands of the labor market, since the education market is an integral part of this market, because it generates a demand for employees of the required specialties.

Socio-economic development, income differentiation and religious people: an empirical analysis of the relationship

The paper studies issues related to the relationship between indicators of socio-economic development, income differentiation and religiosity of the population in the country. Based on the assumption that the religiosity of the population can be a factor that has a significant impact on socio-economic development and the inequality of income distribution in society, this hypothesis is tested using correlation and cluster analysis methods based on empirical analysis. The results of a) a correlation analysis of indicators of the inequality of the income distribution of the country, its socio-economic development and the level of religiosity of the population are presented; b) analysis of the relationship between the Gini coefficient and the number of believers; c) clustering of sample objects (countries) by indicators of socio-economic development, income distribution and religiosity of the population. The analysis was carried out on a sample of 75 countries and indicators: per capita GDP, human development index (HDI), income differentiation (Gini coefficient), the number of religious population (in %). The results confirm the existence of relationships between these indicators. It is revealed that the nature of the relationship between the socio-economic development of the country and the level of religiosity of the population is non-linear, which can be presented in a parabolic form. An analysis conducted by groups of countries by income level (High income, Upper middle income, Lower middle income, Low income) showed that the closest positive relationship between the Gini index and religiosity of the population is observed in the countries of Lower middle income. To describe the diversity of combinations of indicators of socio-economic development, income differentiation and religiosity of the population, a cluster analysis was carried out on the basis of all 4 indicators. 3 clusters of countries were identified, of which groups with opposite values of attributes: countries with a high level of religiosity and income distribution inequality and low development rates; countries with low rates of inequality and religiosity and high levels of development. The intermediate cluster has indicator values that are closer to the first group.

ASEAN Economic Integration and Inclusive Economic Growth

Most of the ASEAN countries are developing countries which still rely on the economy of natural resources. The process of economic transformation has become a necessity to make changes towards industrialized countries. The transformation is conducted so that the economy is able to compete in the global market. The purpose of writing this paper was to convey the trees of thoughts and ideas of the importance of economic integration in addressing society's income distribution inequality in the ASEAN countries. According to the estimated Gini index, ASEAN countries actually fell into the category of economic inequality. This means that the inequality happened too extreme and there was a positive movement towards equitable distribution of economic opportunities for the population. Therefore an inclusive development-oriented growth inclusive long-term was needed. Inclusive development aimed at reducing the number of poor population and unemployment in order to be able to take advantage of the market to base prosper. Inclusive development required improvement in the field of human resources, government bureaucracy, institutional economics, infrastructure improvements, strict law enforcement, satisfy basic needs certainty, and mastery of the science, technology, and political stability. This paper concluded that the economy of ASEAN countries had not yet fully managed so well that the inclusive development process should give priority to a strong and stable economy facing global competition. The difference in their respective interests was not yet guarantying the formation of the economic integration of the ASEAN countries that were less competitive. Therefore, there was a need for an agreement based on the principle of mutual needs, mutual raising, and mutual benefit. This paper also suggested ASEAN countries to fix the detailing things in order that investments grew rapidly in their respective countries. Investment and exports of industrial products were the two factors that elementary in order for resilience and economic integration could be formed quickly and productively

The nature of well-being objective function in tax-free regime of ethico-economics

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explain the effect of a tax-free regime of socioeconomics in the social well-being function. This paper carries on the message that has been recognized in the economic theory and by many for a long time now. This is that the incidence of all forms of taxes – direct and indirect taxes – proves to cause inequitable distribution of wealth. The rich still comprises the top 1 per cent of the income earners despite the existence of heavy tax burden. This paper goes beyond this observation and its explanation to make the case that the tax regime also causes distortionary effects in the generalized system of social and economic relations.Design/methodology/approachIn the midst of the generalized system of simulating the well-being function, subject to what is called the circular causation system of the endogenous variables is explained by the critical parameter of the epistemic nature in the unity of knowledge by complementarities between the variables signifying the good choices.FindingsThis paper also contrarily establishes and explains the nature of equitable production and distribution of income in society at large. The tax-free regime is explained to generate and sustain balanced inter-causality between the critical variables in the generalized system of equations for simulating the well-being function. Some of the special properties of the evolutionary learning kind of the well-being simulation problem in the tax-free regime are brought out.Research limitations/implicationsEmpirical work could follow.Practical implicationsOf special interest are the Arab Middle Eastern countries, most of which do not levy tax on households; with a small rate on businesses.Social implicationsThis paper goes beyond this observation and its explanation to make the case that the tax regime also causes distortionary effects in the generalized system of social and economic relations. Most importantly, the presence of tax regime disturbs the balanced forms of inter-causality between the critical variables of the social and economic type. The social well-being is thus eroded in the midst of a tax regime.Originality/valueThis paper is a rare one of its kind to bring out the question surrounding the tax-free regimes usually practiced in Islamic fiscal theory and today adopted by many Muslim countries in the Middle East.

SEJARAH EKONOMI ISLAM MASA KONTEMPORER

This literature study is explore and compare of Islamic scholar’s thought in contemporary era: Baqr al Sadr, Muhammad Abdul Mannan, Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi, Sayyed Haidar Naqf, Taqiyyuddin An Nabhanni, and Monzer Kahf. Islamic scholars are divided into three categories; frstly, an expert in the Islamic law (fqh) that is conducted in a legalistic and normative; secondly, more daring modernist group in their interpretation of Islamic teachings in order to answer the issues facing society today; thirdly practitioners or Muslim economists educational background in the West. They combine both Islamic law and economic approach that is integrated to be Islamic economy. In fact, the construction of an Islamic economy system capable of delivering on welfare and social justice must be built on the basis of faith (akidah) and described in great detail the concepts of ownership, the role of the state, and distribution, including production and consumption. Even distribution of income in society into the most important thing in the construction of an Islamic economy system, but all of it was related to other elements. Therefore, the construction of an Islamic economy system can not stand alone, but must be integrated and connected with other elements. Keywords: Islamic economy, Islamic scholars, Contemporary

Electoral Uncertainty, Income Inequality and The Middle Class

We investigate how electoral competition affects the income distribution in society. We utilise a standard probabilistic voting setup where parties compete at two stages. Our model delivers that greater electoral competition in a district results in equalisation of incomes therein. We check for these relationships using data from Indian national elections which are combined with consumption expenditure data rounds from the National Sample Survey Organization (1987–8 and 2004–5) to yield a district level panel. Our OLS, 2-SLS and IIV analyses consistently inform that close elections lead to lower inequality and polarisation indicating a larger middle class.

The growth, poverty and inequality nexus in South Africa: Cointegration and causality analysis

ABSTRACTThis study empirically established the long-run relationship and causality effects that exist between growth, poverty and inequality. The analysis was carried out on a panel of nine South African provinces from 1995 to 2012. To capture poverty and inequality in a broader context, two measures of poverty (income and non-income) and three measures of inequality (income, education and land) were adopted for the study. The results confirm that there is a long-run relationship between growth, poverty and inequality. Notable results from the causality tests suggest that growth does not promote equal distribution of income in society but as income distribution begins to equalise, economic growth rises. This is regarded as growth–inequality disconnect. The unidirectional causality, which runs from income poverty to income inequality, suggests that a rising level of income poverty will lead to falling income inequality in the society; likewise, income inequality increases as non-income poverty declines.

How immigration affects investment and productivity in host and home countries

Migration policies need to consider how immigration affects investment behavior and productivity, and how these effects vary with the type of migration. College-educated immigrants may do more to stimulate foreign direct investment and research and development than low-skilled immigrants, and productivity effects would be expected to be highest for immigrants in scientific and engineering fields. By raising the demand for housing, immigration also spurs residential investment. However, residential investment is unlikely to expand enough to prevent housing costs from rising, which has implications for income distribution in society.

Group Function of Income Distribution in Society

Based on the similarity of properties of photons and money, and on the formula for the density of distribution of photon gas by energies, the corresponding mathematical formula for distribution of annual income per capita is obtained. Application of this formula for the data analysis reveals several independent groups of population with different average levels of their income. In particular four main groups of population contribute to the distribution of income in the economy of the USA.

Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Developing Countries

Nowadays, improvement in income distribution and poverty eradication and hence low inequality are served as the main objectives of economic and social development strategy even prior than primary tasks of governments. to manifest importance of income distribution, some economists adopt income inequality and income distribution in society as criteria for economic system of the community, although these criteria and measures are theoretical for the economic system and this varies from the perspective of different people, however, it denotes on importance of income distribution among individuals. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of economic growth on income inequality in the selection of low-income developing countries.To this end, using panel data and data for 28 developing countries over the period 1990-2010 the relationship between GDP and the Gini coefficient was examined. The results indicate that as per hypothesis Kuznets in the early stages of growth, income inequality increases and then it declines in later stage.

Economic Growth and Inequality: Why It Matters and What's Coming Next

This article makes the case that the recent rise in income inequality in OECD countries reflects profound changes in the economic model that previously resulted in growth, prosperity, and social progress during the second half of the last century. The author begins by citing French economist Thomas Piketty's identification of the key driver of rising income inequality as the recent sharp increase in the share of national income going to capital (defined as interest, dividends and other investment returns) and the accompanying decline in the share going to labor (in the form of wages, salaries, pension, and other work‐related benefits). For most of the last 100 years, a successful balance was struck in a majority of OECD countries between the returns to capital and labor. Within the framework of nationally defined economies, labor could effectively advocate for its share of the productivity gains by capital, and governments had the ability to constrain the free movement of capital, set labor compensation standards, and redistribute income through progressive taxation.The author explores how two developments—globalization and the rise of machine intelligence—are disrupting this social contract and reshaping our economy and society. The combination of these two developments, by accelerating the flow of income to capital and away from labor, is eroding the historical relationship between capital, labor, and governments that has long prevailed in most OECD countries. As this happens, we are seeing rising income inequality and the erosion of the middle class, which had been the driver of economic growth for most of the past century. Indeed, the thesis of Piketty's book, Capital in the Twenty‐First Century, is that such an effect may well be taking us back to the pre‐20th century norm of high income inequality and low economic growth.In his closing arguments, the author suggests that avoiding this scenario will be more complicated than simply raising taxes on capital, as proposed by Piketty. It may well require a fundamental rethinking of the role of employment as the primary mechanism for income distribution in society and how we prepare our workforce for an economy and society in which the concept of work will be radically redefined.