Understanding how ecohydrological processes shape soil-plant-water interactions across various ecosystem types is vital for elucidating vegetation water-use strategies in cold, arid regions. This study focused on mountain ecosystems along the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. By comprehensively collecting data on soil profiles, soil moisture and salinity characteristics, and plant leaf functional traits, we systematically evaluated the mechanisms by which these factors influence plant water-use efficiency (WUE). Our findings revealed that soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and moisture were markedly enriched in the surface layer (0-20cm), with spatial heterogeneity largely controlled by ecosystem type. Patterns of water-salt interactions followed two distinct regimes: either moisture deficit accompanied by salt accumulation or simultaneous supplementation of water and salt, depending strongly on the hydrological and evapotranspiration context. Moreover, under water-limited conditions, WUE was mainly driven by photosynthetic and water-related traits, whereas in environments with ample water and nutrients, nutrient availability and metabolic traits played a dominant role. These results suggest that ecosystem-specific resource environments shape distinct adaptive strategies for plant water use. This study reveals the mechanism by which ecosystem types regulate water WUE through the coordinated effects of soil moisture patterns and plant functional traits. It provides a theoretical basis for understanding vegetation water adaptation strategies and guiding resource management in cold alpine mountain ecosystems.

Satellite communication systems experience significant signal degradation during rain events, a phenomenon that can be leveraged for meteorological applications. This study introduces a novel hybrid machine learning framework combining unsupervised clustering with cluster-specific supervised deep learning models to transform satellite signal attenuation into a predictive tool for rainfall prediction. Unlike conventional single-model approaches treating all atmospheric conditions uniformly, our methodology employs K-Means Clustering with the Elbow Method to identify four distinct atmospheric regimes based on Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) patterns from a 12-m Ku-band satellite ground station at King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand, combined with absolute pressure and hourly rainfall measurements. The dataset comprises 98,483 observations collected with 30-s temporal resolutions, providing comprehensive coverage of diverse tropical atmospheric conditions. The experimental platform integrates three subsystems: a receiver chain featuring a Low-Noise Block (LNB) converter and Software-Defined Radio (SDR) platform for real-time data acquisition; a control system with two-axis motorized pointing incorporating dual-encoder feedback; and a preprocessing workflow implementing data cleaning, K-Means Clustering (k = 4), Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE) for balanced representation, and standardization. Specialized Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks trained for each identified cluster enable capture of regime-specific temporal dynamics. Experimental validation demonstrates substantial performance improvements, with cluster-specific LSTM models achieving R2 values exceeding 0.92 across all atmospheric regimes. Comparative analysis confirms LSTM superiority over RNN and GRU. Classification performance evaluation reveals exceptional detection capabilities with Probability of Detection ranging from 0.75 to 0.99 and False Alarm Ratios below 0.23. This work presents a scalable approach to weather radar systems for tropical regions with limited ground-based infrastructure, particularly during rapid meteorological transitions characteristic of tropical climates.

In this study, the growth of vertical graphene (VG) nanosheets on copper (Cu) substrates in a direct-current plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system was studied. The plasma process during the VG growth was characterized using a high-speed camera and optical emission spectroscopy. Results showed that the plasma composition remained constant, but the overall plasma intensity increased with increasing substrate open area (OA). At low OAs of > 0.05, VG growth was limited to edges, and the VG height increased gradually to reach 700 nm as more reactants became readily available. Two distinctive regimes were identified: diffusion-limited growth at OAs < 0.6, and kinetic-limited growth at OAs > 0.6 for Cu meshes and screens. Under the diffusion-limited regime, VG growth occurred preferentially from the substrate edge toward the center. Therefore, the deposition time was extended to achieve uniform VG deposition. However, in the kinetic-limited regime, the increased availability of reactants did not alter the VG height, which remained at 700 nm. The kinetic-limited deposition was uniform across the substrate due to less plasma screening. This study sheds light on the growth mechanism of VG on perforated substrates, opening new avenues to control deposition on Cu substrates within plasma-screened interfaces.

Introduction: Extreme precipitation events in the Ayeyarwady River Basin, Myanmar, exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity and non-stationarity, yet their linkages to large-scale climate oscillations remain poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to characterize distinct rainfall regimes, quantify non-stationary extreme event dynamics, and identify teleconnections with oceanic-atmospheric variability over 66 years (1958–2023). Materials and Methods: A hybrid analytical framework integrating K-means clustering, non-stationary Generalized Pareto Distribution modeling, and wavelet coherence analysis was applied to gridded monthly precipitation data from TerraClimate. Results: Four spatiotemporal rainfall clusters were delineated, exhibiting fundamentally different monsoonal characteristics with mean seasonal peaks ranging from 188 mm to 686 mm. Extreme precipitation behavior demonstrated substantial heterogeneity, with 100-year return periods varying from 501 mm in subdued northern zones to 983 mm in hyper-intense coastal regions. Wavelet coherence analysis revealed regime-specific teleconnections: Cluster 2 exhibited the strongest ENSO influence (0.536 coherence strength, 64-month median duration, 1960 peak), while Cluster 4 demonstrated unique IOD dominance (0.479 strength, 74-month duration) extending beyond annual timescales. Teleconnection effectiveness varied substantially across regimes (0.428–0.536 strength) with significant decadal non-stationarity. Limitations and Perspectives: Basin-wide precipitation averages obscure critical regional variations in extreme event magnitudes and climate forcing mechanisms, necessitating regime-differentiated approaches for flood risk assessment and climate-informed water resources management in Myanmar’s most vital river basin.

Temperature variations can induce phase transformations and strain in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), undermining their structural stability and device performance. Despite growing interest, the operational stability of triple-cation wide-bandgap (WBG) PSCs and tandem solar cells (TSCs) under rapid solar-thermal cycling remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the operational stability of WBG PSCs (~1.68 eV) with a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.31% and extend the study to TSCs. We find that degradation during device operation under rapid solar-thermal cycling (temperature change rate of 10 °C/min) is independent of passivation and occurs in two distinct regimes: an initial burn-in phase, which accounts for a rapid 60% relative loss in performance, followed by a steady degradation characterized by temperature-dependent fluctuations in photovoltaic parameters. By operando grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and photoluminescence measurements, we reveal that temperature-induced strain, phase transition, and the increased non-radiative recombination collectively contribute to the degradation of PSCs. This work advances the understanding of the degradation mechanisms of WBG PSCs and TSCs, providing insights toward improving their operational thermal stability for real-world applications.

Numerical simulations and theoretical analysis are conducted to investigate the Atwood-number dependence of perturbation evolution in a shocked heavy fluid layer. For layers without reverberating waves, a higher Atwood number of one interface significantly enhances its coupling effect on the perturbation growth at the opposite interface. A theoretical model incorporating the startup, linear and nonlinear stages is developed to predict the interface mixing width. Dimensionless formulae are derived, identifying eight distinct modulation regimes of multi-interface instability. When reverberating waves are present, the individual effects of the upstream ( $A_1$ ) and downstream ( $A_2$ ) Atwood numbers are examined. The model is further modified to account for additional reverberating waves required at higher $A_2$ values for accurate amplitude prediction. Both theory and simulations demonstrate that perturbation growth at one interface can be actively controlled by adjusting the Atwood number of the opposite interface. These findings provide insights for mitigating instabilities in applications such as inertial confinement fusion through appropriate material selection.

Abstract We numerically investigate the collision dynamics of a dark soliton with a domain wall in an immiscible, two-component Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a quasi-two-dimensional harmonic trap. The role of the inter-species interaction strength $\delta = g_{12}/g_{11}$ and the soliton's initial displacement $\Delta_x$ is investigated thoroughly. Our results reveal a clear bifurcation into two distinct dynamical regimes: a $penetration regime$, where the soliton decays into vortex pairs that cross the interface, and a $non-penetration regime$, where the soliton's energy is dissipated at the interface through sound emission and vortex annihilation. We present a phase diagram that maps these outcomes across the $(\delta, \Delta_x)$ parameter space. Furthermore, within the non-penetration regime, we identify a complex excited state characterized by the combination of component breakup in one component and vortex formation in the other. This work provides the systematic study of dark soliton-domain wall interactions in a 2D phase-separated binary BEC, offering new insights into interfacial dynamics and non-equilibrium transport in multi-component quantum fluids.

An investigation on a discrete-time infectious disease model that incorporating vertical transmission is presented in this paper. Departing from prior research centered on continuous-time frameworks, our study adopts a discrete-time formulation to better capture the complex epidemiological dynamics. We establish a model and conduct a bifurcation analysis of its equilibrium points. In particular, sufficient conditions for the local stability and the emergence of Neimark–Sacker and flip bifurcations are rigorously derived and analytically verified. As anticipated, variations in the bifurcation parameter give rise to distinct periodic regimes in the system response. To mitigate the instabilities and chaotic behaviors resulting from these bifurcations, we propose and validate two control strategies, which are Hybrid Control Method and State Feedback Control. Numerical simulations futher substantiated the analytical results, demonstrating that appropriate parameter adjustments can shift the system behavior from chaotic attractors and limit cycles toward stable equilibria. Our results show that by dynamically adjusting the intensity of prevention and control measures to mitigate unstable factors such as vertical transmission and high infection rates, or reducing the frequency of system updates to slow down the growth of infections, the epidemic can be transitioned from repeated outbreaks to a stable and manageable state.

Active matter systems are known to drive directed transport and rotation when coupled to passive inclusions. We study the dynamics of a geometrically symmetric inclusion, termed a torquer, in a bath of chiral active Brownian particles. Despite being geometrically symmetric and non-motile, the torquer exhibits persistent rotation due to spatially inhomogeneous torques arising from angularly biased collisions with active particles. This interaction-driven symmetry breaking does not rely on shape anisotropy or external forcing. Through simulations, we identify two distinct regimes of rotation: one dominated by density gradients at low chirality and another by increased impact frequency at high chirality. Our results demonstrate that persistent rotational dynamics can be realised in a symmetric inclusion, from anisotropic interaction with the active bath.

Abstract Topographic forcing along the southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau favors bifurcation of the India-Burma Trough (IBT)—a critical weather system modulating Asia winter precipitation—into two archetypes with distinct dynamic mechanisms and climatic impacts. Short-lived local IBTs (17 events/year; mean 2.2 days) remain confined west of 100°E with shallow vertical structure (&lt; 500 hPa), driven by weak mid-latitude Rossby wave trains from northern Africa over shallow westerly anomalies. In contrast, persistent eastward-moving IBTs (1.4 events/year; mean 5.9 days) propagate rapidly eastward (4.98°/day) beyond 100°E with deep vertical development (&gt; 300 hPa). Triggered by intense mid-high latitude disturbances (40°N–60°N) over western Europe, their sustained cross-regional movement involves coordinated wave trains: energy injection along the subtropical westerly jet sustains the IBT development, while wave train along the polar jet weakens the East Asian Trough to reduce cold-air resistance thus favor for IBT moving to eastward downstream. This process occurs within strong westerly anomalies and deep moist layers, interacting with the secondary circulation of the upper-level jet to facilitate IBT maintenance and eastward movement. We establish that large-scale circulation coordination—not local forcing alone— governs this dichotomy, creating fundamentally distinct regimes: (1) High-frequency/Shortlived/ Localized events with limited impacts versus (2) Low-frequency/Long-lived/High-impact systems exhibiting efficient energy conversion and extensive moisture transport that drive regional precipitation extremes.

ABSTRACT This article explores representations of Hong Kong in contemporary film and video productions. Using the tools of cultural and visual geography, it proposes a cross-analysis of 26 films and 12 video games produced between 1982 and 2023, showing how their staging of Hong Kong configures differentiated aesthetic, narrative and spatial regimes of territorialization. This comparative approach makes it possible to grasp both aesthetic continuities and media specificities in the production of spatial imaginaries, emphasizing how each medium articulates power and territory differently, and what each reveals or obscures about the city’s geographical characteristics. The study identifies three main trends: the creation of an exogenous cliché centred on the spectacular verticality of the skyline; the aestheticisation of a labyrinthine, overcrowded night-time urban landscape; and the valorization of peripheral or marginal spaces, often associated with alternative, endogenous representations of the territory. A cross-analysis of films and video games reveals distinct regimes of visibility − filmic framing versus interactive spatialization − and enables us to question the relationship between aesthetic forms, political power and territorial imaginaries. By placing these representations in their geopolitical context, it sheds light on the role of cultural media in the making, and the contestation, of contemporary urban imaginaries.

Decomposition of 5-(Dinitromethylene)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole at elevated temperatures coupled with high pressures: A molecular dynamics study.

Iron and sulfate reduction vs. methanogenesis: Contrasting terminal anaerobic organic matter degradation pathways regulate groundwater iodine enrichment.

Non-equilibrium particle transport in liquid crystals (LCs) can be exploited to create a variety of complex composite morphologies such as capsules, foams and gels by cooling the system through a phase transition. The mechanisms behind structure formation are however poorly understood. To understand the initial stages of the process, we construct a fundamental model of nanoparticle transport by a moving LC phase boundary by coupling LC physics to the Fokker-Planck equation for transport. Solutions of our model reveal two distinct transport regimes where particles either surf on or are swept up by the moving phase boundary. The model allows us to draw an analogy between the formation and evolution of LC-nanocomposite systems and chemotaxis, thus enriching the space of realizable structures. Fluorescence imaging and analysis of particle transport at a moving isotropic to nematic phase boundary demonstrates that the model successfully predicts experimental observations, enriching our understanding of out-of-equilibrium transport phenomena and phase transition-driven structure selection.

The gas turbine combustors are often suggested to operate at fuel-lean conditions to balance the trade-off between nitrogen oxides and soot formation. However, combustors operating in lean conditions are more susceptible to flame blowout and thermoacoustic instability. Due to the sudden loss of flame inside the combustor, blowout results in direct power loss, whereas thermoacoustic instability leads to large vibrations, loud noise, and structural failure—posing major challenges for the gas turbine combustors. In this research, first, we utilized nonlinear time series techniques like pressure traces, frequency spectra, phase portrait, and recurrence analysis to capture the transition in distinct dynamical regimes of the combustor, starting from combustion noise to flame blowout when air flow rates are varied. Next, we perform recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), which shows distinctive signatures preceding lean blowout (LBO) and thermoacoustic instability (TAI), thereby can be used as early warning measures for predicting both LBO and TAI. Using the recurrence plots (RPs), six different quantification measures are estimated by fixing the recurrence threshold value (ϵ0). Using these quantification measures, the change in dynamic characteristics of pressure signals is characterized as the system approaches LBO and TAI. The combustor shows increased in intermittent oscillations near the LBO and TAI. The results show that RPs and RQA stand out remarkably in performance to capture the dynamical complexity of the acoustic pressure signals. Furthermore, these tools contribute to a better distinction between a stable operation, an unstable operation, and a dynamic state near the blowout.

Channel avulsion plays a critical role in shaping alluvial river systems, yet its morphometric and tectonic consequences remain underexplored in transboundary basins. This study assesses the morphometric response to a historical avulsion event in the lower Mahananda River Basin, spanning Nepal, India, and Bangladesh. Using georeferenced historical maps (1928, 1974), multi-resolution DEMs (SRTM and ALOS PALSAR), and hydrological modeling in ArcGIS Pro, we delineated three watershed units: the Old Mahananda Basin (OMB), the Current Mahananda Watershed (CMW), and the Abandoned Mahananda Watershed (AMW). A detailed morphometric comparison across linear, areal, relief, and tectonic indices reveals significant divergence post-avulsion. AMW exhibits an approximately 45% reduction in total stream length, lower drainage density (0.34 km/km²), and diminished relief energy, indicating hydromorphological degradation. In contrast, CMW maintains high fluvial activity, with a greater dissection index and slope variability. Tectonic asymmetry indicators—Asymmetry Factor (AF) and Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor (TTSF)—suggest lateral tilting toward the east, likely influencing the channel’s relocation. Statistical analyses—including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and correlation heatmaps—identified drainage density, stream frequency, and hypsometric integral as key drivers of post-avulsion differentiation. Custom visualizations further confirmed distinct morphometric regimes across the three sub-watersheds. The integrated approach—merging GIS-based delineation with Python-assisted statistical modeling—offers a replicable framework for assessing avulsion-driven watershed transformation in tectonically sensitive alluvial plains. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of geomorphic divergence and provide actionable insights for transboundary water resource planning and climate-adaptive land management.

This paper introduces quantum-inspired fractal sustainability optimization (QIFSO), a comprehensive methodology for sustainable biosensor design that transcends conventional linear assessment frameworks. By integrating mathematical principles from quantum information theory with multifractal analysis, QIFSO enables multidimensional sustainability assessment specifically calibrated for complex biosensing technologies. The framework mathematically transforms 15 sustainability parameters into a three-dimensional state space characterized by parameter resilience (PR), sustainability momentum (SM), and criticality coefficient (CC), capturing complex interdependencies that traditional approaches overlook. Hierarchical clustering analysis using optimized k-means algorithms (1500 iterations, 10 replicates) reveals four statistically distinct sustainability regimes that occur universally across biosensor applications: resilient performers, rapid evolvers, critical constraints, and steady optimizers (Davies-Bouldin index = 1.24, Calinski-Harabasz criterion = 186.3). Multifractal analysis demonstrates that this parameter space exhibits non-integer dimensionality (Dq = 2.69 ± 0.05, p < 0.01), mathematically explaining why traditional linear frameworks consistently fail to capture complex parameter behaviors. A robust power law relationship between parameter resilience and criticality coefficient (CC = 0.45 × PR-1.68 + 0.19, R2 = 0.84, p < 0.001) provides a predictive foundation for strategic optimization. We validate this approach through comprehensive in silico case studies across four biosensor categories, including wearable sensors, implantable devices, point-of-care diagnostics, and environmental monitors, drawing on the authors' domain knowledge and prior experience in the field. These analyses indicate potential sustainability improvements ranging from 18 to 52 percent. It should be emphasized that these efforts are intended solely to illustrate the framework's potential and do not represent definitive or experimentally verified outcomes. Comparative evaluation demonstrates that QIFSO-guided optimization reduces development timelines by 60% compared to conventional approaches (mean cycle: 7.3 vs. 18.2 months, p < 0.001) while significantly improving biocompatibility, sensor longevity, and environmental performance. The framework's adaptation across 14 diverse research organizations (implementation success rate = 92%) confirms its broad applicability for accelerating sustainable innovation in biosensing technologies.

Quantification of marine cooling effect and driving mechanism along Beibu Gulf coastal areas.

Multifactorial environmental and ecological gradients from hydrology and land-use reflect coordinated plankton-organic pollutant spatial dynamics in coastal ecosystems.

ABSTRACT We investigate the interplay between the non‐Hermitian skin effect (NHSE), parity‐time (PT) symmetry, and topological defect states in a finite non‐Hermitian Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) chain. In the conventional NHSE regime, non‐reciprocal hopping leads to an asymmetric localization of all eigenstates at one edge of the system, including the bulk and topological edge states. However, the introduction of staggered gain and loss restores the symmetric localization of topological edge states while preserving the bulk NHSE. We further examine the response of defect states in this system, demonstrating that their spatial localization is dynamically controlled by the combined effects of NHSE and PT symmetry. Specifically, we identify three distinct regimes in which the defect states localize at the defect site, shift to the system's edges, or become completely delocalized. These findings extend beyond previous works that primarily explored the activation and suppression of defect states through gain‐loss engineering. To validate our theoretical predictions, we propose an experimental realization using a topolectrical circuit, where non‐Hermitian parameters are implemented via impedance converter‐based non‐reciprocal elements. Circuit simulations confirm the emergence and tunability of defect states through voltage and admittance measurements, providing a feasible platform for experimental studies of non‐Hermitian defect engineering. Our results establish a route for designing reconfigurable non‐Hermitian systems with controllable topological defect states, with potential applications in robust signal processing and sensing.