Distilled Water Solution Research Articles

Residual Red Blood Cell Volume in Extracorporeal Blood Circuit after Hemodialysis: A Single-Center Study.

The factors contributing to blood loss during hemodialysis (HD) procedures remain underexplored. This study aimed to quantify blood loss during HD and identify the potential factors associated with it. The study included 70 ESRD patients undergoing HD. After dialysis, the extracorporeal blood circuits were rinsed with 1,000 mL of 0.05% NH3 solution in distilled water, and hemoglobin levels were measured. Univariate regression was used to assess the linear relationship between residual red blood cell (RBC) volume and various parameters, including HD mode, dialyzer surface area, ultrafiltration goal, hypotension during HD, blood flow rate, activated partial thromboplastin time, and C-reactive protein. Multivariate regression was also conducted to explore the relationships among these parameters. The mean RBC volume remaining in the extracorporeal blood circuit after HD was 1.6 ± 0.9 mL (mode: 1.0, range: 0.3-6.5 mL). When converted to whole blood volume per patient, the mean blood volume was 5.3 ± 3.0 mL (median: 4.1 mL, mode: 4.0 mL, range: 1.0-19.0 mL). Multivariate analysis identified the dialyzer surface area as the only significant determinant of residual RBC volume. After HD, the remaining RBC volume in the extracorporeal blood circuit varies from 1.6 to 6.5 mL. When the RBC volume was converted to whole blood volume for each case, the blood loss ranged from 1.0 to 19.0 mL. Dialyzer surface area was the only significant determinant of residual RBC volume.

Hesperidin facilitating gastrointestinal motility by “Gut-brain axis” and “SCF/C-Kit signaling pathways”

Hesperidin shows promising results as a potential feed additive for enhancing gastrointestinal motility in animals. Gastrointestinal function plays a pivotal role in animal growth and the digestibility of dietary nutrients, with gastrointestinal motor function serving as a crucial component. However, limited research has been conducted on the application of hesperidin as a feed additive to promote gastrointestinal motility. The present study aims to assess the efficacy of Hesperidin as a feed additive in promoting gastrointestinal motility and elucidating its underlying mechanism. A total of 200 newly hatched (1-day-old) broilers with similar body weight were randomly allocated into 4 groups as follows: the control group receiving only the basal diet, and the other 3 groups supplemented with 50, 100, and 150 mg of hesperidin per kg of the basal diet, respectively. Each group consisted of 5 replicates with ten broilers per replicate, and the feeding trial lasted for a duration of 21 d. At 21 d of age, a 5% w/v Evans Blue solution in distilled water was utilized to measure intestinal transit rates (ITR). Gastric emptying (GE) was evaluated by administering a phenol red solution at a concentration of 0.05% w/v (1 mL/broiler). Fifteen broilers from each group were euthanized and immediately dissected to obtain gizzard, hypothalamus, duodenum, and jugular blood samples. Jugular blood samples were collected for brain-gut peptide content analysis, while gizzard, hypothalamus, and duodenum samples were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Real-time qPCR was performed on gizzard samples. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the GE and ITR of broilers in all treatment groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05), particularly in the 100mg/Kg and 150mg/Kg hesperidin group. Incorporation of hesperidin into the broilers' diet significantly enhances serum levels of ghrelin, encompassing serotonin (5-HT), motilin (MTL), cholecystokinin (CCK), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF) as well as substance P (SP) in the gizzard and duodenal tissues while reducing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels (P < 0.05). The group administered a dosage of 150mg/Kg exhibited the most pronounced effect.Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that hesperidin supplementation up-regulated SP protein content and down-regulated VIP protein content in the hypothalamus, gizzard, and duodenum of broilers (P < 0.05), with the most pronounced effect illustrated in the 150mg/Kg hesperidin group. Furthermore, addition of hesperidin to broiler feed resulted in a significant up-regulation of protein expression and gene expression related to SCF and The protein expression of Receptor tyrosine kinase (C-Kit) was significantly upregulated in the 150mg/Kg group, while the gene expression of C-Kit was significantly upregulated in the 50 mg/Kg group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hesperidin exhibits promising potential as a feed additive for broilers, as its dietary supplementation of hesperidin improves gastrointestinal motility through modulation of both "gut-brain axis" signaling pathways and "SCF/C-Kit signaling pathways" within broiler chicken's digestive system. Notably, basal diet supplemented with 150mg/Kg hesperidin demonstrates superior efficacy.

Induction of Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State in Shigella flexneri Under Osmotic and Nutritional Stresses at Low Temperature

Background: Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) is a specific physiological state in which living bacteria lose the ability to grow and form colonies on conventional bacterial growth media; however, these cells remain metabolically active. Objectives: Considering the importance of the pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri and the possibility of its transmission through contaminated water and food, we aimed to study the possibility of this bacterium entering the VBNC state under osmotic and nutritional stresses at low temperature (4°C). Methods: Shigella flexneri was inoculated in distilled water and NaCl solutions with concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% at 4°C. The cultivability of the bacteria was checked daily. After observing the loss of cultivability, entry into the VBNC state was assessed using RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Results: After cultivation of S. flexneri in different concentrations of salt solution, the time of non-cultivability was observed at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%, respectively, on days 19, 20, 21, 22, 22, 24, and 24. Expression results of ipaH and ipaD genes using RT-PCR, along with the presence of live cells detected by flow cytometry and fluorescent staining, indicated that the cells had entered the VBNC state. Conclusions: Shigella flexneri can survive and enter the VBNC state under nutritional and osmotic stresses at low temperatures (4°C). In this state, although the bacterium is alive, it cannot be detected by conventional culture-dependent methods. Due to the potential risk of bacterial recovery, conventional techniques may be insufficient to detect the presence of pathogens in the VBNC state when evaluating water and food.

Development of biochromic paper strips from cellulose nanocrystals and anthocyanin extract from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) for colorimetric determination of urea

AbstractAn anthocyanin (ACN) spectroscopic probe was extracted and immobilized into a matrix of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/urease enzyme to create a colorimetric nanocomposite film sensor. The ACN@CNC composite is a disposable molecular biosensor that uses urease as a catalyst, ACN as a molecular probe, and CNC as a probe carrier with a high surface area. The ACN spectroscopic probe was isolated from the pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.). A mordant was applied to fix ACN onto CNC by forming nanoparticles (6–14 nm) of mordant/ACN (M/ACN) complexation. CNC showed diameters in the range of 11–21 nm, and crystal lengths of 55–130 nm. Under acid/base conditions, the ACN probe solution in distilled water exhibited a reversible color change, as shown by the UV–Vis absorption spectra. In order to create a biocomposite film, CNC were reinforced with a sodium alginate biopolymer. Upon exposure to urea in an aqueous solution, the ACN@CNC film biosensor changes color from purple (598 nm) to white (432 nm). The detection limit of urea was determined at 25–450 ppm. Various methods were utilized to investigate the morphological properties of CNC and ACN@CNC films.

High temperature induces motility of zebrafish sperm after short-term storage

Short-term storage on ice of zebrafish (Danio rerio) sperm has been successfully applied in diverse basic experimental research. The optimal and economically efficient short-term storage method to date, however, can only maintain the fertilization ability of the sperm for a few hours. In this study, we aimed to improve zebrafish sperm quality after short-term storage and to test whether this affects the nucleotide cargo of spermatozoa. Zebrafish sperm was diluted with E400 extender (130 mM KCl, 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgSO4, 10 mM D-(+)-Glucose and 30 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 7.9, 400 mOsmol/kg) at a dilution ratio 1:20 (v/v) in tubes (500 μL) and stored for 24 h at 0–2 °C under aerobic conditions. Elevating the temperature of sperm suspension at 28 °C for 20 min significantly enhanced sperm motility during activation in both distilled water and Perchec solution with 0.25 % Pluronic F-127. Despite the observed decline in sperm motility during short-term storage, Perchec solution (45 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 30 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 160 mOsmol/kg) enhanced activation of the aged sperm compared to activation of distilled water. Following 24 h of sperm storage, higher fertilization, and hatching rates were observed when sperm suspension was incubated at 28 °C for 20 min and activated in Perchec solution at a ratio of approximately 6120 spermatozoa per egg, compared to activation in hatchery water. A tentative RNA-seq study identified a set of 2180 differentially expressed genes after 24 h of sperm storage, significantly enriched in the glycosaminoglycan degradation and galactose metabolism pathways. The validity was discussed due to the limited mRNA content in spermatozoa. No alterations were identified in the DNA methylation level of 24 h stored sperm and neither differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) nor differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were detected between fresh and aged sperm. Based on these phenotypic and molecular investigations and the successful implementation of high-temperature incubation prior to sperm activation in artificial reproduction, we propose that high-temperature incubation following short-term sperm storage at low temperatures is a safe and significant approach in zebrafish and holds potential benefits for other economically important warm-water species in aquaculture.

Characterization of mango seed kernel starch: Extraction and Analysis

During mango (Mangifera indica) processing, significant by-products like peel and kernel are generated. Mango seed kernels are cost-effective and readily available materials for starch extraction. This study explores low-cost methods to extract mango kernel starch (MKS) from Surjapuri (X) and Amrapali (Y) varieties using distilled water and alkaline solution. Proximate analysis revealed starch yield variations from 44.49 % to 62.11 %, with moisture content between 4.32 % and 5.89 %, protein content from 0.067 % to 0.069 %, fat content from 0.22 % to 0.24 %, and ash content from 0.12 % to 0.14 %. X-variety starch extracted using distilled water had a higher yield (62.11 %), foaming capacity (5.94 %), and emulsion capacity (6.36 %), while alkaline extraction showed higher water absorption (0.16 %) and oil absorption (0.15 %). Y-variety starch showed higher amylose content (23.50 %) with distilled water extraction and higher pH (7.94) with alkaline extraction. X-variety starch had higher swelling power (11.35 g g-1) with distilled water extraction and higher solubility (0.27 %) with alkaline extraction at 90 °C. Principal component analysis (PCA), Heat map, and Pearson correlation analyses highlighted significant relationships between proximate and physicochemical properties. These results suggest that distilled water extraction is an effective, low-cost method for isolating high-quality MKS, with potential applications in various industries.

Comparison of optical properties and bond strength of new CAD/CAM ceramic materials

Objective. To compare the shear bond strength values of current CAD/CAM materials and to evaluate the color changes resulting from immersion in coloring solutions. Material and Methods. A total of 160 specimens were prepared from 4 CAD/CAM blocks; lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS E.max CAD[EC]), zirconia reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Vita Suprinity[VS]), polymer infiltrated glass ceramic (Vita Enamic[VE]) and hybrid ceramic (GC Cerasmart [GC]). The ceramic specimens were immersed in tea, coffee, cherry juice and distilled water solutions. Color measurements were made. To compare the shear bond strength values, all specimens were bonded to resin cement. Then the specimens were aged with 5000 thermocycling. The failure modes were classified according to stereomicroscope analysis and than scanning electron microscopy images for surface topography were obtained. Results. The color change values were significantly greater in coffee compared to other solutions and the highest color change was seen in GC and VE. The highest bond strength values were seen in VS and VE. The shear bond strength values are listed as follows: VS>VE>EC>CS. Conclusions. EC and VS can be used, especially in aesthetic restorations, due to their high color stability. Additionally, considering the bond strength values of VS, it appears to be a highly satisfactory material.

Development of wearable textile-based moisture sensor for smart diaper applications and examination of its comfort properties

Urinary incontinence stands as a prevalent challenge encountered among elderly and sick individuals, necessitating the use of diapers for management. Despite existing systems that offer indicators for timely diaper changes upon wetness detection, there remains a demand for the development of wearable, facilely manufacturable, and unobtrusive solutions. Thus, this study presents the fabrication of wearable and flexible moisture sensors utilizing a pad printing technique employing silver and silver/nickel inks. Varied sintering processes with differing pass numbers were employed in sensor fabrication, subsequently subjecting them to evaluation for conductivity and surface morphology. Further, controlled applications of distilled water and artificial urine solutions were administered onto sensors integrated diapers to simulate urinary incontinence scenarios. When the sensors were exposed to the artificial urine solution, sensors’ resistance changes were more noticeable according to the water. Comparative analyses revealed that 5 pass silver sensor exhibited superior performance relative to other sensor configurations investigated. Ultimately, through physical testing, a comparative assessment between sensorless and sensor-integrated diapers was conducted, with findings indicating the promising potential of sensor-integrated diapers in enhancing user comfort and usability.

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP.

The present study investigates the effects of input wavelength (1064, 532, and 355 nm) and surrounding liquid environment (distilled water and aqueous NaCl solution) on the picosecond laser ablation on silver (Ag), gold (Au), and Ag/Au alloy targets. The efficacy of the laser ablation technique was meticulously evaluated by analyzing the ablation rates, surface plasmon resonance peak positions, and particle size distributions of the obtained colloids. The nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using the techniques of UV-visible absorption, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, NPs of various sizes ranging from 6 to 35 nm were loaded onto a filter paper by a simple and effective drop-casting approach to achieve flexible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates/sensors. These substrates were tested using a simple, portable Raman device to identify various hazardous chemicals (malachite green, methyl salicylate, and thiram). The stability of the substrates was also systematically investigated by determining the decay percentages in the SERS signals over 60 days. The optimized SERS substrate was subsequently employed to detect chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants such as methyl salicylate (a CWA simulant for sulfur mustard) and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (has some structural similarities to the G-series nerve agents) at different laser excitations (325, 532, and 633 nm). A notably higher SERS efficiency for CWA simulants was observed at a 325 nm Raman excitation. Our findings reveal that a higher ablation yield was observed at IR irradiation than those obtained at the other wavelengths. A size decrease of the NPs was noticed by changing the liquid environment to an electrolyte. These findings have significant implications for developing more efficient and stable SERS substrates for chemical detection applications.

Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of Sodium Stearate Solution in Distilled Water

Surfactant is an organic compound having polar and nonpolar parts. The specific conductivity of sodium stearate surfactant in double distilled water has been studied by conductometric method at three temperatures (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K. conductivity of the surfactant increases with increase in temperature and concentration of solution. Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of sodium stearate was determined attemperature 298.15 K is 0.00095Mol/lit using the easy plot software. FESEM image shows themorphological structure of the sodium stearate surfactant.

Toxicity and repellency of essential oils against the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky, 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Usually, Sitophilus zeamais control is carried out through chemical fumigation, which is relatively effective, albeit highly toxic, potentially causing damage to the agroecosystem. In the search for alternative management methods, research on the use of essential oils has increased, as they contain compounds with insecticidal action. The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of some essential oils on S. zeamais. Glass jars were used as fumigation chambers, with a filter paper on the lid, where 20 µL of each essential oil were pipetted. The oils of Piper nigrum, Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula officinalis, and Foeniculum vulgare were used. After 24 hours, mortality assessment was conducted by counting the number of dead insects. The repellency test was executed through an arena system with 5 plastic containers arranged equidistantly in a circle. In the central container, 5 adult female S. zeamais were placed in each repetition, and in the others, 20 g of corn were placed in each, with two treated with a 2% essential oil solution in distilled water and Tween 80® and two treated only with distilled water and Tween 80®. After 72 hours, repellency evaluation was performed by counting the number of insects in each container and the percentage of damaged grains. It was observed that the essential oils showed moderate toxicity against S. zeamais; however, they exhibited repellency at the evaluated dose. It is concluded that the tested essential oils have repellent properties against S. zeamais and can be used as a control method.

Ac/dc conductivity and ML-based evaluation of electric characteristics of methylene blue solution

Utilizing a precision LCR meter, the complex permittivity ε*(f) of methylene blue (MB) solutions in distilled water (DW) was determined at various temperatures and concentrations in the lower frequency range from 20 Hz to 2 MHz. The complex ac conductivity σ*(f) of the liquid samples was calculated using ε*(f). DC conductivity, σdc of the samples was also calculated. The effect of changes in temperature and concentration on the σ*(f) and ε*(f) of solutions are examined. A solution of MB in DW, ranging from diluted to concentrated, greatly enhances the electrical conductivity σdc. The empirical Casteel-Amis (CA) formula was employed to fit the experimental σdc values at different concentrations. Accurate measurement of complex permittivity of liquid solutions over wide range of concentration at broad range of frequencies and temperature is laborious and uneconomical. Therefore, we performed the complex permittivity measurement of the aqueous solution of MB over a limited concentration and temperature range over 201 frequency point. Then we used this experimental data in CatBoost regression model to predict the dielectric properties at intermediate frequencies and various concentrations. This model was employed to assess the performance of material characteristics using R-squared score. The study demonstrated that the CatBoost regression model can predict material performance at intermediate frequencies and concentrations while decreasing measurement resource needs by 60 %.

Equilibrium vapor pressure of aqueous sodium acetate and potassium acetate solutions used as working fluids in frost-free air–source heat pumps at 263–328 K

Aqueous solutions of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) and potassium acetate (CH3COOK) are considered effective alternative heat exchange media for frost-free air–source heat pumps (FFASHPs) owing to the low corrosiveness, low viscosity, and low cost. Equilibrium vapor pressure is the most crucial property that characterizes freezing point and latent heat transfer. However, studies on this property, especially in subzero temperature ranges are scarce. This study was conducted to experimentally investigate the equilibrium vapor pressure of CH3COONa and CH3COOK solutions. The developed apparatus and procedures were based on the static method, and validated by evaluating the vapor pressure of distilled water, n-heptane, and calcium chloride (CaCl2) aqueous solution. Their average absolute deviations were within 1.94%. As the temperature increased from 263 to 328 K and solute concentration increased from 9.27 to 33.81 wt%, 124 data points of the vapor pressure of the CH3COONa and CH3COOK solutions were obtained, ranging from 0.2759 to 13.2608 kPa. Modified Antoine equation and ion interaction (Pitzer) model were established for correlation of the experimental data. The average absolute deviations of the CH3COONa and CH3COOK solutions produced by Antoine equation were 2.08 and 2.48%, respectively. Those produced by Pitzer model further decreased to 1.36 and 1.45% due to the import of osmotic coefficient and the accuracy improvement. Furthermore, according to the experimental and calculation results, the vapor pressure of the CH3COONa solution was lower than that of the CH3COOK solution. Therefore, under the same antifreezing conditions, the CH3COONa solution facilitates latent heat absorption from ambient air, while the CH3COOK solution is conducive to achieve regeneration. The results of this study provide foundational data for the vapor pressure of the two solutions and can promote their application in FFASHPs.

Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Micro-CT Visualization within Collagen Scaffolds in an Aqueous Environment.

Among all of the materials used in tissue engineering in order to develop bioequivalents, collagen shows to be the most promising due to its superb biocompatibility and biodegradability, thus becoming one of the most widely used materials for scaffold production. However, current imaging techniques of the cells within collagen scaffolds have several limitations, which lead to an urgent need for novel methods of visualization. In this work, we have obtained groups of collagen scaffolds and selected the contrasting agents in order to study pores and patterns of cell growth in a non-disruptive manner via X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT). After the comparison of multiple contrast agents, a 3% aqueous phosphotungstic acid solution in distilled water was identified as the most effective amongst the media, requiring 24 h of incubation. The differences in intensity values between collagen fibers, pores, and masses of cells allow for the accurate segmentation needed for further analysis. Moreover, the presented protocol allows visualization of porous collagen scaffolds under aqueous conditions, which is crucial for the multimodal study of the native structure of samples.

Utilizing Silk Sericin as a Biomaterial for Drug Encapsulation in a Hydrogel Matrix with Polycaprolactone: Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity.

Hydrogels have emerged as a potential tool for enhancing bioavailability and regulating the controlled release of therapeutic agents. Owing to its excellent biocompatibility, silk sericin-based hydrogels have garnered interest in biomedical applications. This study focuses on synthesizing a soft hydrogel by blending silk sericin (SS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) at room temperature. The physicochemical characteristics of the hydrogels have been estimated by different analytical techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rheological studies demonstrate the non-Newtonian behavior of the hydrogels. Further, the porosity analysis indicates a commendable absorption capacity of the hydrogels. The swelling degree of the hydrogels has been checked in both distilled water and buffer solutions of different pHs (2-10). Moreover, the drug release profile of the hydrogels, using diclofenac sodium (DS) as a model drug, has revealed a substantial release of approximately 67% within the first 130 min with a drug encapsulation efficiency of 60.32%. Moreover, both the empty and the drug-loaded hydrogels have shown antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the drug-loaded hydrogels displaying enhanced effectiveness. Additionally, the prepared hydrogels are biodegradable, demonstrating their future prospects in biomedical applications.

Study of Eco-Enzyme Application in Reducing Nitrite Concentration and Ph Value in Water Sample

The number of high fruit loss must be resolved immediately. East Java produces the highest number of banana and orange. To prevent the fruit loss, as mitigation, the fruit loss can be used to make eco-enzymes as biodegradable agents which was made from nature to treat contaminated water from nitrite contamination and high pH value. Contaminations such as nitrite in water pose significant risks, particularly to organisms. Nitrite contamination can adversely affect humans by reacting with hemoglobin, leading to the formation of methemoglobin, which hampers the blood's ability to bind with oxygen and transport it to body tissues. Eco-enzymes serve as biocatalysts to accelerate the nitrification process, converting ammonia into nitrate with nitrite as an intermediate product. This study was conducted on a laboratory scale, using water samples comprised of distilled water and nitrite standard solution. Two types of eco-enzymes, derived from banana and orange waste, were applied at a 5% concentration to reduce nitrite levels and pH values in the water samples. The results indicated that the orange eco-enzyme reduced nitrite concentrations by 73.2% and pH values by 38.42%, while the banana eco-enzyme achieved a reduction of 93.89% in nitrite concentrations and 23.15% in pH values. As an application of this study, the 5% eco-enzyme solution holds promise for use in biological treatment within wastewater treatment plants, particularly in aeration tanks, to enhance the nitrification process, thereby aiding in the reduction of nitrite concentrations and pH values in wastewater.

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Materials Influenced by Different Chemicals.

The quality of orthodontic forces in aligners is mainly influenced by their mechanical properties. At present, there is insufficient information on how environmental factors affect the mechanical function of aligners, and studies have shown that patients do not pay enough attention to removing aligners while eating and drinking. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of different chemicals on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials. In this study, 175 thermoplastic samples from Easy-Vac gasket (3A Medes, Korea) were prepared, and their chemical composition, tensile strength, and hardness before and after exposure to solutions of orange juice, Cola, chlorhexidine mouthwash, and distilled water were measured. One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tamhane's test, and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis. The tensile strength of the sheets increased with continuous exposure to orange juice and chlorhexidine mouthwash, and their hardness decreased with continuous exposure to carbonated beverages. There was no change in the chemical composition of the samples after exposure to different chemicals. Although these changes are statistically significant, they do not have a significant effect on the result of aligner performance. Therefore, the only concern is the cariogenicity of orange juice and Cola during treatment with aligners and the administration of chlorhexidine mouthwash.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera L.) TERHADAP MORTALITAS Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.

Corn is the strategic commodity in Indonesia. The quality of many domestic corn does not meet feed factory standards. High yield losses icause of damage due to warehouse pests. Sitophilus zeamais Motsch or powder beetle is a warehouse pest that causes seeds to become hollow, break quickly and disintegrate into flour. Sitophilus zeamais Motsch pest control still relies on synthetic pesticides. The use of synthetic pesticides will cause various negative impacts such as pest resistance, residue, resurgencies, high costs and environmental pollution. One alternative for controlling Sitophilus zeamais Motsch is to use natural ingredients, namely Moringa. Moringa leaves contain phenol, hydroquinone, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. The experiment began by drying 10 grams of Moringa leaves. then puree using a blender and continue with maceration. 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg of Moringa leaf powder were dissolved in 1 L of distilled water solution and left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the solution was filtered 3 times so that all the substances contained in the Moringa leaves are extracted. The insecticide was tested by observing the number of S. zeamais pests that died when given Moringa leaf extract. The mortality data that was obtained was analyzed using ANOVA, if there was a real effect then continued using the 5% DMRT test. Determination of LC50 using a probit test. Moringa extract can function as a vegetable insecticide for S.zeamais. The higher concentration of Moringa leaf extract can increase the mortality of S.zeamais

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni based Metal Organic Framework for Enhancing the Removal of Typical Organic Dyes

In this report we present a simple synthesis of a nickel-based metal organic framework (MOF-Ni) at the room temperature using a solution of dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol and distilled water. The MOF-Ni synthesized in various solvents displayed numerous different properties and advantages over other materials including easy synthesis procedure, good crystallinity, rigidity, and robust chemical stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to analyze the as-synthesized MOF-Ni. The as-obtained MOF-Ni was used to investigate its adsorption kinetics of red telon dye (RTL) molecules. The effects of time (30–270 min), initial RTL concentration (20–300 mg/L), adsorbent dose (2–50 mg), solution pH (2–12), and temperature (10–80 °C) were investigated. The pseudo-first order rate equation was able to provide the best description of the adsorption kinetics data in the studied time scale. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms, and the isotherm constants were also determined. Dye adsorption turned out to strongly depend on pH, and a low pH was found to increase the amount of adsorbed dyestuff. Compared with other samples, MOF-Ni synthesized in (DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O) had a significantly enhanced adsorption ability for RTL dye. The MOF-Ni high adsorption capacity for RTL dye was attributed to the electrostatic attraction/repulsion phenomena. Moreover, MOF-Ni showed an improved stability at 370, 417, and 423 °C temperatures. The results obtained through our experiments suggested that our porous MOF-Ni microstructures synthesized in DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O have potential applications for treating wastewaters containing RTL dyes.

Tribocorrosion Characteristics of Hard Anodized Al Alloys on Hydrogen Valve Application for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

In this study, the electrochemical and mechanical characteristics of 6061‐T6 aluminum alloy and hard anodized specimens are investigated after tribocorrosion experiments with rotational speed in dry, distilled water, and sulfuric acid solution. The tribocorrosion experiments indicate that the corrosion potential of aluminum alloys and hard anodized specimens decrease with the initiation of friction/wear. In particular, the increase in the wear track width of an aluminum alloy and the exposure of the base material by completely destroying the anodized layers of the hard anodized specimens dramatically decrease the corrosion potential. Compared to the dry conditions, both the width and depth of damage in the distilled water and sulfuric acid solution increase dramatically. However, damage in the distilled water and sulfuric acid solutions do not present a significant difference. The results are attributed to the fact that the presence of fluid has a greater impact on damage degree in a material than corrosion. In particular, the brittleness and porosity of a hard anodized layer facilitates the impingement and penetration of fluid, making it relatively easy to generate and propagate cracks. These cracks accelerate the degradation and damage to the material by synergistic effects of wear and corrosion.