Background: Corporate governance is an essential framework for enhancing performance efficiency, accountability, and ethical behavior within corporations. Emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), have infiltrated traditional corporate governance models, management practices, and decision-making processes due to their tremendous capabilities. However, implementation poses a significant challenge due to unresolved legal and ethical issues concerning the anthropocentric model of law, governance, and AI - particularly regarding judicial systems, to diminish corporate misconduct because of improved corporate governance and transparency in the resolution of corporate disputes. Method: The paper adopts an analytical and comparative legal method. It seeks to analyze the conceptual basis of artificial intelligence (AI) and corporate governance, present relevant legislation and regulations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and provide a comparative legal analysis of selected frameworks and international indicators to understand how AI might be utilized to enhance governance systems and contribute to sustainable development. Results and conclusions: This article posits that the introduction of AI tools, such as predictive analytics, automated audits, and electronic disclosure methods, may enhance corporate transparency, accountability, and efficiency, thereby facilitating sustainable growth. However, some concerns remain unresolved, such as privacy, algorithmic bias, deficiencies in accountability, and the 'black-box' problem, which may affect trustworthiness and reliance on AI-based governance. This article suggests that AI can be a useful legal and technological instrument for sustainable development when fully integrated into corporate governance. However, amendments to existing legal frameworks for accountability and ethics must accompany this innovation to maintain transparency and accountability.

Humans are social beings whose interactions often generate conflicts arising from differing interests. Dispute resolution may be pursued through litigation or non-litigation mechanisms, including mediation. This study examines village-level mediation conducted by Kepala Desa (village head), which is rooted in local wisdom and community practices, and mandated by Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, Article 26 paragraph (4), requiring Kepala Desa to resolve community disputes. The findings indicate that mediator certification is urgently needed to enhance the effectiveness of Kepala Desa in dispute resolution and to improve efficiency in terms of cost, time, and access to justice. Although mediation outcomes are binding and have evidentiary value for the parties, they do not possess Permanent legal force equivalent to a final court decision unless elevated to a peace deed (akta perdamaian).

In India, discussions surrounding the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) have mostly presented it as a legal tool for promoting gender equality by harmonising personal laws. The UCC is often portrayed in constitutional and political discourse as a response to discriminatory practices embedded in religious family laws, with legal uniformity assumed to be a prerequisite for equality. While this perspective has influence national debates, it remains inadequate for understanding regions where civil life is not primarily governed by codified religious or statutory laws. Arunachal Pradesh presents a distinctive and under examined context within the UCC debate. Characterised by extensive tribal diversity, geographic remoteness, and constitutionally recognised customary autonomy, the state operates within a plural legal order where unwritten customary norms regulate marriage, inheritance, property ownership, and dispute resolution. For many communities, customary law is not merely a cultural residue but the primary framework through which social order, authority, and justice are organised. At the same time, Arunachal Pradesh is firmly embedded within the constitutional framework of India, which guarantees equality, dignity, and individual rights. This coexistence of constitutional citizenship and customary governance raises a central question; how are constitutional commitments to gender justice mediated through customary institutions that derive legitimacy from tradition and community authority rather than statutory recognition? This paper examines the relevance of the Uniform Civil Code for gender justice in Arunachal Pradesh by situating it within the everyday operation of customary law. Rather than treating the UCC as an instrument of immediate legal replacement, the paper asks whether it can function as a constitutional reference point for assessing civil practices in plural legal settings. The focus is not on abolishing customary law, but on understanding how its institutional structures shape women’s access to rights and how constitutional principles can meaningfully engage with these realities.

Arbitration plays a prominent role among alternative dispute resolution methods due to its flexibility, speed, confidentiality, and expert-driven character. The responsibility and immunity of arbitrators are crucial for preserving the integrity of proceedings and the trust of the parties involved. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the balance between these two legal institutions through historical and comparative perspectives, with particular focus on Roman law foundations, solutions in common law and continental systems, and the current Hungarian legal framework. The analysed thesis proposes a de lege ferenda model of a sui generis liability regime combining contractual and tort elements, ensuring arbitrator independence while holding them accountable for serious breaches. The research further enhances its practical value by incorporating aspects of liability insurance, digital proceedings, and international practices.

Online arbitration has emerged as a significant innovation in dispute resolution systems in the digital era, as information technology has become the primary foundation for various legal activities. This mechanism offers a new way to resolve disputes through the use of digital platforms that enable parties to interact without geographical boundaries. This study aims to analyze the relevance, challenges, and changes in legal processes brought about by online arbitration in the modern context. Using a juridical-normative method, the study examines the applicable legal framework, doctrine, and academic literature to understand how digitalization affects arbitration procedures. The analysis shows that online arbitration has strategic value because it can provide efficiency, flexibility, and accessibility not always found in conventional arbitration. However, its implementation still faces various issues, such as data security, technological capability gaps, the integrity of electronic evidence, and the lack of comprehensive legal standards. On the other hand, digitalization has also driven significant changes in the structure of procedural law, including the simplification of procedures and the expansion of the recognition of electronic evidence. This study confirms that the success of online arbitration requires regulatory harmonization, increased technical capacity of the parties, and strengthening of digital infrastructure so that it can function as an effective, fair, and adaptive dispute resolution mechanism to technological developments.

The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) represents a significant innovation in the intersection of trade and climate regulation, with profound implications for hydrocarbon-exporting economies such as Qatar. This article examines CBAM’s legal consistency under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, its tension with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC) enshrined in international environmental law, and its distributive impact on developing, energy-reliant states. The article argues that CBAM’s legal defensibility within the WTO framework remains contested, and effective Gulf engagement with CBAM requires moving beyond compliance to proactive institution-building, regional coordination, and constructive diplomacy. In conclusion, the article proposes that while CBAM poses acute risks for fossil fuel-dependent economies, it may also catalyse the Gulf Cooperation Council’s transition towards more coherent carbon governance and more equitable integration into a carbon-adjusted global trading system.

Older adults frequently require complex care decisions causing potential patient-nurse conflicts due to perceived or real disconnects between care team recommendations and patient preferences. This study evaluated a novel Negotiation and Dispute Resolution (NDR) training program designed to equip nurses with practical skills to navigate these challenges. Nurses underwent 90-minute NDR training and then completed a mixed-method survey. Qualitative and quantitative responses were aggregated and analyzed. All respondents reported frequent conflicts in their daily work with older adult patients. Only 34% (n=29) rated their baseline negotiation knowledge above "limited" on a 5-point Likert scale (Very Substantial, Substantial, Moderate, Limited, or Very Limited). Post-training, all rated their knowledge as "moderate" or higher (P <.005) with high satisfaction and intent to apply learned strategies into practice. This study demonstrates NDR training is feasible and effectively enhances nurses' negotiation knowledge and satisfaction.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the al-shulhu approach in resolving Islamic economic disputes, particularly in cases of breach of murabahah contracts in Indonesia. Employing a qualitative approach with a library research design, this study collects data from academic journals, books, and regulations such as DSN-MUI fatwas through qualitative content analysis. Source selection was based on criteria of relevance to the topic, recency of publication (focusing on the 2020–2025 range). The findings indicate that al-shulhu, rooted in the principle of sulh in the Qur’an (Surah An-Nisa: 128), is an effective dispute resolution mechanism as it emphasizes justice (al-‘adl), honesty (as-sidq), and mutual consent (ridhā). This approach enables solutions such as financing restructuring or penalty reductions without violating sharia principles, while maintaining social harmony between Islamic banks and clients. However, the application of al-shulhu faces challenges, including the lack of a clear legal framework, inconsistent implementation across institutions, and a shortage of competent mediators with expertise in Islamic law. This study contributes to academic discourse by bridging classical Islamic legal theory with modern dispute resolution practices and provides practical recommendations for Islamic financial institutions and regulators, such as OJK and DSN-MUI, to integrate al-shulhu into the national legal system through clear regulations and mediator training. The study recommends further empirical research to enhance understanding of al-shulhu’s application in religious courts and Islamic financial institutions.

Beyond the Courtroom: The Essential Role of Expert Determination in Alternative Dispute Resolution

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is a structured process of dispute resolution which involve settling of the disputes amicably out of court. It is an attempt by litigants and their lawyers to resolve their disputes amicably other than the adversarial litigation process. Alternative Dispute Resolution in Tanzania has its legal basis in the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1977(as amended from time to time). This article examines both legal and institutional challenges on resolving tax disputes through alternative dispute resolution in Tanzania. The challenges include; the uncertainty of laws, lack of clear procedures, lack of tax professionals, legislation and technology, non-adherence to the principles of natural justice, haphazard and several amendments of the tax laws, lack of procedures of handling tax disputes at the Court of Appeal of Tanzania, delay of cases, backlog of cases at Tax Revenue Appeal Board (TRAB) and Tax Revenue Appeal Tribunal(TRAT), unreadiness to settle disputes by Commissioner General, lack of adequate officers and small number of officers dealing with tax disputes, unrepresented parties and advocates. This article emphasizes that these challenges devastate the performance of the institutions dealing with tax dispute resolution through alternative dispute resolution and the whole process. Thus, it calls upon for the amendments of laws, regulations and rules, and the need for the institutions to solicit more resources and assistance from government and stakeholders.

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on a particular case of contested child custody between a mother and the Norwegian state that became a transnational cause célèbre in 2011 and more recently the subject of a Hindi language film (Mrs Chatterjee vs. Norway, directed by Ashima Chibber, Zee Studios 2023). Using this example to explore Nordic parenting, a key interpretive frame is identified: Child as method. Using this, discourses of gender, class/caste, culture, family and nation are shown to be both interrogated and consolidated by the transnational and national dispute, compromise and apparent resolution. It is argued that, while the clash between seemingly universal child rights and particular familial cultural practices destabilizes received gender and familial norms, only focusing on these risks occluding dominant institutional surveillance and regulatory practices around children—including such institutions as the law, psychiatry and psychology. Beyond the prevailing transnational binaries at play, this case helps pose wider questions about how parenting practices figure within the current cultural and political economies of nationalisms and corresponding geopolitics.

This paper examines the evolution of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in Tanzania, tracing its origins from traditional methods used by African societies that emphasized community cohesion before colonialism. The British colonial rule introduced a formal legal system in 1920 through the Tanganyika Order in Council, which integrated customary law with English common law. After independence, Tanzania enacted several laws, including the Civil Procedure Code, mandating the referral of civil actions to ADR methods such as negotiation, conciliation, mediation, and arbitration. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods, including document analysis, structured interviews, and surveys of legal practitioners and ADR experts to gather data on their experiences and perceptions of ADR practices. The analysis involved thematic coding of qualitative data and statistical evaluation of survey responses to identify trends and challenges within the ADR framework. Despite the growing significance of ADR, there was a lack of regulatory frameworks governing practitioners before 2021, raising concerns about professional misconduct. Recent amendments to the Civil Procedure Code introduced additional ADR modes, but challenges regarding practitioner accreditation and ethical standards persist. This paper highlights the need for comprehensive regulatory measures to enhance the integrity and effectiveness of ADR practices in Tanzania.

Abstract This article offers a foundational rethinking of marital dispute resolution in Ethiopia through a doctrinal, constitutional, and comparative lens. Tracing the legal evolution from the Civil Code’s compulsory arbitration model to the Revised Family Code’s pluralistic approach, this article examines how Ethiopia’s layered legal architecture, encompassing federal statutes, regional laws, religious courts, and customary forums, produces both opportunities and contradictions in the adjudication of marriage, divorce, and related disputes. At stake are fundamental questions of status, jurisdiction, and justice: who has the authority to determine whether a marriage is valid? Can religious or customary bodies resolve disputes with binding legal effect? What happens when marriages traverse jurisdictions or cross borders, especially considering Ethiopia’s global diaspora? Drawing on Ethiopian constitutional law, family codes, and private international law, the article identifies deep normative tensions between legal pluralism and procedural consistency, between party autonomy and public policy, and between national sovereignty and transnational legal expectations. The analysis exposes jurisdictional fragmentation, uncertain recognition of foreign and interregional marriages, and doctrinal ambiguities surrounding the role of arbitration and alternative dispute resolution in matters of personal status. Particular attention is given to the implications for women, children, and transnational families, whose rights and legal security often hinge on the clarity and coherence of adjudicatory frameworks. Ultimately, the article advocates for a principled harmonization of Ethiopia’s family laws, grounded in constitutional equality, informed by comparative best practices, and responsive to the lived realities of legal pluralism. In doing so, it offers a critique and a vision for a coherent, accessible, and just system of marital dispute resolution.

The development of electronic commerce (e-commerce) in Indonesia has grown rapidly alongside the increased use of digital technology by the public. While offering convenience and efficiency in transactions, e-commerce also presents various legal challenges that may harm consumers, such as unclear product information, personal data breaches, and weak dispute resolution mechanisms. These conditions highlight the importance of consumer legal protection in digital transactions. This study aims to analyze consumer legal protection in e-commerce transactions, focusing on existing challenges and legal remedies based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 on Trade Through Electronic Systems. The research employs a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. Data were collected through literature review of primary legal materials, including laws and regulations, as well as secondary materials such as journals, books, articles, and other relevant sources. The findings indicate that consumer legal protection in Indonesian e-commerce transactions has an adequate legal foundation. Law Number 8 of 1999 serves as the main basis for protecting consumer rights, while Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 strengthens regulations in response to digital commerce developments. However, implementation remains challenging, particularly regarding supervision and consistent law enforcement. Therefore, stronger government involvement, increased responsibility of e-commerce businesses, and improved consumer awareness are needed to achieve effective and sustainable consumer protection.

India’s traditional legal system was deeply rooted in its cultural fabric, reflecting the values, beliefs, and customs of its diverse communities. Justice was not merely a legal concept but a moral and social obligation intertwined with religious and customary laws. Dharma formed the centre of this system, which incorporated righteousness, duty, and justice as key principles for preserving social order. The pre-colonial legal system was the mirror of diverse cultures in India, which relied on harmony, duty, and social coherence with Hindu Dharmashastra, Islamic Sharia, and indigenous tribal traditions as its tenets. The indigenous mechanisms of dispute resolution were largely community-driven, with Panchayats, caste councils, and religious authorities playing a central role in administering justice. These focused on reconciliation and restorative justice, ensuring that legal decisions aligned with societal values and traditions. British colonization, on the other hand, introduced a centralized legal system emphasizing retributive justice, individual rights, and bureaucratic procedures, replacing India's traditional community-based mechanisms. While this shift standardized and modernized legal principles, it marginalized indigenous justice traditions. Even after independence, India retained much of the colonial framework and is still working to gradually adapt it to align with its cultural values. Indian Judiciary has ever since been working to balance western influences with India's socio-cultural realities. This paper delves into India's legal evolution, highlighting the balance between Western influences and indigenous traditions. It explores challenges in integrating imported legal principles, the impact of globalization, and the evolution of criminal laws. Ultimately, it argues for a nuanced approach to modernization that preserves cultural heritage while ensuring justice.

Private Higher Education Institutions (PTS) in Indonesia are private legal entities with full legal capacity to enter into agreements with third parties, acquire rights, assume obligations, and engage in contractual relations. In its various academic and non-academic activities supporting the Tri Dharma, civil disputes are inevitable. Litigation before the court is still commonly used, yet the judicial process is time-consuming, costly, formalistic, and publicly open to scrutiny—potentially harming institutional reputation. Arbitration emerges as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism that is normatively recognized within Indonesian law, produces final and binding awards, and provides a dispute settlement model that is faster, confidential, flexible, and more compatible with contemporary business needs. This article examines the strategic use of arbitration by PTS as an instrument of good university governance and legal risk management. A clear arbitration clause prevents forum shopping and jurisdictional conflicts before disputes escalate further. Consequently, arbitration should not merely be treated as an optional clause within contracts, but as a deliberate institutional policy to ensure legal certainty, efficiency, and the preservation of institutional credibility

This research is motivated by the unclear legal status of e-money top-up balances and e-commerce stored balances, which function as consumer funds but lack legal certainty under banking regulations, leading to two research questions regarding consumer legal protection and the legal obligations of e-commerce, analyzed through a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches supported by legal protection theory and consumer protection theory. The first discussion shows that e-money balances are not categorized as bank deposits and are therefore not guaranteed by the Deposit Insurance Corporation, while Bank Indonesia’s float fund regulation provides limited protection that still leaves a normative gap for consumers. The second discussion demonstrates that e- commerce platforms offering stored balances are legally required to segregate consumer funds, apply prudential standards, ensure transparency, and provide compensation mechanisms in accordance with the Banking Act and the Consumer Protection Act. This study concludes that legal protection for e-money balances is not yet optimal and that e- commerce obligations are not fully implemented, recommending regulatory harmonization among the Banking Act, the Electronic Money Regulation, and the Consumer Protection Act, along with strengthened guarantee and dispute resolution mechanisms for consumers.

Indonesia’s legal system is characterized by legal pluralism, in which state law coexists with customary law (adat) practiced by indigenous communities. Despite constitutional recognition and supportive judicial decisions, conflicts over customary land persist, particularly among Dayak indigenous communities in Kalimantan. These conflicts largely arise from structural incompatibilities between state land law—centered on administrative legality, formal registration, and written evidence—and customary law, which is grounded in communal ownership, oral traditions, and social legitimacy. This article analyzes conflicts between Dayak customary law and state law in the governance of customary land from a legal anthropology perspective. It examines the operation of Dayak customary law as a living law, identifies the causes and forms of conflict with state legal regimes, and assesses the implications of these conflicts for customary land governance and legal certainty. The research employs a qualitative legal-anthropological approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with customary leaders, community members, and relevant stakeholders, complemented by participant observation and document analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive and interpretative methods, drawing on the concepts of legal pluralism and semi-autonomous social fields. The findings demonstrate that Dayak customary law remains effective in regulating land control, use, and dispute resolution at the community level. However, conflicts persist due to the dominance of formal state legal mechanisms that marginalize customary authority in land administration, licensing, and development processes. Normative recognition of indigenous rights alone has proven insufficient to secure legal protection for customary land. The study argues that substantive integration of customary institutions into state land governance frameworks is essential to reduce conflict, enhance legal effectiveness, and ensure meaningful protection of indigenous land rights.

Taxation is a fundamental source of state revenue and plays a crucial role in supporting national development. Consequently, tax collection must be based on legal principles that ensure justice, efficiency, and legal certainty. In practice, tax disputes frequently arise due to differences in the interpretation and application of tax regulations, as well as issues related to dispute resolution mechanisms. This study examines the implementation of the principle of legal certainty within Indonesia’s tax collection system and tax dispute resolution framework, and evaluates the extent to which tax legislation provides legal protection for both taxpayers and tax authorities. The research focuses on a tax dispute between PT MSJ (Mitra Sinar Sejahtera) and the Directorate General of Taxes concerning the issuance of a Tax Collection Letter. Using a normative juridical research method, this study analyzes relevant tax laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s tax collection and dispute resolution systems are formally grounded in the principle of legal certainty. Practical challenges persist, particularly inconsistencies in legal interpretation and discrepancies between statutory provisions and administrative practices, which may lead to tax disputes and weaken taxpayer confidence in the national tax system. Strengthening legal certainty in taxation requires regulatory harmonization, improved transparency in tax governance, and consistent law enforcement to ensure a fair and predictable tax system.

The doctor-patient relationship is a type of civil legal relationship. Under normal circumstances, it is a contractual relationship based on the complete free will of both parties. In this relationship, patients voluntarily seek medical assistance from doctors, who in turn willingly accept them as patients. As one of the most important interpersonal relationships, the doctor-patient relationship is characterized by mutual interdependence and inseparability. Doctors exist and grow because of patients, and medical science advances in response to diseases—without patients, doctors would lose the foundation of their professional survival. On the other hand, patients suffering from illnesses rely on doctors’ treatment to overcome diseases and regain health; without doctors’ professional help, the protection of patients’ health and lives would lack an effective safeguard. It can be said that patients are the “bread and butter” of doctors, while doctors are the messengers who help patients recover their health. Ideally, doctors and patients should maintain a relationship of mutual trust and harmonious coexistence. However, the conflicts in the doctor-patient relationship that have emerged in recent years have led to an increasing number of medical dispute cases, revealing that the tension between doctors and patients still persists. In recent years, hospitals across the country have adopted various measures to improve their technical standards and medical quality, and strengthen the management of medical safety. Nevertheless, medical disputes and controversies still occur from time to time. These incidents seriously disrupt the normal order of medical work and activities, damage the legitimate rights and interests of medical institutions, medical staff and patients, and also undermine social harmony and stability. To further enhance the effectiveness of preventing and resolving medical disputes, hospitals have been continuously exploring experience in dispute handling and promoting a diversified dispute resolution mechanism. Administrative mediation of medical disputes is an important channel for settling such conflicts, and it is bound to play an even greater role in resolving medical disputes.