Tendency Of Individuals Research Articles

The role of expectancies and selective interrogation of information in trait anxiety-linked affect when approaching potentially stressful future events

The present study examined cognitive mechanisms underpinning the increased tendency of individuals with high trait anxiety to experience inflation of negative affect when approaching potential stressors. Specifically, the roles of (1) disproportionately negative relative to positive expectancies (i.e., negative expectancy bias) and (2) disproportionately interrogating negative relative to positive information (i.e., negative interrogation bias), each concerning the potential stressor, were examined. High and low trait anxiety participants (N = 286) completed the experimental session, in which they were informed they may view a potentially stressful film. As participants approached the putative film viewing, participants' negative and positive affect, as well as their negative and positive expectancies were assessed. Additionally, negative interrogation bias was assessed by providing participants the opportunity to selectively interrogate information from a larger pool of negative and positive information concerning the putative film viewing. Our findings provide evidence indirect associations between trait anxiety and inflation of negative affect is serially mediated via negative interrogation bias and, in turn, negative expectancy bias. Findings are discussed with regards to limitations and potential implications for public health campaigns, and cognitive interventions for anxiety, highlighting the utility of further examining negative interrogation bias as an avenue for improving the efficacy of each.

Homophily in opinion networks affects collective risk perception in heterogeneous populations

Understanding how to accurately inform the population about the risks of disasters is key for the well-functioning of our societies. Risk communication is also an essential feature of the disaster cycle, fundamentally contributing to preparedness but also to management. Here, we use an agent-based model (ABM) to investigate such an important problem. Specifically, we study the emergent behavior of a population of individuals who revise their opinion on therisk of a certain event, based on information received from an institution, processed through individual sensitivity, and discussed with peers. Such a complex process may include several biases, e.g., due to heterogeneous risk perception across the population, and homophily, i.e., tendency of individuals to interact with like-minded people.Our ABM, which encapsulates these crucial features, allows us to perform a campaign of numerical simulations towards gaining mathematically-grounded insights into their impact on the emergent behavior of the population and, ultimately, on how accurately institutional information is received and processed by a population. Such insights can be useful to design empirical studies to test them and, in case of empirical support, to use them to design recommendations for policy decision makers.

Us, them and we: How national and human identifications influence adolescents' ethnic prejudice.

Although there have been numerous studies on the relations between group identification and ethnic prejudice, it is less clear whether their associations reflect stable individual tendencies or rather situational or temporal fluctuations. This longitudinal multilevel study aimed to fill this gap by examining the between- and within-person associations of identification with the national and superordinate human groups and levels of prejudice against multiple ethnic minorities. A total of 883 Italian majority adolescents (Mage = 15.66, SD = 1.15 at T1, 49.7% females) completed questionnaires at four time points over the course of 1 year. Results showed that national identification was related to more prejudice at the between-person level but to decreases in prejudice at the within-person level. Additionally, human identification contributed to lower levels of and steeper decreases in prejudice at both the between- and within-person levels. Common and unique associations also emerged across different ethnic minority targets, but only for between-person effects. Overall, this study highlights the importance of distinguishing stable individual levels and momentary fluctuations of both ingroup identifications and ethnic prejudice in order to orient future interventions aimed at improving the quality of intergroup relationships.

Then the Lord said, 'Let there be natural light': The naturalness preference in Tibetan Buddhists’ evaluations of light

The naturalness preference refers to the tendency of individuals to perceive natural items as inherently superior, healthier, or more desirable compared to artificial or synthetic alternatives. Previous research has provided evidence that this cognitive bias is also operative in people's appraisal of light. Here, we took advantage of a testbed in Tibetan areas to examine the hypothesis that religious work may moderate individuals' assessment of different light sources. Drawing upon the exclusive utilization of daylight in the printing practices of the Buddhists at the Dege Sutra-Printing House, we postulated that they would exhibit a stronger preference for natural light compared to their fellow Buddhists. Consistent with our hypothesis, Study 1 found that printers demonstrated a heightened inclination towards natural light compared to other Tibetan Buddhists, despite their shared commitment to the religion. In a field study (Study 2), printers exhibited a greater propensity to choose a decoration scheme featuring natural light resources when compared to other Tibetan Buddhists. Across both studies, our findings indicated that perceptions of the morality and sacredness of light explained the differences between groups. Together, these findings highlight the important role of religious work when examining phenomena related to the evaluation of natural and artificial elements.

Characterization in the rat of the individual tendency to rely on alcohol to cope with distress and the ensuing vulnerability to drink compulsively.

Only some vulnerable individuals who recreationally drink alcohol eventually develop the compulsive drinking pattern that characterizes alcohol use disorder. A new frontier in biomedical research lies in understanding the neurobehavioural mechanisms of this individual vulnerability, a necessary step towards developing novel effective therapeutic strategies. Translational research has been hindered by the lack of valid, reliable and robust approaches that enable the study of the influence of the reliance on alcohol to cope with stress or self-medicate negative emotional states on the subsequent transition to alcohol use disorder. We have therefore developed a behavioural task in the rat that enables the investigation of the neural and cellular basis of the exacerbation of the vulnerability to develop compulsive alcohol drinking by the use of alcohol to develop an adjunctive, anxiolytic, polydipsic drinking behaviour in a schedule-induced polydipsia procedure. Hence, in our task, alcohol is introduced in the schedule-induced polydipsia context after several weeks of training with water so that rats are exposed to alcohol for the first time in a distressing context and learn to drink alcohol as a coping strategy. Capitalizing on this protocol, we have consistently been able to identify a subpopulation of rats that were unable to learn to cope with negative states by drinking water and relied on alcohol to do so. This maladaptive reliance on alcohol drinking to cope with distress has been shown to be associated with an exacerbation of the subsequent transition to compulsive drinking. Furthermore, these vulnerable rats reached blood alcohol levels comparable to that of intoxication in humans, thereby developing two key features of alcohol use disorder, namely excessive alcohol intake and compulsive drinking. Altogether, this behavioural task provides a novel and unique tool for the investigation of the neurobehavioural mechanisms underlying the exacerbation of the individual vulnerability to developing compulsive alcohol drinking by the use of alcohol as a strategy to cope with distress, and for the evaluation of the efficacy of potential therapeutic strategies in a personalized medicine approach. This procedure, which focuses on an understudied but key factor of the development of alcohol use disorder, may become widely used as it benefits the fields of alcohol, emotion regulation and stress, the interest in which has substantially increased since the evidence of a profound exacerbation of alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences by the distress and social isolation engendered by the various measures implemented worldwide in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Does Chronotype Influence Diurnal Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors? A Preliminary Analysis

Introduction: Humans experience diurnal fluctuations in the prevalence of cardiovascular events which is likely an output of endogenous circadian influence. Relatedly, vascular endothelial cell function, measured by conduit artery responsiveness to hyperemia during a flow-mediated dilation test, is supposed to follow a diurnal rhythm that is moderated by an individual’s chronotype. We therefore sought to examine the extent to which diurnal changes in other cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure, cardiac chronotropy, and circulating blood leukocytes, were related to chronotype in humans. A moderating influence of chronotype on diurnal changes in the aforementioned parameters was hypothesized given prior research associating a preference for evening wakefulness with an adverse cardiometabolic phenotype. Methods: All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. This abstract includes secondary data from a preliminary sample of 16 young (19 ± 2 years), healthy males and females. Participants completed a Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCQ) to quantify diurnal preference for morning or evening activity. The corrected mid-sleep time on free days (MSFSC) was calculated from the MCQ and interpreted to represent an index for morning or evening chronotype. Participants attended data collection sessions in the morning (09:16 ± 01:27 hh:mm) and again in the evening (16:19 ± 00:31 hh:mm) under resting conditions for the quantification of blood pressure and enumeration of circulating leukocytes from venous blood. Results: The sample included in this analysis had a slight preference for evening wakefulness (MSFSC = 04:58 ± 01:17 hh:mm). A significant and robust diurnal variation was found among circulating venous leukocytes (P < 0.001) which measured higher in the afternoon (2.06×106 ± 3.67×105 cells/mL blood) than morning (1.61×106 ± 4.68×105 cells/mL blood). The diurnal variation in circulating venous leukocytes was independent (β = -9.87×104; R2 = 0.19; P = 0.186) of individual chronotype, as were individual diurnal changes of all other hemodynamic parameters included in this analysis (all P > 0.05). More participants will be recruited to satisfy statistical power for primary outcomes. Discussion: These preliminary results from healthy, young adults indicate that individual disposition towards morning or evening wakefulness may not exert a profound influence over diurnal changes in several cardiovascular disease risk factors under resting conditions. Funding Sources: The study was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (DG: 20011033) held by Dr. MJM). JMC and MIB were supported by Ontario Graduate Scholarships. JCS was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Graduate Scholarships – Master’s. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Tobacco policies and changes in the tendency of smoking cessation in cigarette users in Chile: a longitudinal cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of tobacco control regulations and policy implementation on smoking cessation tendencies in cigarette users born between 1982 and 1991 in Chile.DesignLongitudinal cross-sectional study.SettingNational level.ParticipantsData from the...

Examining the Effect of Five-Factor Personality Traits on Cultural Intelligence

With the impact of globalization in the field of education as in every area, the tendency of individuals to prefer other countries and cultures for education has increased. Individuals who move to different cultural environments for educational purposes face different cultural challenges. In this regard, cultural intelligence (CI) emerges, which contributes to managing cultural differences in the best way, using them in the most appropriate way for the benefit of individuals and organizations, and exhibiting appropriate behaviors in different cultural environments. This study aims to determine the effect of five-factor personality traits (FFPT) on the cultural intelligence (CI) of international university students through an experimental research design. Further, the effect of five factor personality trait dimensions on cultural intelligence was examined. Valid responses were obtained from 585 international students continuing their education in different faculties and departments of Mardin Artuklu University. The data were analyzed with the structural equation modelling (SEM) AMOS package program. Result of the analysis, it was seen that FFPT have a positive and significant effect on CI. In addition, positive significant effects of the FFPT dimensions (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and neuroticism) on the dimensions of CI (cognitive, meta-cognitive, behavioral, and motivational) were observed.

Pre-crastination across physical and cognitive tasks.

Pre-crastination refers to the tendency to begin a task as soon as possible, even at the cost of additional effort. This phenomenon is consistently observed in tasks in which participants are asked to select one of two buckets to carry to a target. Surprisingly, on a high proportion of trials participants choose the bucket that is closer to them (and further from the target) as opposed to the bucket that is further from them (and closer to the target). In other words, participants tend to complete the task of picking up a bucket as soon as possible, even when this requires additional physical effort. The purpose of the current experiment was to test whether an individual's tendency to pre-crastinate is stable across tasks. Participants performed a physical load task where they selected one of two buckets to carry to a target. The same participants performed a cognitive load task where they picked up number strings at one of the two bucket locations and mentally carried the number string to a target. We found that participants pre-crastinated in both tasks and this tendency was reduced as task difficulty increased. Importantly, we found a significant association between an individual's tendency to pre-crastinate in the physical load task and their tendency to pre-crastinate in the cognitive load task. Thus, an individual's tendency to pre-crastinate is consistent across tasks and suggests that this is a stable characteristic of how individuals choose to order tasks.

From wallets to screens: Exploring the determinants of QRIS payment adoption among Millennials in Eastern Indonesia

In response to the global challenges and the demands of the digital revolution, Bank Indonesia launched the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS), a unified payment system designed to enhance convenience and security. Despite these potential benefits, the adoption rate of QRIS has been relatively slow. This study aims to understand the factors driving the adoption of QRIS among Millennials in Eastern Indonesia by examining how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control affect their intention to use QRIS. Using a quantitative approach and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), we analyzed data from 505 respondents. The findings reveal that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly impact Eastern Indonesian Millennials intention to adopt QRIS. Interestingly, even though Eastern Indonesia is known for its inadequate digital infrastructure and low digital literacy, these internal behavioral factors are remarkably positive. This indicates that the low penetration of QRIS in the region is mostly due to external factors rather than individual behavioral tendencies.

The curvilinear relationship between moral identity and unethical pro-organizational behavior: moderating role of organizational identification

PurposeThis study proposes that the relationship between the employee's moral identity and unethical behavior might sometimes differ from linearly negative, given certain contextual variations, such as unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). The pro-organizational motivation of UPB may appeal to individuals' morality to perform unethical behavior for their organization. Herein, using the social identity perspective, the present study hypothesizes a curvilinear relationship between moral identity and UPB with the moderation of organizational identification.Design/methodology/approachData collected in two field studies, from 316 and 185 executives in Study 1 and 2, was analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis.FindingsThe results affirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship between moral identity and UPB. Further, organizational identification moderated the relationship such that an increase in organizational identification augmented the UPB tendency for low moral identity individuals while inhibiting the UPB tendency for high moral identity individuals.Originality/valueThe current study uniquely demonstrates how moral identity might promote unethical behavior in pro-organizational contexts. Further, this research shows how high moral identity might mitigate the negative outcomes of high organizational identification.

The influence of psychotherapy on individuals who have attempted suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Suicide is a serious global public health issue, and a history of attempted suicide is the most critical indicator of suicide risk. There are limited studies on the effectiveness of psychotherapy in individuals who have attempted suicide, and other outcome measures related to suicide risk in suicide attempts have not been explored. This study aimed to systematically review and perform a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of psychotherapy on individuals who have attempted suicide. This study conducted a comprehensive literature search of five major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Ovid). The protocol for this study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023464401) and follows the PRISMA guidelines. This meta-analysis included a total of 34 trials from 32 literature sources. The study involved a total of 6600 participants. The results showed that psychotherapy had a positive effect on reducing the suicidal tendencies of individuals who have attempted suicide and effectively reduced the number of repeated suicide attempts as well as the levels of suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety and hopelessness. This study concludes that psychotherapy is effective in reducing the suicidal tendencies of individuals who have attempted suicide. Psychological therapy for individuals who have attempted suicide are crucial in preventing future suicidal behaviours.

The Self-Narrative Role in the Diagnosis of Motivation to Achieve Personal Success.

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of self-narrative as a tool for identifying personality traits conducive to motivation for success. The research employs several methodologies, including the "Readiness for Self-Development" test by V.L. Pavlov, the Achievement Motivation Diagnosis test, and the katathym imaginative psychotherapy motive "Mountain" as a form of self-narrative. Psycholinguistic analysis tools such as the verbosity coefficient, embolism coefficient, and correlation coefficient are utilized. Through empirical analysis of self-narratives, criteria for evaluating motivational potential are established. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of respondent narratives reveal distinct patterns. Coefficients derived from psycholinguistic analysis indicate a correlation between self-narratives and motivation for achievement. Respondents demonstrating motivation for success and readiness for self-development exhibit lower verbosity and embolism coefficients. Conversely, those with a tendency to avoid failure and low readiness for self-development tend to employ narratives rich in superficial language elements. The findings suggest that self-narrative analysis can effectively gauge an individual's motivational tendencies and readiness for personal development. This method holds promise as a tool for identifying and nurturing talent within organizations, particularly in the context of forming a vertical personnel reserve. By understanding the motivational drivers revealed through self-narratives, organizations can better tailor their approaches to talent management and development.

Consumers’ attitudes toward probiotic dairy products in the post-Covid-19 normalization process

Current studies conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic reported that contracting Covid-19 and related deaths was higher in undernourished and immunocompromised societies than in societies with a well-balanced diet. The consumption of various foods, beverages, nutritional supplements, and foods that support the immune system against Covid-19 was also recommended during this process. Probiotics are among the recommended foods to be consumed. This study aimed to determine the consumption tendencies of individuals toward probiotic dairy products in the post-Covid-19 normalization process. Data were collected through a survey from 315 adults residing in Ankara, Turkey, between September-November 2022 to identify their awareness of probiotic dairy products and their desire to consume them. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Findings were analyzed through IBM SPSS 25 statistics software using independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). No significant correlation was found between consumers’ socio-demographic characteristics and their knowledge or awareness levels about probiotic dairy products. However, female consumers and those with higher education levels were found to have an increased awareness of probiotic dairy products and purchasing likelihood. Additionally, those who contracted Covid-19 tended to consume these products to live healthier. The study emphasized awareness-raising consumers of the possibility of a healthier life by consuming probiotic dairy products.

On a diffusive epidemic model with the tendency to move away from the infectious diseases

This paper is purported to investigate an epidemic system with the tendency of the susceptible to move away from the infectious diseases in a bounded domain with no flux boundary condition. The local and global stabilities of positive equilibrium are investigated to this system without cross-diffusion. The sufficient conditions to nonexistence and existence of non-constant positive solution are considered for this epidemic system. The results show that there exists spatiotemporal pattern formation when the tendency of susceptible individuals is strong to move away from the infectious diseases with 1<R0<1+min⁡{dSd,βσ1Aσ2}, while there does not exist spatiotemporal pattern formation when the self pressure is big enough with a weak tendency of the susceptible individuals to keep away from the infectious individual. Moreover, there exists positive solution bifurcation from the semi-trivial solution when the basic reproduction number is equal to one, which implies that endemic disease exists locally.

Political Imagination and Utopian Pedagogy

ABSTRACT This article contributes to the theorisation of utopian pedagogy by exploring how arts-based exercises can be used in engaged pedagogy to facilitate the cultivation of political imagination. Engaging with theoretical discussions of utopian thought and political imagination, we draw on pedagogical experiments from our sociology course “Exercises in Political Imagination” to pose the following questions: How can arts-based exercises be used in engaged pedagogy to foster political imagination? What kinds of tensions or difficulties does this process involve? What kinds of conceptions of politics and social change do these exercises produce? On the basis of our pedagogical experiments, we suggest that the notion and practice of utopian pedagogy is characterised by the following features: disengagement from—and disinvestment in—the status quo as a means by which to open up imaginative capacities; an approach to politics as something that emerges from the process of exercising imagination and that emphasises complex interconnections between the personal and political; an understanding of imagination as a collective process rather than an individual disposition; and encouragement to embrace a variety of scales for social change, observing both their entanglement and emancipatory potential in everyday life. The article concludes that utopian pedagogy can serve as an important tool of transformative politics by facilitating political imagination and widening the horizon of the possible in the context of the neoliberalisation of higher education.

The EDUKASI DAMPAK PERILAKU TINDAKAN TIDAK AMAN PADA KARYAWAN BAGIAN PRODUKSI DI PT. ADEI CRUMB RUBBER INDUSTRY

W.H Heinrich stated that 88% of workplace accidents are caused by unsafe acts. Employment tenure refers to the period of time an employee works in a particular place. Attitude is an individual's tendency to respond in a specific way to stimuli. Unsafe behavior is human behavior that deviates from proper work procedures, thereby endangering oneself. The purpose of this outreach program is to provide education on the impact of unsafe behavior to workers at PT Adei Crumb Rubber Industry. Consequently, the expected outcome of this counseling is for the workers at PT Adei Crumb Rubber Industry to work with safe behavior to avoid accidents and work-related illnesses, as well as to enhance the company's role in implementing a safety culture (K3).

Should the risk of social desirability bias in survey studies be assessed at the level of each pro-environmental behaviour?

Social desirability bias is the tendency of individuals to over-report behaviour viewed favourably by society, such as environmentally sustainable behaviour. The currently prevalent approach to managing social desirability bias in survey studies is to include a set of additional questions to determine a respondent's person-specific social desirability bias, which can also be used as a correction factor. Yet, the pooled correlation between person-specific social desirability and self-reported pro-environmental behaviour is weak. Our study challenges the currently dominant approach. We propose an alternative approach that uses a behaviour-specific indicator. The behaviour-specific indicator captures the social evaluation of the behaviour and perceived embarrassment when admitting to the behaviour. The analysis of the associations between person-specific and behaviour-specific social desirability bias indicators and 11 self-reported behaviours suggests that the behaviour-specific approach has a higher ability to alert researchers to the risk of socially desirable responding in self-report survey studies.

The influence of emotional tendency on the dissemination and evolution of opinions in two-layer social networks

To investigate the influence of emotional tendency on the dissemination and evolution of opinions, in this paper, we first propose a novel algorithm to construct a two-layer social networks, who is composed of a strong-tie subnet and a weak-tie subnet. Considering the weights on the strong-tie and weak-tie networks and the subjective emotional tendencies of individuals, the HK model with emotional tendency (i.e. E-HK model), the weight HK model (i.e. WHK model), and the weight HK model with emotional tendency (i.e. E-WHK model) are put forward. Finally, according to the algorithm and the E-WHK model newly presented, we use the seventh census data to construct a social network, and explore individuals' opinion evolution, as well as the influence of three factors, including the level of subjective emotional tendency, the trust radius, and the proportions of individuals with different emotional tendencies. Abundant simulations demonstrate that the E-WHK model can explain the dissemination and evolution of opinions very well. In addition, the greater the level of emotional tendency, the faster the convergence of individuals’ opinions. Increasing the trust radius will make completely positive and negative opinions decrease. Enhancing the proportion of optimists/pessimists, most individuals' ultimate opinions tend to be completely positive/negative. The results of this paper provide theoretical methods and analytical tools for managers in guiding public sentiment during public events.

Consistent Individual Tendencies in Motor Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off.

The literature on speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) in motor control has evidenced individuality in how individuals trade moments (e.g.,mean and variance) of spatial and temporal errors. These individual tendencies could grasp tendencies of the system given previous experiences and constraints of the organism, a signature of the system control. Nonetheless, such tendency must be robust to small perturbations. Thirty participants performed nine conditions with different time and spatial criteria over 2days (scanning). In between these scanning conditions, individuals performed a practice condition that required modifications of the individuals' preferred spatial and temporal tendency in the SAT. Our results demonstrated that there were no systematic effects of practice in SAT preferences. However, individual analyses demonstrated significant changes for 25 out of 30 individuals. The latter either attests against a consistent preference or to a more complex characterization of individual SAT tendencies.