Disposal Technology Research Articles

Current Advances in the Photoconversion of Plastics: the Catalysts and Reaction Pathways.

Plastic waste has caused severe global environmental pollution and health issues due to the high production rate and lack of proper disposal technology. Traditional methods to deal with plastic waste, such as incineration and landfilling, are deemed unsustainable and energy-intensive. A promising alternative is the photocatalytic conversion of plastic waste, using sunlight as a sustainable and carbon-neutral energy source to break down plastic waste under ambient pressure and low temperatures. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in plastic photoconversion, with an emphasis on the catalysts and reaction pathways. The mechanisms and reaction pathways are first summarized, followed by a detailed discussion of strategies to design catalysts for improved performance in photoconversion. Then, examples of photothermal degradation processes are presented. Finally, current strategies, challenges, and possible future directions of plastic photoconversion are summarized and discussed.

Research Progress on the Activity Stimulation of Lithium Slag in Concrete

Lithium slag (LS), an industrial waste byproduct generated during lithium salt production, is characterized by its harmful trace elements, significant stockpiles and low pozzolanic activity. By 2003, the annual discharge of lithium slag in China surpassed 15 million tons, creating an urgent need for established large-scale disposal technologies. One of the primary strategies for the effective utilization of LS is its application as an auxiliary cementitious material in concrete. However, the low reactivity of LS and challenges associated with its large-scale application impede its effective utilization. Enhancing the pozzolanic activity of LS is pivotal for its substantial incorporation into concrete. This study begins by analyzing the physicochemical properties and volcanic ash reactivity of LS derived from various lithium extraction techniques. It subsequently explores the diverse activation techniques aimed at improving the reactivity of LS within concrete. Ultimately, this paper highlights the significance of synergistic activation strategies, particularly physicochemical co-excitation and multi-exciter composite excitation. These approaches are identified as critical pathways for enhancing the activity of LS. Through this exploration, this study aims to unveil innovative strategies that bolster the resource utilization efficiency of LS, thereby facilitating its effective application in the concrete domain.

Degradation of dioxins in chelated municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by low-temperature pyrolysis

In this study, low-temperature pyrolysis is applied to raw and chelated municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash to degrade and remove PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans) and corresponding I-TEQs (international toxic equivalents), respectively. Additionally, PCDD/F degradation pathways are identified based on PCDD/F signatures. From the analysis of the average signal intensity of dioxin isomers in thermally treated fly ashes, the PCDD/F degradation rate was between 89.97 and 99.80 %, and the I-TEQs removal rate was 98.96 and 99.90% across all samples compared to untreated raw fly ash. The chelating agent EDTA enhanced the thermal degradation of PCDD/F, but the addition of Na2HPO4 in chelated fly ash as an inhibitor promoted PCDD/F regeneration. Further, there is a variable output of dioxins and corresponding I-TEQs under different temperatures and reaction times; however, longer reaction duration and higher temperatures proved highly effective. The overall toxicity of all thermally tested fly ashes was lesser than the permissible value of 50 ng I-TEQ/kg for resource utilization and observed in the range of 1.84 ± 0.15 to 19.45 ± 0.89 ng I-TEQ/kg. The investigation of the PCDD and PCDF signatures suggests that thermal destruction was a major pathway of degradation by breakage of the C-O bond, compared to dechlorination as observed by a high percentage contribution of HpCDD/F and OCDD/F congeners in thermally treated fly ashes. Low-temperature pyrolysis is an auspicious disposal technology that requires additional studies for large-scale applications.

Recent Advances of Plastic Waste‐Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage, Environmental Remediation and Organic Synthesis Applications

AbstractThe escalating severity of plastic waste's impact on the ecological environment and human health emphasize the crucial importance of developing resource‐conserving disposal technologies for sustainable development. Carbon‐based materials possess extensive functional applications across various fields, however, their high production costs and heavy reliance on fossil fuels pose challenges. Plastic wastes serve as ideal precursors for the green and sustainable production of carbon‐based functional materials due to high carbon content and low‐cost. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent research progress on plastic waste‐derived carbon materials (PWCMs) including primary strategies for constructing PWCMs and their current functional applications in energy storage, environmental remediation and organic synthesis.

Application of melting technology in the treatment of nonferrous hazardous waste residues

ABSTRACT In order to find a more effective treatment method for non-ferrous hazardous waste residues, the research proposed the fusion disposal technology of collaborative resource residues. The empirical results showed that the leaching concentrations of Cr and Pb of the molten products of the resource residue were maintained at 0 mg/L, and the final leaching concentrations of most heavy metals were within 0.10 mg/L, which showed low toxicity to the environment. The above results show that the fusion disposal technology of collaborative resource residue is an effective treatment method. The fusion disposal technology not only reduces the heavy metal leaching concentration of non-ferrous metals, but also promotes the development of hazardous waste residue treatment technology.

The Role of Green Risk Management Approaches in Promoting Green and Sustainable Supply Chain Management

This study assesses how advanced technologies like AI, blockchain, and big data facilitate green risk management in the automotive and electronics industries in the EU. When applied to environmental risk assessment, green purchasing, and eco-design activities, these technologies will optimize Economies of Scale (EoS) and contribute to advancing GSSCM in companies. This review uses systematic literature review and thematic analysis and focuses on using various peer-reviewed sources to understand how these technologies support GSSCM and also reveal gaps and challenges such as the integration of innovative waste disposal technologies and sustainable partnership schemes. Research proves that actual assessment of environmental risk is possible through the implementation of AI in risk assessment; On the other hand, blockchain makes sustainable procurement and reverse logistics more transparent. Thus, some problems like high costs, limited time, and problems with the alignment of stakeholder goals remain. It is recommended that these gaps be overcome by innovating, partnering with industries, and implementing policies that can further improve the position of information systems as the foundation of GSSCM. Thus, policymakers have been urged to explore options like grants or subsidies in an attempt to promote the adoption of these technologies as a way of creating a circular economy. Consequently, this research offers insights that may be beneficial for industry managers and policymakers seeking to improve sustainability within the EU automotive and electronics sectors.

Environmental sustainable treatment and disposal technologies for reservoir wastes: a review.

The process of dredging reservoirs serves the purpose of preserving water storage capacity and ensuring the functionality of navigational channels. Additionally, it has the potential to mitigate the presence of pollutants and chemicals that pose risks to both the environment and human well-being. This review article examines the many ways of disposal and treatment of dredged sediment, as well as the ecological and economic advantages associated with these approaches. Algae and reed-based treatment methods have the potential to effectively and economically remediate and sustainably manage dredged sediments. Landfills and ocean dumping are widely utilized methods for the disposal of excavated materials. However, other approaches such as land reclamation, the use of fill material, and the preservation of wetlands can offer cost-effective solutions while also contributing to environmental conservation. The implementation of sediment cleaning, stabilization, and solidification techniques has the potential to effectively mitigate waste and improve the quality of sediment, hence facilitating its reuse. Algae and reed-based treatment systems have been found to effectively mitigate disposal costs and contribute to environmental enhancement. Additionally, the practice of reusing dredged sediments has been recognized as a valuable strategy in promoting a circular economy.

Analysis of technologies of disposal and use fibrous paper skopje

The article examines the current state and trends in the development of waste management technologies in the pulp and paper industry, with the aim of analyzing the reasons that hinder, and sometimes make impossible, the effective utilization of fibrous waste paper to obtain environmentally safe materials and raw products. The production of paper products is one of the most capital-intensive and energy-intensive industries, second only to the metallurgical and chemical industries, with a correspondingly large amount of waste and a negative impact on the environment. The technological processes of scum formation as a result of waste paper recycling and paper production wastewater treatment are considered and analyzed. Skopje is the final waste of the pulp and paper industry, which is formed at various stages of the paper and cardboard manufacturing process, therefore it is deposited in landfills. Multiton volumes of skopje require significant areas for its storage. Despite the low IV hazard class, this leads to serious environmental problems, as the leachate from the skopje landfill pollutes surface and ground water. Technologies of possible disposal and reuse of skopje, known in domestic and foreign literature, are described and analyzed. The technology of reusing scoop is determined by its relatively environmentally safe physicochemical composition. The indicated fibrous, mineral, extractive constituents and lignin determine the possibility of reusing skopje, mainly for the construction industry. The perspective of the complex use of multi-tonnage waste – slag, sludge, ash and slag of thermal power plants as plasticizers, fillers, binders and binding components in the production of building structural and heat-insulating materials is named. Technologies for using scapula as a filler in the production of building materials require a high content of inorganic compounds and a minimum amount of organic compounds. A high content of fibrous particles and a low content of mineral substances is necessary when using scapula in the production of composite wood composite materials. The specified technological limitations ensure only small amounts of skopje use in the production of building materials. The effectiveness of using skopje as an additive to the asphalt mixture for road construction and production of fuel materials is determined by the economic costs of transportation and dewatering. It is noted that the high humidity, ash content and low calorific value of scum are the main reason for the lack of effective technologies for its utilization. The solution to the problem is the use of low-energy technologies through the direct use of osprey as a component of the soil mixture for biological reclamation of man-made landscapes. The article substantiates an environmentally safe and socially favourable option for using a soil substrate based on osprey. It is emphasised that the humidity and organic viscosity of the plant origin of osprey form the agrotechnical properties of soil substrates of prolonged action, which ensure optimal technological efficiency of phytomelioration of degraded lands. The reclaimed areas will reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the soil, prevent wind and water erosion, and ensure the environmental safety of natural and man-made ecosystems.

Detection of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Using an Elastic Hydrogel Microparticles-Based Optical Biosensor.

Sulfonamide antibiotics were the first synthetic antibiotics on the market and still have a broad field of application. Their extensive usage, wrong disposal, and limited degradation technologies in wastewater treatment plants lead to high concentrations in the environment, resulting in a negative impact on ecosystems and an acceleration of antibiotic resistance. Although lab-based analytical methods allow for sulfonamide detection, comprehensive monitoring is hampered by the nonavailability of on-site, inexpensive sensing technologies. In this work, we exploit functionalized elastic hydrogel microparticles and their ability to easily deform upon specific binding with enzyme-coated surfaces to establish the groundwork of a biosensing assay for the fast and straightforward detection of sulfonamide antibiotics. The detection assay is based on sulfamethoxazole-functionalized hydrogel microparticles as sensor probes and the biomimetic interaction of sulfonamide analytes with their natural target enzyme, dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). DHPS from S. pneumoniae was recombinantly produced by E. coli and covalently coupled on a glass biochip using a reactive maleic anhydride copolymer coating. Monodisperse poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microparticles of 50 μm in diameter were synthesized within a microfluidic setup, followed by the oriented coupling of a sulfamethoxazole derivative to the microparticle surface. In proof-of-concept experiments, sulfamethoxazole, as the most used sulfonamide antibiotic in medical applications, was demonstrated to be specifically detectable above a concentration of 10 μM. With its straightforward detection principle, this assay has the potential to be used for point-of-use monitoring of sulfonamide antibiotic contaminants in the environment.

Effect of thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge on its phosphorus leaching efficiency: Insights into leaching behavior and mechanism

Thermochemical conversion, including hydrothermal processing, pyrolysis and incineration, has become a promising technology for sewage sludge (SS) treatment and disposal. Furthermore, acid leaching is considered as an effective method to recover phosphorus (P) from SS and its thermochemical treatment products. This study has investigated the potential of P reclamation from SS and its thermochemical derivatives, including hydrochar (HC), biochar (BC), and SS incinerated ash (SA). Comparative analyses of physicochemical properties of these derivatives revealed a decrease in hydroxyl and aromatic groups and an increase in aliphatic and oxygen-containing functional groups in HC and BC. Leaching experiments using 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 1 M oxalic acid (C2H2O4) suggested that H2SO4 slightly outperformed C2H2O4 in terms of P leaching efficiency. HC achieved 79.1 % optimal leaching efficiency in 60 min using H2SO4, while BC, SS, and SA required 360 min to achieve comparable efficiency. SS and BC reached optimal leaching efficiency at 74.1 % and 76.2 % in H2SO4, while SA achieved 80.9 % in C2H2O4. Importantly, HC and SA are more favorable for P extraction using acid leaching, whereas BC tends to be a potential P carrier. Time-dependent kinetics revealed a two-stage leaching process, i.e., fast and slow reaction stages. Shrinking core model indicates product layer diffusion as the primary rate-limiting step in both stages. Overall, these fundamental insights play an important role in practical P recovery through acid leaching of SS derived residues after thermochemical treatment.

Pollutant degradation and hydrogen production of landfill leachate membrane concentrates via aqueous phase reforming

Membrane filtration is a mainstream method for landfill leachate treatment, leaving the landfill leachate membrane concentrates (LLMCs) a high-toxicity residue. Conventional LLMCs disposal technology shows specific challenges due to the low biodegradability, high inorganic salts, and high heavy metal ions content of LLMCs. Therefore, it is necessary to degrade LLMCs with a more suitable technology. In this study, a special method was proposed to convert some organic chemicals into valuable compounds by aqueous phase reforming (APR). Ni-based catalysts (Ni//La2O3, Ni/CeO2, Ni/MgO, and Ni/Al2O3) were prepared to investigate the effect of different supports on the APR of LLMCs. APR performed outstanding characteristics in the decrease of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC), the degradation of macromolecules, and the removal of heavy metal ions in the aqueous phase. In addition, H2 was generated which is beneficial for energy compensating during the APR process. The best-performing catalyst (Ni/Al2O3) was selected to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst addition on product distribution. The optimal H2 selectivity (44.71%) and H2 production (11.63 mmol/g COD) were obtained at 250 °C with 2 g Ni/Al2O3 usage for 1 h. This paper provided a new perspective on the disposal of LLMCs, which will degrade pollutants efficiently.

Unveiling the NIMBY effect in construction and demolition waste landfilling: Factors, paths, and solutions

The construction and operation of the construction and demolition waste (C&DW) landfills often encounter significant opposition from nearby residents, which is called the “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) effect. However, little is known about the formation mechanism of the NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling, so this research was conducted for this purpose. First, the influencing factors leading to the NIMBY effect were determined based on a literature review and questionnaire survey. Then, the interrelationship and influencing path of critical factors were revealed using expert interviews and Interpretative Structural Modelling. The results shown that 12 factors from four levels (including residents, society, government, and enterprises) caused the NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling. These factors formed a complex network comprising 18 influencing paths. Notably, policy and responding measures as pivotal bottom-level factors that trigger the NIMBY effect by indirectly impacting residents' rights awareness and shaping public perception towards C&DW landfill operation enterprises through directly affecting personal interest, cognitive bias, distrust, disposal technology, management level, opinion leader, and other intermediate factors, ultimately triggering the NIMBY effect. Moreover, strategies for mitigating or resolving the NIMBY effect were proposed, such as protecting personal reasonable interests, understanding the potential risks of C&DW landfills rationally, reporting the C&DW landfills from an objective perspective, improving policies and promoting public participation, and enhancing supervision of the C&DW landfills. The study added new knowledge to the current public's NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling. Meanwhile, it also provided a reference for formulating C&DW landfilling policies and selecting landfill sites.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding biomedical waste management (BMWM) among healthcare workers in Tertiary care facility

Biomedical waste management is critical to India’s public health and environmental protection. With the rapid growth of the healthcare sector, biomedical waste generation has increased significantly, posing challenges in its proper handling, treatment, and disposal. This comprehensive analysis provides an overview of the current status of biomedical waste management in India, including the regulatory framework, categorization of waste, segregation practices, collection and transportation methods, treatment and disposal technologies, record-keeping requirements, training and awareness programs, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, and emerging trends. The analysis also explores the challenges healthcare facilities, regulatory authorities, and other stakeholders face in ensuring effective biomedical waste management and proposes strategies to address these challenges. Furthermore, it discusses innovative approaches and future directions to promote sustainable biomedical waste management practices and safeguard public health and the environment.

Recognition of screening out hierarchical toxic contaminants tuned by quantified pseudo-components from complex engineering co-combustion

Co-combustion of industrial and municipal solid wastes has emerged as the most promising disposal technology, yet its effect on unknown contaminants generation remains rarely revealed due to waste complexity. Hence, six batches of large-scale engineering experiments were designed in an incinerator of 650 t/d, which overcame the inauthenticity and deviation of laboratory tests. 953–1772 non-targeted compounds were screened in fly ash. Targeting the impact of co-combustion, a pseudo-component matrix model was innovatively integrated to quantitatively extract nine components from complex wastes grouped into biomass and plastic. Thus, the influence was evaluated across eight dimensions, covering molecular characteristics and toxicity. The effect of co-combustion with biomass pseudo-components was insignificant. However, co-combustion with high ratios of plastic pseudo-components induced higher potential risks, significantly promoting the formation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, highly unsaturated compounds (DBE≥15), and cyclic compounds by 19 %− 49 %, 17 %− 31 %, and 7 %− 27 %, respectively. Especially, blending with high ratios of PET plastic pseudo-components produced more species of contaminants. Unique 2 Level I toxicants, bromomethyl benzene and benzofuran-2-carbaldehyde, as well as 4 Level II toxicants, were locked, receiving no concern in previous combustion. The results highlighted risks during high proportion plastics co-combustion, which can help pollution reduction by tuning source wastes to enable healthy co-combustion.

Обоснование конструктивно-технологической схемы машины для подбора и измельчения срезанных ветвей плодовых насаждений в террасном садоводстве

The experience of using machines for selecting and chopping cut branches in lowland intensive gardening has shown that chopping cut branches with embedding the resulting chips into the soil and scattering them on the soil surface can increase the fertility of the soil cover in the rows of the garden. However, the most rational technology for waste disposal in terrace gardening is the selection and chopping of cut branches with transportation of the crushed biomass of the branches to the trunk strips of fruit plantings. To solve this problem, a new design and technological scheme of the machine is proposed. Keywords: TERRACE GARDENING, FRUIT PLANTINGS, PRUNING, CUT BRANCHES, SELECTION, GRINDING, TRANSPORTATION, TRUNK STRIP

Qualities and Quantities of Poultry Litter Biochar Characterization and Investigation

Excessive land application of poultry litter (PL) may lead to surface runoff of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which cause eutrophication, fish death, and water pollution that ultimately have negative effects on humans and animals. Increases in poultry production in the Delmarva Peninsula underscore the need for more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable disposal technologies for processing PL instead of direct land application. The pyrolysis conversion process can potentially produce nutrient-rich poultry litter biochar (PLB), while the pyrolysis process can change the N and P to a more stable component, thus reducing its runoff. Pyrolysis also kills off any microorganisms that would otherwise trigger negative environmental health effects. This study is to apply an integrated method and investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature (300 °C, 500 °C), poultry litter source (different feedstock composition), and bedding material mixture (10% pine shavings) on PLB qualities and quantities. Proximate and ultimate analysis showed PL sources and bedding material addition influenced the physicochemical properties of feedstock. The SEM and BET surface results indicate that pyrolysis temperature had a significant effect on changing the PLB morphology and structure, as well as the pH value (7.78 at 300 °C vs. 8.78 at 500 °C), extractable phosphorus (P) (18.73 ppm at 300 °C vs. 11.72 ppm at 500 °C), sulfur (S) (363 ppm at 300 °C vs. 344 ppm at 500 °C), and production yield of PLBs (47.65% at 300 °C vs. 60.62% at 500 °C). The results further suggest that adding a bedding material mixture (10% pine shavings) to PLs improved qualities by reducing the content of extractable P and S, as well as pH values of PLBs. This study also found the increment in both the pore volume and the area of Bethel Farm was higher than that of Sun Farm. Characterization and investigation of qualities and quantities of PLB using the integrated framework suggest that PL from Bethel Farm could produce better-quality PLB at a higher pyrolysis temperature and bedding material mixture to control N and P runoff problems.

Hydrothermal Carbonization of Green Harvesting Residues (GHRs) from Sugar Cane: Effect of Temperature and Water/GHR Ratio on Mass and Energy Yield.

The Valle del Cauca region in Colombia is a significant producer of sugar cane, resulting in large quantities of agricultural residues (green harvesting residues (GHRs)). To ensure sustainable management of these residues, it is crucial to implement proper treatment and disposal technologies while also reusing waste to produce biogas, bioelectricity, or biofuels. The biomass hydrothermal carbonization process offers a means to convert these residues into useful products that serve as fuels or valuable energy materials. This thermal treatment involves the use of water as a solvent and reagent within the biomass's internal structure. In this study, sugar cane cutting residues were collected with relatively high moisture content of 8.5% wt. These residues were subjected to carbonization temperatures ranging from 200 to 300 °C, along with water/GHR ratios between 5/1 and 10/1. The properties of the resulting hydrocarbons were analyzed by using proximate and ultimate analysis. The objective was to produce hydrochar samples with the highest higher heating value (HHV) and energy density compared with the GHRs. The HHV value of the hydrochar showed a significant increase of 69.6% compared with that of the GHRs, reaching 43.5 MJ/kg. Besides, process parameters were optimized for mass yields, energy yields, and ash content. This exploration led us to investigate a new temperature range between 280 and 320 °C, allowing us to establish an optimal value for the hydrochar's properties.

Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge treatment and disposal technologies based on carbon emissions and environmental impacts

ABSTRACT This study aimed to create a comprehensive evaluation method for sewage sludge (SS) treatment and disposal technologies, considering carbon emission and environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) were conducted on six SS treatment and disposal technologies in China. The assessments used the IPCC emission factor approach to calculate carbon emissions and the CML2001 method to determine environmental impact factors. Additionally, a colour-coded method was implemented to quantify the evaluation results. The study found that S1 (anaerobic digestion + land application) had the lowest carbon emissions and environmental impact, making it the optimal technology. The S1 scenario had carbon emissions of 669 kg CO2(t DS)−1 and environmental impacts of 5.20E-10. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to show the impacts of each unit in the six technologies on total carbon emissions and environmental impacts. The results showed that landfilling has a high sensitivity to carbon emissions and environmental impacts. Therefore, controlling greenhouse gases and toxic substances in sludge landfills is crucial for reducing carbon emissions and environmental pollution.

Integration of Acoustic Metamaterials Made of Plastic to Improve Building Acoustics

According to the Waste Management Policy of the European Union, the recycling and reuse of various wastes is considered the most environmentally friendly and advanced waste disposal technology that has the least impact on the environment. By applying the principles of the Circular Economy, plastic waste will extend its life cycle and will be used as secondary materials to create metamaterial structures with improved sound absorption and insulation properties. Acoustic metamaterial resonators, created from plastic, were measured in an impedance tube according to standards ISO 10534-2 for their sound absorbing and ASTM E2611 for their insulating properties. Two types of plastic, PLA and recycled PET-G, were used in acoustic metamaterial 3D printing process. Sound absorption of both PLA and PET-G metamaterials were peaking at 1600 Hz with 0,93 and 0,89 sound absorption coefficient, respectfully. For sound insulation, combined resonator systems were used to control symmetrical wall sound resonance. The aim of this study was to determine plastic potential for use in acoustic structures. The results showed that combined constructions with plastic metamaterials can be integrated into building structures and used as an alternative for improving building acoustics, reducing indoor noise and reverberation time.

Inside the Disposal Box: A Study on Biomedical Waste Awareness Among Aspiring Dental Professionals

Background: Biomedical waste management across India has become a growing concern for dentists. This study investigates biomedical waste management knowledge in the context of dental education. The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge, compliance and understanding levels of dental students regarding the processing and disposal of biomedical waste.Methods: This study was conducted among students and interns of a rural dental college in Maharashtra, India. A pre-designed survey was administered to dental students in various academic years. Investigations include waste classification, segregation, disposal technologies, safety procedures, and environmental impacts associated with biomedical waste.Results: A total of 150 students participated. The male/female ratio is 1:1.31. On average, 88% and 12% of students have correct and incorrect information about biomedical waste.Conclusion: The results of this study can form the basis for the development of educational strategies and interventions to raise awareness and ensure responsible biomedical waste management in medical education, dentistry, and medical facilities.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 02 Apr’24 Page: 198-202