Liquid Disposal Research Articles

Screening and Characterization of Anoxigenic Photosynthetic Bacteria as Producer of Caroteniod Pigments From Palm Liquid Sewages

Palm liquid sewage is organic waste that contains complex compounds such as water, oil, and organic solids. The organic content of palm liquid sewages is an indication of the abundance of microorganisms. This study aims to obtain anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (BFA) that produce carotenoid pigments from palm liquid sewages. Therefore, We isolated and screened of BFA from three palm liquid sewage disposal sites in Jambi Province. This research was conducted by an experimental method using a modified mineral medium. BFA isolates that growth and produced carotenoid pigments are visible because of the distribution of reddish-yellow pigments on the culture media. Screening results obtained 11 isolates of BFA sequentially Bg1K201, Bg1K202, Bg2k201, Bg3k201, Mr1k201, Mr1k202, Sl1k201, Sl1k202, Sl2k201, Sl2k202 and Sl3k202. The results of morphological and physiological characterization based on the Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology show that there are two types of BFA genera that have carotenoid pigments, respectively, the genus Rhodobacter (Bg1k201, Bg1k202, Bg3k201, Sl1k201, Sl1k202, and Sl1k202, and Sl2k202, and Sl1k202, and Sl2k202, and Sl1k202 and Sl2k202, and Sl2k202, and Sl2k202. Sl2k202, and) the genus Rhodopseudomonas (Bg2k201, Mr1k201 and Mr1k202)

An innovative cation regulation-based anaerobic fermentation strategy for enhancing short-chain fatty acids production from waste activated sludge: Metal ion removal coupled with Na+-regulation

This study proposed a cation-regulation strategy based on metal ion removal coupled Na+-regulation for enhancing anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge. The optimal treatment condition was: cation-exchange resin dosage of 1.75 g/g SS for 1-day treatment, followed by Na+-enhanced anaerobic fermentation at NaCl concentration of 20 g/L. The CER induced sludge solubilization and the Na+-regulation treatment triggered secondary hydrolysis of CER-solubilized sludge, causing remarkable sludge disintegration and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) disruption. Numerous SCOD of 6588 mg/L (SCOD/TCOD = 40.6%) was released within 2 days, and the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of 439.9 mg COD/g VSS was produced through 4-day anaerobic fermentation. More than 59% of the SCFAs was composed of acetate and propionate. Nitrogen-free organic matters (i.e. SCFAs and carbohydrates) accounted for 77.9% of SCOD, while considerable sludge solid reduction (51.6% of total VSS) was achievable, which was beneficial for fermentative liquid utilization and sludge disposal.

Cyclist test on particleboards and utilization of their liquid disposal for fertilizer

Cyclist test on particleboards (PBs) bonded urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was intended to be carried out in order to predict their degradation thus recycling of these products was possible. In this contribution, PBs bonded by five types of UF resins namely 0.95; 1.05; 1.15; 2.00; and commercial were examined using cyclist test. The test consists of cycles of five treatment steps, i.e., measurement of initial thickness dimension, immersion in water at ambient temperature for 24 h, measurement of swelling thickness dimension, drying in convection oven at (103 + 2)°C for 24 h, and measurement of oven-dry thickness dimension. This cycle was applied until the specimens were not possible to be measured their thickness because of broken-down of the PBs. Further, water disposal in this experiment, then was utilized as fertilizer to Swietenia mahagoni seedlings. Observation on growth parameters (stem height and diameter) and biomass parameters (dry weight of top and root) of the seedlings were conducted for 12 weeks after planted. Result of this study showed PBs bonded by low mole of UF resins (0.95; 1.05 and 1.15) have had faster degradation compare to those of 2.00 and commercial one. Both growth and biomass parameters of the seedlings increased but statistically not different among the samples. These findings suggested that PBs bonded UF resins can be recycled using water-soaking process and the liquid disposal of this activity can be utilized as fertilizer.

Nutrient removal in sludge extracts and protein production by cultivation of Candida utilis

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt is of great benefit to recycle excess sludge, which is rich in inorganic and organic nutrients, as the substrate material for yeast growth. This study focused on the disposal of residual liquid of sludge after pretreatment. Candida utilis was firstly chosen to be cultivated in the sludge hydrolyzate for simultaneous efficient nutrients removal and yeast utilization through aerobic process.RESULTSC. utilis cultivated in excess sludge hydrolyzate with 20 g L−1 glucose gained the highest dry weight (6.10 ± 0.15 g L−1) and crude protein yield (1807.68 ± 9.12 mg L−1). Meanwhile, the highest nutrient removal efficiency (TN: 88.5%; TP: 97.1%) was obtained in such conditions. The protein content in the yeast reached 366.7 mg g−1, with all essential amino acids accounting for about 30%, which basically met the nutritional requirements of protein. According to the Excitation‐emission matrix spectra (EEMs) analysis, the yeast can consume most of the organic matter by the end of fermentation.CONCLUSIONThe alternative approach by applying Candida utilis for converting excess sludge into microbial biomass is very efficient when it comes to nutrients removal in excess sludge and producing proteins with a high content of essential amino acids. This study indicated that C. utilis could be an alternative strain to treat excess sludge hydrolyzate with addition of glucose at appropriate concentration. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)

Sistem Pemantauan Nirkabel dan Real Time Kualitas Air Sungai Muara Lembu Kuantan Singingi

Pencemaran lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh pembuangan limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit dapat menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan ekosistem. Tidak hanya bagi tumbuhan, dan hewan, namun pengaruh pencemaran tersebut menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan masyarakat sekitar. Kegiatan abdimas ini dilakukan di Desa Sungai Bawang tepatnya pada aliran sungai Muara Lembu. Untuk pemantauan kualitas mutu air, penulis merancang bangun sistem pemantauan berbasis nirkabel dan real time. Parameter berupa kekeruhan dan pH menjadi prioritas pengamatan untuk kegiatan abdimas ini. Bacaan kedua sensor ditampilkan pada papan informasi yang dibangun di depan kantor desa, untuk memudahkan aparatur dan masyarakat sekitar mengawasi kualitas mutu air sungai. Dari hasil pengamatan, air sungai bersifat asam karena mengandung pH berkisar 5,4–5,9, sementara untuk kadar kekeruhan pada tahap sedang dengan nilai berada di antara 125–205 NTU.

Review of Potentially Toxic Rare Earth Elements, Thallium and Tellurium in Plant-based Foods.

In the last decades, there is an increasing inclusion of various trace metals and metalloids such as thallium, tellurium and rare earth elements (REEs; lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium) in the composition and production of alloys, in agricultural and medicinal applications, as well as in the manufacturing of hi‐tech products. All these activities have led to an accumulation of the aforementioned elements both in soil and water bodies and consequently in the food chain, through discharges from mining and mineral processing, liquid industrial waste or disposal of urban and industrial products. It has been demonstrated that chronic exposure to some of these elements, even at low doses, might lead to a wide range of adverse health effects, even from the early stages of life, such as neurotoxicity, neurodevelopmental toxicity and hepatic alterations. Particularly in children, there have been studies suggesting that some of these elements might negatively affect the children's spatial learning and memory ability indirectly. Such effects are triggered by processes like the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and modulation of antioxidant activities. Nevertheless, the limited data from toxicological studies and their so‐far naturally low occurrence levels in the environment acted as a deterrent in measuring their concentrations during routine analyses of metals in foodstuff. Thus, it is important to collect information on their occurrence data both in adults and in children's daily diet. This review sumrises the current knowledge on the concentration of these elements, in plant‐based food products to identify whether a potential health risk occurs. As side projects, this Fellowship provided hands‐on training on the evaluation of new biocides application and participation in the given advice to the Danish Food and Veterinary Administration, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the Danish Medical Agency and the European Chemicals Agency.

Awareness on disposal of liquid waste in dentistry among dental students

Despite the advancing technological methods to prevent diseases, outbreaks become more common due to the ineffective waste disposal methods followed in dental clinics. In safe and effective disposal of wastes, the key step is the separation or segregation of the wastes produced depending on its nature and composition. The present study aims at determining the awareness on safe disposal of liquid dental waste among undergraduate dental students. For the study, a pre tested questionnaire consisting of 10 questions assessing the awareness and knowledge about waste disposal of liquids in dental clinics was prepared and circulated to a total of 100 undergraduate dental students of varying age groups via an online survey planet link. The responses provided by the students were collected, diagrammatically represented and analysed to determine the comprehension levels and understanding on the type of waste disposal system implemented and followed in the respective dental clinics. In addition to this, the requirement to layout a proper apprehension on the same was monitored.94 % of the population are aware of the waste produced in the dental industry ,72.% of individuals believed that more than 2 liters of liquid waste are produced on an average daily basis. 53% of population were aware that mercury was one of the essential components of liquid waste. 85%, who felt that the wastes produced had to be separated before disposal. 89% of the population were aware that dental wastes affect the people living around the disposal area and 71% felt that dental wastes could be recycled.The knowledge and awareness levels among dental students was adequate on the different types of liquid wastes produced in dental clinics and the effective solution to minimize this waste and dispose them safely. Further, the results of the survey conducted were educated the need and necessity to inculcate the correct management techniques of dental wastes and to make dental students realise the importance of this subject.

Properties of fibreboard (FBs) and recycle fibreboard (rFBs) and analysis of their wastage after recycling

Fibreboards (FBs) bonded by urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin derived from industry were intended to undergo cyclist test, a simulation of recycling activity. Objective of this study was to compare quality of FBs before and after recycling including analyse its wastage. Methods of this study were consisted of evaluation physical and mechanical properties of FBs before recycling, cyclist test, remanufacturing FBs, evaluation recycle FBs (rFBs), comparing the properties between FBs and rFBs and analysing the wastage of recycling activity both solid residue and liquid disposal. Results of this study showed physical and mechanical properties of FBs changed after recycling presumably because of the difference in reproduction method. Some physical properties showed better quality, while the mechanical properties performed decrease drastically. Cyclist test predicted that FBs were more resistant in 3 (three) cyclist compared to that of rFBs. There was wastage of recycling consisting of macro solid fibre with length dimension of 1000.51±339.21 μm and micro solid fibre with variation in distribution size. Liquid disposal (LD) contained nitrogen (N) with amount 0.05% presumably from sol fraction of UF resin. These findings suggested that remanufacturing of rFBs was feasible even though wastage of recycling activity was inevitable. Fortunately, LD can be utilized further for example for fertilizer because the N content exists.

Modern Equipment for Waste Management on Cruise Ships

A larger cruise ship with more capacity enables the ship-owner to gain more profits while at the same time lowering the cost to the client. Cruise ships today have a capacity of about 5,000 passengers, and there are projects in development of cruise ships that will accommodate up to 10,000 passengers. Since such ships have to function as an independent and ecologically sustainable unit during navigation, there is a problem of waste management. This paper presents the methods and procedures for the disposal of liquid and solid waste on cruise ships in accordance with the applicable regulations. Furthermore, proposals for improving and adapting the MARPOL convention to the above trends are presented

Phenomenological characterization and thermal analysis of flame spread over jet fuel: influence of radiant exposure time

The high-temperature objects widely exist in industrial and civil building such as the nearby burning pool fires, the heated walls and the hot smoke layer accumulated on ceilings. The output of radiant energy from the adjacent high-temperature objects may accelerate the flame spread. In this paper, a set of well-designed laboratory-scale experiments are carried out to reveal the combustion behavior and flame spread over jet fuel of RP-3 with different radiant heat fluxes and radiant exposure times. Several characteristic parameters, namely flame height, flame spread rate, fuel surface temperature and velocity of subsurface flow, are quantified and analyzed to describe the flame spread behaviors. The average flame height is augmented by the time-integrated radiant heat flux due to the accumulative heat flux and the expanded combustion area. Similarly, measurements of flame spread rate and liquid fuel temperature identify that they are sensitive to the applied radiant flux, but this sensitivity decreases as the flame volume and the blockage effect increase. The external radiant heat flux can simultaneously influence the flame spread from both gas and liquid phases. The thermal exchange and fluid motion involving flame spread under varied external radiant conditions are revealed. The theoretical formula between the fuel surface temperature and the time-integrated radiant heat flux is established based upon the energy conservation law and the thermal boundary layer theory. The current results possess the practical guiding importance for the development of liquid spilling fire disposal measures under the radiations of external heat flux.

Present Situation and Prospect of Radioactive Waste Liquid Treatment Technology

The effective disposal of radioactive waste liquid is the precondition for the rapid development of nuclear industry all over the world, and the current situation and development direction of its key technologies are the focus of attention of the nuclear industry in China. This paper introduces several traditional methods of radioactive waste liquid treatment and the emerging new technology options, summarizes the principles, advantages and disadvantages of various methods, and discusses the research direction and development trend of radioactive waste liquid treatment technology in the future.

Remediation Technologies - A Comparative Study

Contaminated land is a legacy of industrial revolution as a result of rapid growth of industries. Since long back, the disposal of liquid and solid wastes on land though undesirable, has been in practice. The leachate generated out from these hazardous wastes infiltrates into the ground and causes multiple problems viz., ground water pollution, soil pollution, loss of nutrition value of soil and thereby severe damage to plantation growth, changes in the soil behavior (excessive swell/shrink) depending on the nature of waste. It also causes serious distress to the existing structures such as pavements, foundations, underground pipelines and culverts. The changes in the soil behaviour caused by ground contamination can lead to structural failures. The present paper describes various physical, chemical, biological, thermal and solidification/stabilization methods of soil and ground water remediation and their comparison on the basis of applicability, time and cost.

Anaerobic digestion disposal of sewage sludge pyrolysis liquid in cow dung matrix and the enhancing effect of sewage sludge char

Abstract Sewage sludge pyrolysis liquid (SSPL) is a mixture of various toxic organic compounds and moisture, its disposal or valorization are crucial for the sustainability of any pyrolysis plant of sewage sludge (SS). As SSPL showed strong inhibition on anaerobic digestion (AD), in order to fulfill its clean disposal, the study investigates its AD in cow dung matrix under thermophilic condition with sewage sludge char (SSC) addition. Three SSCs produced at different temperatures and two biochars were added into the AD system for comparison. Batch experiments (55 °C, 26 days) reveal that addition of SSCs/biochars could increase cumulative methane yield by 57.5–128.7%/120.7–133.7% compared with the group without char addition. Among three SSCs, the one produced at 550 °C (550SSC) shows the best effect and has similar promotion effects to those of conventional biochars. The mechanism involved is explained by the following facts: SSCs/biochars addition alleviated microbial inhibition effect of SSPL by adsorbing the toxic organic compounds in the liquid at the early stage, hosting microbes to grow, improving the reaction rate and stabilizing the pH of AD system at around 8, finally helping to obtain an earlier occurrence of daily methane yield peak and contributing to higher methane yields. The rich trace elements contained in SSCs, especially in 550SSC, help to promote the growth of microbes and contribute to the decomposition of toxic organic compounds. GC-MS analyses of digestates reveal that SSPL can be well degraded with help of SSCs/biochars addition after AD process. The obtained results suggest that AD of SSPL in cow dung matrix with 550SSC addition is a reliable and economy alternative for its treatment and valorization.

Reliable safety characteristics of flammable gases and liquids – The database CHEMSAFE

The safety characteristics of flammable gases and liquids are required when identifying potentially explosive mixtures and taking appropriate actions concerning explosion protection. Examples are given here of the safe handling and evaluation of hazards during the processing, storage, transport, and disposal of flammable liquids and gases. The CHEMSAFE database is presented as a reliable source of safety characteristic data, and its new open-access version is introduced. CHEMSAFE currently contains assessed properties for about 3000 liquids, gases and mixtures. The lack of a broad experimental foundation in the extensive field of non-atmospheric conditions shows the need for further investigation and standardization. This article summarizes experimental evidence and estimation methods for safety characteristic data under non-atmospheric conditions pointing out current limitations. Suggestions for pre-normative research on safety data under non-atmospheric conditions are given.

Thermal Neutralizer of Industrial Wastewaters for Power-, Heat-, and Water-Supply Systems of Oil and Gas Enterprises

A design for a neutralizer of industrial wastewaters that complemented power-, heat-, and water-supply systems of oil and gas enterprises was proposed. A scheme of a neutralizer with thermal destruction of effluents and gaseous and liquid combustible wastes and container disposal of the resulting dry residue was presented. Technical solutions that made it possible to achieve the lowest specific fuel consumption among known designs and to increase the energy efficiency and environmental safety of oil and gas enterprises were described.

Food hygiene practices and its associated factors among model and non model households in Abobo district, southwestern Ethiopia: Comparative cross-sectional study.

BackgroundIn developing country most of human infectious diseases are caused by eating contaminated food. Estimated nine out ten of the diarrheal disease is attributable to the environment and associated with risk factors of poor food hygiene practice. Understanding the risk of eating unsafe food is the major concern to prevent and control food borne diseases. The main goal of this study was to assessing food hygiene practices and its associated factors among model and non model households at Abobo district.MethodsThis study was conducted from 18 October 2013 to 13 June 2014. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study design was used. Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of 1247 households (417 model and 830 non model households) were included in the study from Abobo district. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with outcome variable.ResultsThe study revealed that good food hygiene practice was 51%, of which 79% were model and 36.70% were non model households. Type of household [AOR: 2.07, 95% CI: (1.32–3.39)], sex of household head [AOR: 1.63, 95% CI: (1.06–2.48)], Availability of liquid wastes disposal pit [AOR: 2.23, 95% CI: (1.39,3.63)], Knowledge of liquid waste to cause diseases [AOR: 1.95, 95% (1.23,3.08)], and availability of functional hand washing facility [AOR: 3.61, 95% CI: (1.86–7.02)] were the factors associated with food handling practices.ConclusionThis study revealed that good food handling practice is low among model and non model households. While type of household (model versus non model households), sex, knowledge of solid waste to cause diseases, availability of functional hand washing facility, and availability of liquid wastes disposal pit were the factors associated with outcome variable. Health extension workers should play a great role in educating households regarding food hygiene practices to improve their knowledge and practices of the food hygiene.

Ionic liquid-based enzyme-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid from Flos Lonicera Japonicae

BackgroundIn recent years, ionic liquids and enzymes have been widely used in the separation and extraction processes of natural products. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has important biological and pharmacological activities. It is significant to develop a green and efficient method to extract GCA from Flos Lonicera japonica (FLJ) by integrating the advantages of the ionic liquids and enzymes.ResultsThe optimal type of enzyme and ionic liquid was screened. Pectinase in [C6mim] Br aqueous phase was demonstrated to be an ideal combination. The parameters including extraction time, extraction temperature, pH, enzyme amount, and IL concentration were optimized systematically. Scanning electronic microscopy of FLJ samples demonstrated that pectinase and ionic liquid disposal both obviously facilitated the extraction process by destroying the structure of cell wall. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that ionic liquid enhanced the activity of the pectinase by altering its secondary structure.ConclusionsCompared with previous reported methods, ionic liquid-based enzyme-assisted extraction of GCA from FLJ was proved to be efficient and practical, offering a higher yield in a shorter time. A novel process was proposed for the extraction of active component from natural resources.

Study of flame combustion of off-design binary coal blends in steam boilers

Changes in the structure of the fuel consumption by the thermal power stations of Ukraine caused by failure in supplying anthracite from the Donets Basin are analyzed and the major tasks of maintaining the functioning of the coal industry are formulated. The possibility of using, in the near future, the flame combustion of off-design solid fuels in the power boilers of the thermal power plants and combined heat and power plants is studied. The article presents results of expert tests of the TPP-210A and TP-15 boilers under flame combustion of mixtures of anthracites, lean coal, and the coal from the RSA in various combinations. When combusting, such mixtures have higher values of the combustibles yield and the ash fusibility temperature. The existence of the synergetic effect in the flame combustion of binary coal blends with different degrees of metamorphism is discussed. A number of top-priority measures have been worked out that allow for switching over the boilers designed to be fired with anthracite to using blends of coals of different ranks. Zoned thermal analysis of the TP-15 boiler furnace was performed for numerical investigation of the temperature distribution between the furnace chamber zones and exploration of the possibility of the liquid slag disposal and the temperature conditions for realization of this process. A positive result was achieved by combusting anthracite culm (AC), the coal from the RSA, and their mixtures with lean coal within the entire range of the working loads of the boilers in question. The problems of normalization of the liquid slag flow were also successfully solved without closing the slag notch. The results obtained by balance experiments suggest that the characteristics of the flame combustion of a binary blend, i.e., the temperature conditions in the furnace, the support flame values, and the degree of the fuel burnout, are similar to the characteristics of the flame of the coal with a higher reactive capacity, which proves the existence of the synergetic effect in the processes of cocombustion of coals of various grades.

Urea stabilisation and concentration for urine-diverting dry toilets: Urine dehydration in ash

Human excreta contain the same nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N-P-K) as the fertilisers used to produce the food consumed. However, human excreta are considered unwanted waste throughout the world, creating humanitarian and environmental problems. In order to replace the nutrients removed from fields during crop harvesting, more fertilisers are manufactured, in processes contributing to environmental changes at global level. The limitation of human urine as a fertiliser is its low nutrient concentration compared with commercial fertilisers. This study developed a technique to increase the N concentration (from 0.6% to >6%) through urine dehydration to produce a dry fertiliser of monetary value and avoid the need for liquid disposal from the toilet. The technique is intended for a container-based sanitation system that collects, contains, treats and reduces the volume of urine within the container. In tests, fresh human urine was added at various intervals to wood ash at 35°C and 65°C, to alkalise and thus inhibit the enzyme urease from catalysing hydrolysis of urea to ammonia. Mass balance calculations demonstrated a 95% reduction during dehydration, while preserving up to 90% of the N. Such a system would greatly simplify the logistics and costs of storage, transportation and application of urine as a fertiliser. The truly innovative feature is the final product: a dry powder with 7.8% N, 2.5% P and 10.9% K by weight, i.e. equivalent to commercial fertiliser.

Liquid Wastes Treatment and Disposal in Rwanda

Rwanda country is located in east part of Africa, and its population is about 10 million. Because of the pressure on limited resources produced by growing number population day by day, nowadays Rwanda is facing serious issues related to the environmental protection. The government puts more effort in searching of new rules and strategies of how to sustain the environment. The core of this research is to review a comprehensive picture of liquid wastes and disposal in Rwanda and to make recommendations for their improvement. It is important to note that some Articles set by the good Government will be listed in this review paper. The first part of this work contains introduction, the second part covers specific issues and legal responses, In part three some recommendations are presented and the last section concludes this work.