Objective: The objective of the study is to capture the perceptions of the variables of knowledge, attitude, practice and compliance-monitoring and their role in biomedical waste management in the context of United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Design: The authors used interviews and survey questionnaire to capture perceptions of biomedical waste management. Convenience sampling was employed in the state of Goa, India. The data was analysed using partial least squares, structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Setting: Doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other paramedical staff across 10 private hospitals in Goa, India, participated between June 2024 and November 2024 and sample of 85 was obtained. Main Outcomes and Measures: Knowledge, attitude, practice and compliance-monitoring were found to be four factors (variables) that affect biomedical waste management. Results: The major challenges to implementation of biomedical waste management was found to be lack of funding (35.3%), competing priorities (23.5%), lack of expertise (17.6%), resistance to change (11.7%). Eighty eight percent of the respondents felt the need for proper training and expected the training to be conducted once a quarter (52.9%), monthly (23,5%) or at least twice a year (17.6%). While the respondents understood biomedical waste management, 70.2% were not aware of United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3, 12, 17). While awareness of SDG was low, 94.1% of the respondents mentioned that impact of biomedical waste on environment was advocated by the hospital and 88.2% felt that the hospital ensures environmentally safe disposal of biomedical waste either themselves or through a partner. Interestingly, only 56.5% of the respondents were aware of any government initiatives promoting sustainability in hospitals, indicting low levels of awareness. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude, practice and compliance-monitoring positively affects biomedical waste management. Proper training will improve the biomedical waste management and the awareness of UN SDGs.

Background: Occupational hazards in dentistry biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic and psychosocial pose significant risks during undergraduate training. We assessed knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding occupational hazards among undergraduate dental students to identify gaps that can be addressed through education and policy. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out at the Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies between 15 December 2025 and 30 January 2026. A structured, self-administered questionnaire (six sections: demographics; knowledge; attitude; practice; domain-specific awareness; training/need assessment) was completed by 453 students. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) summarized KAP; only fully completed questionnaires were included. Results: Of 453 respondents, 311 (68.6%) were female; 150 (33.1%) reported prior formal training on occupational hazards. Knowledge was moderate: most students recognised that dentistry involves biological/chemical/physical hazards (78.4%) and the cumulative risks of X-rays (84.5%); however, awareness was lower for chemical hazards (formaldehyde 59.0%; mercury 65.8%), with notable “don’t know” responses. Attitudes were strongly positive 87.9% agreed occupational hazards are a serious concern and 85.7% endorsed PPE use yet 81.9% considered undergraduate training insufficient. Self-reported safety practices were generally high for infection control (87.0% “always/often”) and biomedical-waste disposal (89.2%), but only 53% always used protective eyewear during curing. High prevalences of work-related ill-health were reported: musculoskeletal disorders 52.1% (shoulder pain most common), psychological stress/burnout 70.2%, and glove-related irritation/latex allergy 64.7%. Importantly, 88.5% expressed willingness to attend structured occupational-safety workshops. Conclusion: Undergraduate dental students showed positive attitudes and generally good safety practices, but notable gaps in formal training and knowledge especially regarding chemical hazards and ergonomics remain. High levels of musculoskeletal problems and stress highlight the need to integrate structured occupational-safety education, practical training, and wellness support into the curriculum.

Background: Infection control is central to patient and occupational safety in dentistry due to routine exposure to blood, saliva, aerosols, and sharps, yet translation of knowledge into consistent clinical practice remains challenging among trainees and early-career providers. Objective: To assess awareness, training exposure, and implementation of infection control protocols among dental students and early-career dental professionals in clinical settings, and to evaluate associations between training/awareness and key preventive practices. Methods: A cross-sectional observational survey was conducted over approximately three months among clinically active third- and fourth-year dental students, interns, and recent graduates from private, government, semi-government, and international institutions. Data were collected using a structured online questionnaire assessing hand hygiene, alcohol-based hand rub use, PPE training and use, hepatitis B vaccination status, biomedical waste disposal, and post-exposure management. Descriptive statistics were reported as frequencies and percentages. Associations between categorical variables were tested using chi-square tests, with effect sizes quantified using Cramér’s V; statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Among 240 respondents, 59.6% reported consistent hand hygiene before and after each patient interaction and 26.3% reported always using full PPE. Color-coded waste disposal was followed by 44.2%, while 34.2% adhered to the full post-exposure protocol; 29.2% reported workplace availability of post-exposure prophylaxis. Training exposures were significantly associated with better compliance, including seminars with hand hygiene (χ²=34.153, p<0.001; V=0.38), formal training with full PPE use (χ²=68.029, p<0.001; V=0.53), and awareness with complete hepatitis B vaccination and immunity testing (χ²=71.504, p<0.001; V=0.55). Conclusion: Despite generally adequate awareness, consistent implementation of infection control measures—particularly full PPE, waste disposal, and post-exposure management—remains suboptimal; structured training and institutional reinforcement are strongly associated with improved adherence.

Abstract Background: While hospitals are primary contributors of biomedical waste (BMW), home-based healthcare practices have increasingly become common these days, especially post-COVID, necessitating attention to household BMW management. This study was conducted to describe the biomedical waste pattern and disposal practices among urban households. Materials and Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban Nagpur, India in 2023–2024. A total of 240 households were sampled using cluster sampling, and one adult member from each household was interviewed. Data were collected on types of biomedical waste generated, disposal methods, and willingness to segregate and return waste to health centers. Results: Sanitary pads/menstrual hygiene materials (84.2%), expired medicines (81.7%), swabs and bandages (57.1%), and used razor blades (56.3%) were the most common BMW generated in households. Most households (76.7%) segregated wet and dry domestic waste but nobody segregated BMW. BMW was primarily disposed of through municipal waste collection (98.3%), with minimal use of precautions while handling sharps and poor personal protective equipment (PPE) usage by waste handlers. While 64.2% expressed willingness to segregate biomedical waste, only 29.2% were willing to return it to health centers. Conclusions: This study highlights the pattern of household biomedical waste and poor management practices, suggesting the need for improved awareness and enforcement of proper BMW management practices at a household level.

Assessment of bio-medical waste disposal techniques using interval-valued pythagorean fuzzy soft Einstein aggregation information

Safe and sustainable sanitation is necessary for human health and productivity. Human civilization is linked to waste creation. Municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, sewage, sludge, bio medical waste, agricultural and industrial waste, and commercial waste are all examples of waste. High-polluting industries, hospitals, medical centres, and nursing homes are the principal sources of hazardous waste. However, the management of biomedical waste has become a major challenge in the 21st century due to the rapid development of medical and health care facilities, the increase in the world's population, and the corresponding rise in consumption. Because biomedical waste has the potential to seriously harm both the environment and human life, it warrants special care. Worldwide, the production of biomedical waste is becoming more and more significant, particularly in poorer nations. Regulations governing the handling of biomedical waste have a significant impact on how governments, businesses, and communities behave globally. They offer the legal framework for the collection, appropriate separation, processing, treatment, and environmentally responsible disposal of biomedical wastes. However, there can be significant differences between nations in the way these laws are drafted, applied, and modified. There is a significant risk of infection and injury from biomedical waste. There could be serious consequences for public health from improper garbage management. The environment and human health are at risk when biomedical waste management is not understood. On March 28, 2016, the Government of India issued the Biomedical Waste Management Rule, 2016, in exercise of the authority granted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, to manage the biomedical waste generated. Treatment and disposal of biomedical waste through Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBWTFs) is necessary as per BMWM Rules, 2016. Against this backdrop, present paper purports to examine knowledge, attitude and practices of biomedical waste management among health care and sanitation personnel in selected districts of Haryana. The paper is based mainly on primary data.

ABSTRACT Efficient and environmentally friendly disposal of biomedical waste (BMW) is essential for the sustainable development of humankind. The centralized disposal of BMW is encouraged, however, in situ processing also demands significant attention. The current study focuses on the development of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for oxy-enriched combustion of BMW without requiring additional fuel, simulation for different oxygen enrichment levels, and validation through experimental measurements. The surrogate mixture consists of medical grade cotton, polypropylene-made PPE kit and added moisture representing the yellow biomedical waste (YBMW). The Eulerian multi-phase model coupled with turbulence, chemical reactions, and heat transport is developed for the primary combustion chamber. A partially premixed combustion model with chemical equilibrium state relation is implemented for the secondary combustion chamber with oxygen enrichment. The experiments are carried out in a combustor, having a burning capacity of 12 kg/hr. The oxygen flow rate is 150 lpm. Eight K-type thermocouples are instrumented at different axial heights to measure waste bed and flame temperatures. The model prediction replicates well with the experimentally measured temperature. Model-predicted phasic properties and interactions, reaction rates, species concentrations, and bed and flame temperatures convey significant insights into the chemistry and physics of packed bed BMW combustion.

This study investigated the environmental and health risks associated with biomedical waste in CHUB, Huye District, Rwanda. In the majority of countries across the world, the preservation of the environment and public health depends on the proper biomedical waste collection and disposal. It has been reported that the management of biomedical wastes results in needless deaths of individuals each year. The study had four objectives: (1) To assess the biomedical waste generation and disposal practices across all departments at CHUB;(2) To investigate the implementation and enforcement of biomedical waste management regulations ;(3) To assess the risks related to biomedical waste to humans and the environment.; and (4) To find out the level of knowledge among healthcare workers on biomedical waste management. With a cross-sectional study design survey and observation methods, data were collected from clinical service of inpatient departments, and the study population was 196 health workers. The WHO rapid assessment tool for waste management and water sanitation was adapted and used. The results of this study showed a great amount of biomedical waste are well segregated (92%), and color coding is respected during biomedical wastes collection and disposal (100%) but a significant part of biomedical liquid wastes are disposed of directly to hand-wash sink water evacuation (14%). Significant cases of needle stick injuries were also observed (21%) and internal regulations and protocols on biomedical waste management are available in most clinical services. The study recommends that regular training of health professionals in biomedical waste management, including transport and disposal essentials, connect remaining clinical departments to the specialized pit dedicated to biomedical liquid wastes to avoid any risk of direct contamination or environmental contamination; and documentation on the type of biomedical waste generated in all clinical services is an important point to be improved. Keywords: Biomedical wastes, Environmental risk, Waste segregation, Color-coding System, Infection Prevention Control, Environmental risks, University Teaching Hospital of Butare

Biomedical waste management poses significant challenges to India's public health infrastructure, with improper handling and disposal potentially leading to serious environmental contamination and health hazards. This comprehensive analysis examines the critical aspect of training healthcare staff for effective biomedical waste disposal in India. Various studies reveal concerning gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) particularly among sanitary and auxiliary staff who directly handle waste on a daily basis. Key issues identified include inadequate training programs, poor segregation practices, regional disparities in infrastructure, and insufficient integration of waste management principles in healthcare education. The analysis further explores challenges such as infrastructure and resource limitations, resistance to behavioral change, monitoring difficulties, and the additional burden imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers have tried to explore future strategies including comprehensive training approaches targeting different categories of healthcare workers, technological integration for improved training and monitoring, public-private partnerships, certification systems, and stronger institutional mechanisms. It has been realised that effective training is not merely a regulatory requirement but a fundamental necessity for ensuring occupational safety, public health protection, and environmental conservation. The researchers have tried to point out some key suggestions for policymakers, healthcare administrators, and educational institutions to enhance biomedical waste management training, thereby addressing this critical component of sustainable healthcare delivery in India.

Introduction Hospitals produce substantial amounts of biomedical waste during standard operassptions, and improper management of this waste can lead to significant public health hazards. Suboptimal management practices can promote the transmission of infectious diseases, including HIV and hepatitis, while insufficient handling may result in hospital-acquired infections affecting both patients and healthcare personnel. Additionally, increased public awareness of infectious diseases has intensified concerns regarding the safe disposal of biomedical waste. Effective waste management protocols in hospitals can reduce disease transmission risk within the community and lower medical costs related to hospital-acquired infections. Therefore, educating the community, staff, and patients on appropriate biomedical waste management practices is crucial for ensuring a safer healthcare environment. Aim This study aimed to evaluate healthcare personnel's awareness, attitudes, and practices of biomedical waste management at Guru Gobind Singh Medical College & Hospital, a tertiary care government facility in Faridkot, Punjab. Methods Guru Gobind Singh Medical College & Hospital is a 1200+ bedded tertiary care teaching hospital in the Faridkot district of Punjab, India. A cross-sectional study was performed using healthcare personnel, comprising physicians, nurses, and housekeeping staff. A systematic questionnaire was employed to assess their awareness of biomedical waste segregation, disposal techniques, utilization of color-coded bins, and adherence to the Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016. The data were examined employing descriptive statistics. Results It was found that among 110 participating health workers, only 96.6% have heard about BMW, and 75.4% have undergone any training regarding BMW management. About 93.63% of hospital health workers know the different colored bins required for collecting different types of waste. Also, only 55.4% and 58.1% of health workers received vaccines against hepatitis B and tetanus, respectively. Conclusion All healthcare providers must receive regular training in biomedical waste management for the appropriate handling and disposal of biomedical waste. There is also an urgency to provide vaccination among healthcare workers to protect them against the possible disease transmission due to BMW handling.

Abstract Biomedical waste (BMW) management is a critical global concern due to its potential risks to public health and the environment, particularly with the rising waste volumes from healthcare facilities. This paper examines current treatment technologies— including incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, microwave treatment, and plasma pyrolysis—analyzing their efficacy, environmental impact, and operational challenges. Emerging trends like waste minimization, resource recovery, and smart tracking systems are explored as sustainable solutions. However, challenges such as regulatory gaps, inadequate infrastructure, high costs, and lack of awareness hinder effective implementation. To address these issues, the study proposes an integrated management strategy combining advanced technologies, stringent policies, and capacity-building initiatives to ensure safe, sustainable, and efficient biomedical waste disposal while mitigating health and environmental risks. Key Words: Biomedical Waste (BMW), Waste Management, Healthcare Waste, Incineration, Autoclaving, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave Treatment, Plasma Pyrolysis, Hazardous Waste, Infectious Waste, Waste Segregation, Environmental Impact, Public Health, Sustainability, Resource Recovery, Circular Economy, Regulatory Compliance, Waste-to-Energy, Smart Waste Tracking, Pollution Control, Healthcare Sustainability.

Biomedical Waste emanating from healthcare activities remains a major public health and environmental issue. The boom in world population saw a sharp rise in healthcare requirements and subsequent accumulation of Biomedical Waste in and around hospitals. The problem is much more pronounced in Africa, where proper disposal seems abstruse in many circles. This treatise highlights the management of biomedical waste at the Sokponta health center. Sokponta is a far-flung area located among the highlands of "Collines", one of the twelve (12) regions of Benin, a small West-African country bordering Nigeria. The outcome was affected through a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from March 11 to May 11, 2024 in the Sokponta health facility. Incineration is the adopted method for biomedical waste treatment at Sopkonta. Our study hones in on the collection, handling, segregation, transportation and disposal of Biomedical Waste. Proper biomedical waste management at Sopkonta is elusive. There is a lot of room for improvement. More staff training on the subject wouldn't definitely go amiss. Respondents' smattering of knowledge was conspicuous. There was an urgent need to drill into staff new, more organized and well-structured strategies for sustainable and efficient biomedical waste management.

Objective: To estimate the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) with regarding to bio-medical waste management among the healthcare workers in hospitals of Bikaner district. Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at the affiliated hospitals of S. P. Medical College, Bikaner and at the hospitals under C.M.H.O., Bikaner from October 2022 to December 2022. Method: The study employed a quantitative research methodology, specifically utilizing a descriptive research design and simple random sampling technique to evaluate the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP). A self-designed questionnaire and checklist were created to gather data before and after the trial. A preliminary study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice level of 120 healthcare professionals working in hospitals in the Bikaner district regarding the management of biomedical waste. Subsequently, they were educated on this topic using a self-instructional module. A follow-up study was then conducted to measure the improvement in their knowledge, attitude and practice level regarding biomedical waste management. Result: After providing healthcare personnel at Bikaner district hospitals with a Self-Instructional Module, it was noted that their knowledge and level of practice regarding biomedical waste management improved. Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that strict compliance with regulations and the implementation of an enhanced environmental management system are necessary for the proper handling, sorting, transportation, storage, and disposal of biomedical waste. Additionally, training is essential for garbage handlers, scavengers, sweepers, as well as higher authorities and nursing staff.

One of the barriers to achieving the dream of a disease-free nation is the disposal of biomedical waste into the environment. The inappropriate handling of such waste causes a significant threat to the life of health-care professionals, residents, and the overall environmental integrity. Thus it is important to manage waste in order to reduce its negative health and environmental effects in a sustainable manner. Although there are several methods for waste collection, segregation, processing, safe transportation, effective treatment, and proper disposal of biomedical waste are in place, the prevalent waste disposal practices are not adequately addressing the issue of biomedical waste management. The research objective of this paper is to comprehensively analyze and compare biomedical waste management rules and regulations of different countries with a focus on identifying common trends and divergent practices. The paper also tries to examine bio-medical waste management practices, including the common sources of production, handling and disposal methods. Many developed nations have bio-medical waste legislation; however there is generally little guidance as to which objects can be defined as infectious. The author provides brief information about the types of wastes that fall under the category of biomedical waste, followed by the available approaches for biomedical waste management in India, USA and China. Following that, the flaws in traditional biomedical waste management techniques are reviewed and efforts have been made to analyze and forecast the market dynamics of bio-medical waste management in these three nations.

ABSTRACT The disposal of biomedical waste (BMW) ash presents a growing environmental concern due to its potential to contaminate ecosystems and causes health hazards. This study explores an innovative solution by utilising BMW ash as a sustainable stabiliser to enhance the geotechnical properties of a soft soil, which exhibits low strength and high plasticity characteristics. Through the application of the Taguchi method, the influence of BMW ash concentration and curing period on the soil properties such as compaction, pH, electrical conductivity, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) were evaluated. The experimental results show that adding BMW ash significantly reduces soil plasticity and increases UCS, achieving a strength gain of more than 180 kPa within 14 days. The optimal combination was determined to be 20% BMW ash with a 14-day curing period. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the curing time is the dominant factor, contributing 90.86% to early strength development. Microstructural analysis using SEM and EDX further reveals the formation of ettringite, which promotes early strength gain. This research demonstrates the dual benefits of BMW ash in mitigating environmental waste while improving soil performance, offering a viable solution for both waste management and soil stabilisation challenges.

Introduction: Hospital wastes is defined as the wastes which are produced or extracted as an outcome of the procedures like diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities or in the production of biologicals. The wastes which are generated from health care institutions subsequently has the maximum probability of infection as well as risks in comparison to any types of waste produced. Inadequate and appropriate knowledge seems to be the major reason behind haphazard management of hospital wastes which directly imposes deleterious effects on environment. The crucial issues in response to mismanagement of hospital waste includes absence of proper waste management, lack of awareness about health problems, insufficient financial and human resources. Management of biomedical wastes under good scale specially, at hospitals setting is directly proportional to dedicated waste management teams, good administration, careful planning, sound organization, underpinning legislation, adequate financing and full participation by trained staff. Biomedical wastes are to be managed accordingly because mishandling of these wastes invites serious health effect. Spread of diseases like Hepatitis-B, C and HIV/AIDS are the major effects seen associated with biomedical wastes. Although health care professionals are aware about the proper consequences of improper disposal of biomedical wastes, the necessary precautions are not yet being practiced properly. Likewise, there is no data available by the researcher regarding hospital waste management that were conducted in the hospital of Lumbani Province. Results: Out of 188 participated, shows that 49.46% of the respondents were of age 20-29 years and 65.96% were female. Most of the respondents have completed their diploma degree 38.29. Likewise, in term of profession, majorities of professionals i.e. 57.98% were nurses while paramedics was 23.47 and only 19.15% were doctors. Regarding working hours per day, maximum work around 5-10 hours a day i.e. 97.87 and only nearly half of the respondents i.e. 42.55% has work experience of 1-5 years and only 12.23% of respondents received tanning of hospital waste management. Most of the respondents 57.98% had good knowledge and 42.02% had poor knowledge regarding hospital waste management. Likewise, 61.70% of the respondents had favorable attitude and only 38.30% of the respondents had unfavorable attitude. Similarly, 59.04% had good practices and only less than half 40.96% had poor practices. Association between level of knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics, only the respondent’s sex (p=0.266) and respondent’s qualification (p=0.102) was highly significant. It shows same sex (p=0.630) and qualification (p=0.102) is highly significant with association of level of attitude and demographic characteristics. But there is no any association between level of practices and demographic characteristics. Conclusion: The finding of this present study concluded that majority of the respondent were in 20 to 29 years of i.e 49.46% where female was high than male 65.96%. Most of the respondents are diploma 38.29% and only 17.1% were bachelor pass. Nurses were in the highest proportional 57.98 followed by paramedic and doctors respectively 25.47%, 19.15%.About level of knowledge more than half 5798% have good knowledge followed by 61.70% respondents had favorable attitude and 59.04% had good practices regarding hospital waste management. Association between level of knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics, only the respondent’s sex (p=0.266) and respondent’s qualification (p=0.102) was highly significant. It shows same sex (p=0.630) and qualification (p=0.102) is highly significant with association of level of attitude and demographic characteristics. But there is no any association between level of practices and demographic characteristics. Keywords: KAP, HWM, HCP, RAHS

<p style="margin-bottom:8px;text-align:justify;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;tab-stops:0in 21.3pt;">In India, biomedical waste (BMW) management is governed by strict regulations to mitigate health and environmental risks. It includes materials such as sharps, infectious wastes, pharmaceuticals, and non-hazardous items contaminated with potentially infectious substances. Proper management and disposal of BMW are critical to prevent environmental contamination and health risks.  This article introduces an Enhanced U-Network (EnU-Net) integrated with Deep Neural Network BMW Classification (EnU-Net-DNN-BMWC) to enhance accuracy in this critical task. Leveraging the U-Net framework with an Encoder-Decoder Network (EDN) and pixel-wise classification layer initially optimizes image segmentation. Bayesian functions mitigate segmentation uncertainties, while Content-Sensitive Sampling (CSS) refines pixel sampling to prioritize data-sparse regions. Data collected from G. Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial Hospital and Kovai Medical Center and Hospital (KMCH) in Coimbatore over six months, categorizing sharps, infectious materials, pharmaceuticals, and non-hazardous waste, informs waste management strategies. Experimental validation using 100 biomedical waste images demonstrates EnU-Net-DNN-BMWC achieving good accuracy, surpassing standalone DNN-BMWC using Matlab 2022. The comparative analysis across different metrics such as accuracy, precision, F-measure, recall, error rate, and RMSE between DNN-BMWC and the proposed EnU-Net-DNN-BMWC framework were evaluated in this study, highlighting EnU-Net-DNN-BMWC's superior performance. Finally, this study underscores EnU-Net-DNN-BMWC’s efficacy in enhancing biomedical waste classification, crucial for sustainable waste management practices and regulatory compliance in healthcare settings.</span></p>

Background Aseptic measures during blood sampling should be strictly enforced as identification of the true pathogen can act as life-saving measure in patients. Contamination during collection can produce erroneous results which can lead to unnecessary antibiotic usage. Thus, adequate training must be imparted so that the MBBS students can learn the correct technique and develop appropriate skills. This pre-post interventional study thus assessed the students’ and faculties’perception on venous blood sampling through hands on exercises on a simulated model and learning through digital module among MBBS students. Methodology The knowledge of the students was assessed through a questionnaire while practical skills through OSPE using a pre-validated checklist in the pre-intervention phase. The intervention comprised of students being trained in small batches regarding blood sample collection on a mannequin followed by biomedical waste disposal and spillage management. A digital intervention module for self-directed learning was shared with the students to reinforce their learning. This was followed by post interventional assessment of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Results Paired sample t-test showed a statistically significant improvement in the knowledge scores and OSPE skills in the post-intervention phase. About 91% students opined that they were well trained. All the faculty opined that this training was immensely useful to students for future practical applications. Conclusion The current study demonstrated effectiveness of intervention among the medical students under the new curriculum through hands-on and digital module-based training on accurate blood sampling procedure.

Selecting an optimum technique for disposing of biomedical waste is a frequently observed obstacle in multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems. The MAGDM is commonly applied to tackle decision-making states originated by obscurity and vagueness. The interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set is a novel variant of fuzzy sets. The main objective of this study is to introduce the interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft Einstein-ordered weighted and Einstein hybrid weighted aggregation operators. Based on developed aggregation operators, a novel decision-making approach, the Evaluation based on the Distance from the Average Solution introduced to solve the MAGDM problem. The execution of the proposed approach demonstrates the significant impact of determining the most effective strategy to handle biomedical waste. Our proposed approach's practicality is confirmed by a case study focusing on selecting the most effective technique for Biomedical Waste (BMW) treatment. This study shows that autoclaving is the most effective method for the disposal of BMW. Comparative and sensitivity analysis confirms the consistency and effectiveness of our methodology. The comparative study indicates the effects of the proposed strategy are more feasible and realistic than the prevailing techniques.

ABSTRACT Background: Biomedical waste includes waste products generated from medical procedures within healthcare centers, research facilities, diagnostic laboratories, and treatment procedures, immunization process of humans as well as animals from the production and testing of biological substances. Management and disposal of biomedical waste should be done using safe as well as proper methods. These methods should be known as well as practiced by all healthcare professionals for reducing transmission of different infections and prevention of different types of health as well as environment-associated hazards. Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze knowledge, awareness, and practice of the management of generated biomedical waste among dental undergraduate students in India. Materials and Methods: This randomized cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 450 dental undergraduate students after obtaining the institutional ethical committee clearance. The questionnaire included details of sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, religion, and caste), knowledge, awareness, and attitude regarding handling as well as management of biomedical waste in healthcare settings. Data collection was done for a period of 1 month. Results and Observations: On assessing knowledge regarding the generation of biomedical waste along with legislation, it was observed that only 10.19% of dentistry students had an excellent level of knowledge regarding generation as well as legislation concerned with biomedical waste, whereas only 2.03% of undergraduate dental students possessed an extremely poor level of knowledge. On analyzing awareness concerning practices of waste regulation and management, it was observed that only 6% of dental undergraduate students had “excellent” level of knowledge concerning the practice of biomedical waste management. On analyzing the attitude of dental students toward the management of biomedical, it was observed that 29.1% possessed a poor attitude regarding the issue of proper biomedical waste management. Conclusion: In the present study, it was observed that the majority of dental students pursuing undergraduate courses did not have adequate knowledge, attitude, and awareness regarding the practice of adequate biomedical waste management and disposal.