Dispersion Of Graphene Sheets Research Articles

The study of structural, magnetic, and microwave absorbing properties of graphene/hexagonal ferrite for microwave absorber

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of Y-type Hexaferrite (Ba2Co2Fe12O22) and its composites with 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt% rGO. Ferrites were fabricated using the hydrothermal method and then sintered for 6 h at 1000 °C. The formation of Y-type hexaferrite (Ba2Co2Fe12O22) and Ferrites/rGO composites was confirmed using x-ray diffraction. Ferrite/rGO composites exhibited no diffraction peaks due to rGO, which may be due to staking disorders and uniformly dispersed graphene sheets. Scanning electron microscopy showed that graphene nanolayers are well-decorated with Y-type hexaferrite nanoparticles. FTIR spectra measured for Ba2Co2Fe12O22, rGO, and Ba2Co2Fe12O22/rGO nanocomposites revealed the presence of relevant functional chemical bonds. The dielectric properties studied between 1MHz-3GHz frequency range showed that composites of Ba2Co2Fe12O22/rGO perform better than pure ferrite. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was applied to determine the band gap, and rGO/Ferrites composites exhibited a band gap in the range of 4.4–4.6 eV. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements showed saturation magnetization of 26.2 emu g−1 in pure hexaferrite, which significantly lowered with rGO content in the composites. From enhanced absorption and reflection parameters of dielectric properties and magnetic loss that originate from the synergetic effect of rGO and Y-type hexaferrite (Ba2Co2Fe12O22), this study suggests lightweight, flexible, and efficient EMI shielding composites.

Economic and facile approach for synthesis of graphene–titanate nanocomposite for water reclamation

Graphene and its composites with semiconductor materials have been received highly attention in many research areas because of their unique properties. Efficient application of graphene is hindered by the lack of cost-effective synthesis methods. In this work, an economic and facile route for mass production of graphene-titanate nanocomposite has been discussed. Graphene was prepared by exfoliation of graphite powder in 40% ethanol aqueous solution. Titanate nanotubes were grown on graphene sheets by hydrothermal method, where the dispersed graphene sheets were mixed with titanate solution and then placed in autoclave and placed in oven for 16 h at 160 °C. The prepared composite was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All the obtained results confirmed the synthesis of graphene and its composite with titanate in highly uniform and pure form. The adsorption efficiency of the prepared composite was tested using methylene blue (MB) as a model dye. The adsorption isotherm was investigated using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The adsorption capacity of MB was 270.27 mg/g. The obtained correlation coefficients (R2) by Freundlich and Langmuir model were 0.996 and 0.973, respectively. The adsorption kinetics was investigated and discussed using different models. The thermal stability of the developed composite is improved after MB adsorption.

Printing and electromagnetic characteristics of 3D printing frequency selective surface using graphene

• Graphene modifies silver ink from shear thinning effect to fluid model behavior. • Cross model ink presents better printing precision than Carreau-Yasuda ink. • High static viscosity contributes to high printing precision in direct ink writing. • Connected graphene sheets contribute to highly electromagnetic performance matching. The study of Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) by Direct ink writing (DIW) has attracted much attention due to the convenience and effectiveness of 3D printing technology. However, the limited printing precision of DIW has heavily restricted its applications as the electromagnetic performance is highly sensitive to it, especially the precision at the microscale. Herein, the ultra-high printing precision of FSS was achieved through DIW by the uniformly dispersed graphene sheets to deeply modify the rheological behavior and the steric hindrance effect. Thus, the highly precision of the printed filament width as thin as 67 μm with a space of only 42 μm were achieved, which is difficult for conventional DIW, and no structural distortion is found after 3D printing, no matter it was 2D printed on a flat surface or the sharply skewed hook face, or even 3D printed to architectural structures. According to the highly improved precision, the electromagnetic performance matching between the designed model and the printed physical FSS device was perfectly achieved, reducing the center frequency error less than 0.3 GHz, and the transmission coefficient error less than 0.046. Our work promises an effective and easy preparation of high-quality FSS from the aid of graphene.

Graphene-Supported Naphthalene-Based Polyimide Composite as a High-Performance Sodium Storage Cathode.

Electroactive acid anhydride with multicarbonyl is highly promising for electrochemical energy storage because of its high specific capacity and environmental benignity. Its low electrical conductivity and high dissolution in organic electrolyte, however, result in poor cycling and rate capabilities. Here, we report a naphthalene polyimide derivative (NPI) synthesized by using anhydride under condensation polymerization conditions, along with its composite with graphene (NPI-G) fabricated via in situ polymerization. The composite delivers a high reversible capacity and outstanding cycling stability and rate capability as a cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to the formation of a polymer, the improvement in the electrical conductivity brought about by the highly dispersed graphene sheets, and the enhancement of structural stability resulting from the π-π stacking interaction between the phenyl groups of NPI and the six-member carbon rings of graphene. This investigation sheds light on the development, design, and screening of next-generation organic electrode materials with high performance for SIBs.

Thermal Degradation Kinetics and Modeling Study of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWP)/Graphene Nanocomposite.

The incorporation of nanofillers such as graphene into polymers has shown significant improvements in mechanical characteristics, thermal stability, and conductivity of resulting polymeric nanocomposites. To this aim, the influence of incorporation of graphene nanosheets into ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) on the thermal behavior and degradation kinetics of UHMWPE/graphene nanocomposites was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that graphene nanosheets were uniformly spread throughout the UHMWPE’s molecular chains. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data posited that the morphology of dispersed graphene sheets in UHMWPE was exfoliated. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies identified a more pronounced increase in melting temperatures and latent heat of fusions in nanocomposites compared to UHMWPE at lower concentrations of graphene. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) revealed that UHMWPE’s thermal stability has been improved via incorporating graphene nanosheets. Further, degradation kinetics of neat polymer and nanocomposites have been modeled using equations such as Friedman, Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW), Kissinger, and Augis and Bennett’s. The "Model-Fitting Method” showed that the auto-catalytic nth-order mechanism provided a highly consistent and appropriate fit to describe the degradation mechanism of UHMWPE and its graphene nanocomposites. In addition, the calculated activation energy (Ea) of thermal degradation was enhanced by an increase in graphene concentration up to 2.1 wt.%, followed by a decrease in higher graphene content.

Effect of silane-bridging on the dispersion of polyetheramine-functionalized graphene oxide in waterborne epoxy composites

Corrosion resistance of waterborne epoxy (WEP) coatings can be enhanced by the addition of graphene sheets as the physical barriers. The dispersion of graphene sheets in the WEP matrix is one of the key issues. Here, silane coupling agent was introduced in polyetheramine functionalization of graphene oxide as the molecular bridge via a two-step modification. Firstly, hydrolyzed silane was reacted with the hydroxyl groups of graphene oxide. Then, polyetheramine was grafted on the silanized graphene oxide, producing D-SGO. A long molecular tail with amino end groups was introduced on graphene surfaces, enhancing the steric hindrance, the compatibility with epoxy curing agent, as well as the interfacial bonding with WEP matrix. The interlayer spacing between polyetheramine-functionalized graphene oxide layers was increased from 1.13 nm to 1.77 nm by the silane-bridging. The molecular structure of D-SGO was analyzed by chemical characterization and molecular dynamics simulations. The two-step modification not only increased the length of the grafted molecules, but changed the reaction sites from the carboxyl groups at the graphene edges/defects to the hydroxyl groups on the basal plane. The insert of silane-bridging improved the dispersion of D-SGO. According to impedance measurements, the modulus of D-SGO0.2%/WEP was kept at 5 × 109 Ω cm2 for 4 months. The superior anticorrosion performance benefited from the barrier properties of well-dispersed D-SGO and the enhanced interfacial bonding between D-SGO and the WEP matrix.

Mechanical and Self-Healing Behavior of Matrix-Free Polymer Nanocomposites Constructed via Grafted Graphene Nanosheets.

Through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the structure and mechanical properties of matrix-free polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) constructed via polymer-grafted graphene nanosheets are studied. The dispersion of graphene sheets is characterized by the radial distribution function (RDF) between graphene sheets. We observe that a longer polymer chain length Lg leads to a relatively better dispersion state attributed to the formation of a better brick-mud structure, effectively screening the van der Waals interactions between sheets. By tuning the interaction strength εend-end between end functional groups of grafted chains, we construct physical networks with various robustness characterized by the formation of the fractal clusters at high εend-end values. The effects of εend-end and Lg on the mechanical properties are examined, and the enhancement of the stress-strain behavior is observed with the increase of εend-end and Lg. Structural evolution during deformation is quantified by calculating the orientation of the graphene sheets and their distribution, the stress decomposition, and the size of the clusters formed between end groups and their distribution. Then, we briefly study the effects of time and temperature on the self-healing behavior of these unique PNCs in the rubbery state. Lastly, the self-healing kinetics is quantitatively analyzed. In general, this work can provide some rational guidelines to design and fabricate matrix-free PNCs with both excellent mechanical and self-healing properties.

InVivo Disintegration and Bioresorption of a Nacre-Inspired Graphene-Silk Film Caused by the Foreign-Body Reaction.

SummaryGraphene-based substrates are emerging as a promising functional platform for biomedical applications. Although dispersible graphene sheets have been demonstrated to be biodegradable, their assembled macroscopic architectures are biopersistent because of strong π-π interactions. In this study, we developed a nacre-inspired graphene-silk nanocomposite film by vacuum filtration with a subsequent green chemical reduction procedure. The “brick-and-mortar” architecture not only ensures the mechanical and electrical properties of the film but also endows it with disintegrable and bioresorbable properties following rat subcutaneous implantation. Furthermore, covalent cross-linking leads to the formation of graphene with decreased interlayer spacing, which effectively prolongs the residence time in vivo. We found that enzymatic treatment created microcracks on the film surface and that the foreign-body reaction was involved in the deformation, delamination, disintegration, and phagocytosis processes of the nanocomposite films. This bioinspired strategy paves the way for the development of high-performance graphene-based macroscopic biomaterials with tunable bioresorbability.

Measuring the Accessible Surface Area within the Nanoparticle Corona Using Molecular Probe Adsorption.

The corona phase-the adsorbed layer of polymer, surfactant, or stabilizer molecules around a nanoparticle-is typically utilized to disperse nanoparticles into a solution or solid phase. However, this phase also controls molecular access to the nanoparticle surface, a property important for catalytic activity and sensor applications. Unfortunately, few methods can directly probe the structure of this corona phase, which is subcategorized as either a hard, immobile corona or a soft, transient corona in exchange with components in the bulk solution. In this work, we introduce a molecular probe adsorption (MPA) method for measuring the accessible nanoparticle surface area using a titration of a quenchable fluorescent molecule. For example, riboflavin is utilized to measure the surface area of gold nanoparticle standards, as well as corona phases on dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets. A material balance on the titration yields certain surface coverage parameters, including the ratio of the surface area to dissociation constant of the fluorophore, q/KD, as well as KD itself. Uncertainty, precision, and the correlation of these parameters across different experimental systems, preparations, and modalities are all discussed. Using MPA across a series of corona phases, we find that the Gibbs free energy of probe binding scales inversely with the cube root of surface area, q. In this way, MPA is the only technique to date capable of discerning critical structure-property relationships for such nanoparticle surface phases. Hence, MPA is a rapid quantitative technique that should prove useful for elucidating corona structure for nanoparticles across different systems.

NaCl and oxalic acid–assisted solvothermal exfoliation of edge-oxidized graphite to produce organic graphene dispersion for transparent conductive film application

Here, we demonstrate a facile method to prepare dispersible few-layer graphene sheets (GSs) by NaCl and oxalic acid–assisted solvothermal exfoliation of edge-oxidized graphite (EOG) in presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone under the synergetic effect of short-time ultrasonication. During solvothermal heating process, NaCl, oxalic acid, and PVP adsorbed on the edge/surface of EOG, and oxalic acid decomposed into CO2, CO, and H2O steam weakening the Van der Waals force between sheet layers of EOG. The solvothermal process results in the exfoliation and reduction of EOG to GSs which can be dispersed in various organic solvents with high concentrations (0.10–2.68 mg/mL) and remained stable for 6 months except dimethyl sulfoxide and acetonitrile. The GS film prepared by vacuum filtration method using EtOH phase GS dispersion had a sheet resistance of 28.0 kΩ/□ at a transparency of 81.2%. This method shows great promise for mass synthesis of few-layer graphene dispersions for thin film applications.

Mn3O4-polyaniline-graphene as distinctive composite for use in high-performance supercapacitors

Introduction of graphene into the stable matrix of Mn3O4-polyaniline composite leads to supercapacitor electrode that can deliver specific capacitance >1000 F g−1. This is nearly double the value, which is observed in conventional type Mn3O4-polyaniline composite that is able to deliver ~500 F g−1, at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 in the voltage window −1 to 1 V. This value is also much greater than those obtained in most of the niche carbon or transition metal oxide based supercapacitors. Cycling studies, carried out at a current density 25 A g−1 and for 3000 cycles, indicated that the composite continue to retain nearly ~97% of the initial capacitance. The enhancement can be explained in terms of the connected percolated conductive path, which originates due to the dispersed graphene sheets.

The enhanced and polarized Raman spectra on the spherical aluminum powders encapsulated within graphene nanosheets

This article deals with the Raman spectroscopic research of aluminum–graphene (Al–Gr) composites obtained by aqueous suspension-based mixing to improve dispersion of graphene sheets in composite powders. Raman spectra of composite powders reflect encapsulated nanostructure of Al–Gr composite powders and chemical interaction of oxygen groups on graphene oxide (GO) with magnesium ions (Mg2+), depending on the added Mg2+ content. First, the enhanced Raman signal for our composite powders is an apparent evidence of that graphene sheets with uniform dispersion on Al matrix are in close contact with the spherical surface of Al powders. The polarization dependence of the Raman spectra, which are dependent on the incident laser spot, also confirms that the graphene sheets surrounded the spherical powder. SEM image, XPS and FT-IR spectra for the composite powders provide additional data to decipher the Raman analysis results.

Effect of graphene oxide on features of functionalizable Poly(Butylene fumarate) and functional Poly(Butylene succinate) doped polyaniline

A novel material that obtained through combining a biodegradable polymer with a conductive polymer, has been successfully developed by graphene oxide (GO). For the first time, unsaturated poly(butylene fumarate) grafted reduced GO (PBF:RGO) was synthesized via in-situ polymerization method and simultaneous in-situ thermal reduction of GO. It was modified through post-polymerization modification to form sulfonated poly(butylene succinate) grafted reduced GO (PBSS:RGO). Then, PBSS:RGO was incorporated as a polymeric dopant in the synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) to prepare the conductive and anticorrosive compound. Functionalizable PBF and PBF:RGO along with functional PBSS and PBSS:RGO were characterized by 1HNMR. Thermal and crystallization properties of PBF and PBF:RGO were studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with Avrami and Tobin models. Further investigation of crystallinity and dispersion of graphene sheets in the polymer matrix was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). PBF:RGO exhibits higher thermal stability, higher crystallization rate, and lower crystallinity compared with pristine PBF. Final composites (PANI:PBSS and PANI:RGO:PBSS) were also characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), contact angle analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrical conductivity measurements. PANI:RGO:PBSS indicates a higher conductivity, higher inhibition efficiency and more hydrophilicity than PANI:PBSS.

Study on dispersion, mechanical and microstructure properties of cement paste incorporating graphene sheets

In this study, the influences of ultrasonic and surfactants on the dispersion of graphene sheets in water were evaluated using UV–vis spectroscopy, and homogenous dispersions of graphene sheets in water were obtained by using sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). Then, the highly dispersed graphene sheets were introduced to cement paste through high-speed mixing, and the mechanical and microstructural properties of graphene-modified cement material was evaluated. Experiment results indicated that the addition of 0.025 wt% graphene sheets increased the 7-day composite compressive strength by 14.9%, the flexural strength by 23.6% and direct tensile strength by 15.2%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the addition of graphene sheets lowered the orientation index of calcium hydroxide (CH) crystals significantly. Moreover, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and microscope imaging (SEM) indicated that a high degree of dispersion of graphene sheets was achieved, and the two-dimensional graphene sheets promote hydration and suppress the extension process of cracks.

Graphene Based Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposites Prepared by In Situ Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Ascorbic Acid: Influence of Graphene Content and Glycerol Plasticizer on Properties.

The enhanced properties of polymer nanocomposites as compared with pure polymers are only achieved in the presence of well-dispersed nanofillers and strong interfacial adhesion. In this study, we report the preparation of nanocomposite films based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) filled with well dispersed graphene sheets (GS) by in situ reduction of graphene oxide (GO) dispersed in PVA solution using ascorbic acid (L-AA) as environmentally friendly reductant. The combined effect of GS content and glycerol as plasticizer on the structure, thermal, mechanical, water absorption, and water barrier properties of PVA/GS nanocomposite films is studied for the first time. Higher glass transition temperature, lower crystallinity, melting, and crystallization temperature, higher mechanical properties, and remarkable improvement in the thermal stability compared to neat PVA are obtained as a result of strong interfacial interactions between GS and PVA by hydrogen bonding. PVA/GS composite film prepared by ex situ process is more brittle than its in situ prepared counterpart. The presence of GS improves the water barrier and water resistance properties of nanocomposite films by decreasing water vapor permeability and water absorption of PVA. This work demonstrates that the tailoring of PVA/GS nanocomposite properties is enabled by controlling GS and glycerol content. The new developed materials, particularly those containing plasticizer, could be potential carriers for transdermal drug delivery.

Facile and Cost Effective Directly Electrosprayed Graphene/Silicon Nanocomposites for High-Rate Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Silicon is in the research spotlight for the next generation of Li-ion battery anodes due to its high specific capacity of 4200 mAh/g for lithium storage at room temperature. However, it has a few serious shortcomings that prevent its commercialization. In the present work, we explored a facile and environmentally friendly process based on electrospraying to directly deposit active material on the current collector and remedy silicon problems in one step. Instead of graphene-oxide or other derivatives, direct employment of a graphene suspension in the deposition process which does not require heat treatment to increase its conductivity enables usage of a polymeric binder in the system. As a result, the sprayed composite layer has a uniform morphology with an excellent dispersion of nanoparticles between graphene layers and an electrode density above 0.7 g/cc was prepared. Graphene sheets provide conductivity and keep the silicon nanoparticles in place during constant volume expansion/contraction. Nevertheless, existence of polymeric binder greatly increases the life of the electrodes with minimal capacity fading of about 15% after 300 cycles with a specific capacity of 2100 mAh/g. In addition, electrodes prepared with this technique have a noticeably high first cycle columbic efficiency up to 92%, which makes them desirable for full cell fabrication. These electrodes also have a great electrochemical performance at high rates (1200 mAh/g at 2C and 1000 at 5C), due to the highly conductive network of dispersed graphene sheets. In this presentation, the innovative and facile electrode preparation technique will be introduced and underlying phenomena responsible for the outstanding electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes will be discussed.

Sensitive detection of hydroquinone using exfoliated graphene-Au/glassy carbon modified electrode

Graphene nanosheets (EGr) were electrochemically prepared through one-step exfoliation of a graphite rod in a mixture of H2SO4:HNO3 (3:1) at low bias (4 V). Subsequently, gold nanoparticles were attached to the graphene surface (EGr−Au) by the reduction of the metal precursor (HAuCl4) in aqueous solution containing dispersed graphene sheets. According to the XRD investigation, the synthesized material consists of a mixture of few-layer (86%) and multi-layer (14%) graphene. The interlayer distance was found to be in the range of 0.466–0.342 nm, which is larger than the interlayer distance in graphite (0.335 nm). The average size of gold nanoparticles in the EGr−Au sample was 24 nm, in excellent agreement with the TEM results. The synthesized material was then employed to modify a glassy carbon (GC) substrate, in order to obtain a modified electrode (GC/EGr−Au). Next, the electrochemical behavior of hydroquinone (HQ) in the presence and absence of interfering species, catechol (CAT) and bisphenol A (BPA) was studied and the corresponding calibration curves were plotted. Thus, in solutions without interfering species, the GC/EGr-Au electrode has a wide linear range (3 × 10−7–10−4 M), high sensitivity (0.089 A M−1) and low detection limit (LOD = 10−7 M; S/N = 3). The presence of either catechol or bisphenol A leads to the increase of LOD to 2 × 10−7 M, and in addition changes the electrode sensitivity, up to 0.146 A M−1.

Electrochemical Enhancement of Nickel oxide Dispersed Graphene Sheets as Electrode Material for Energy Storage Application

In present work, graphene was doped with nickel oxide to improve theperformance of electrochemical applications. Initially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesised by modified Hummer’s method by using Graphite as a precursor material, as synthesised rGO is used to prepare rGO/NiO nanocomposite in one step. Then the synthesised GO and rGO/NiO materials are subjected to different characterisation for rectification of the compounds. The synthesised GO and rGO/NiO compositewere characterised by using X-ray Diffracto meter (XRD) and Surface morphology examined by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group attachments. Graphite, rGO and rGO/NiO nanocomposites were investigated through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.From, it is clear that the charge transfer resistance is low in the electrode with rGO/NiO followed by a rise in the capacitance of the electrode. From the obtained results it is confirmed that the electrochemical behaviour of rGO/NiO composites materials was superior as compared to graphite and rGO.

Hydroxylated graphene-based flexible carbon film with ultrahigh electrical and thermal conductivity

Graphene-based films are widely used in the electronics industry. Here, surface hydroxylated graphene sheets (HGS) have been synthesized from natural graphite (NG) by a rapid and efficient molten hydroxide-assisted exfoliation technique. This method enables preparation of aqueous dispersible graphene sheets with a high dispersed concentration (∼10.0 mg ml−1) and an extraordinary production yield (∼100%). The HGS dispersion was processed into graphene flexible film (HGCF) through fast filtration, annealing treatment and mechanical compression. The HGS endows graphene flexible film with a high electrical conductivity of 11.5 × 104 S m−1 and a superior thermal conductivity of 1842 W m−1 K−1. Simultaneously, the superflexible HGCF could endure 3000 repeated cycles of bending or folding. As a result, this graphene flexible film is expected to be integrated into electronic packaging and high-power electronics applications.

The preparation and application of a graphene-based hybrid flame retardant containing a long-chain phosphaphenanthrene

A novel hybrid flame retardant combining graphene oxide (GO) with long-chain phosphaphenanthrene was fabricated via surface grafting reaction. Taking advantageous of the double barrier effects, including the physical shield contributed by graphene nanoplates during the initial stage and the chemical char contributed by phosphaphenanthrene during the later stage, greatly decreased the release rate of decomposed volatiles from the resin, as well as minimized the release of oxygen and combustion heat. Hence, such hybrid flame retardant can overcome the shortcomings of early acid catalyzed degradation effects caused by conventional flame retardants containing phosphorus. Satisfactory flame retardance was achieved (UL94 V-0 rating) with only 4% addition of the hybrid flame retardant to the epoxy resin laminate. Due to the long-chain and bulky phosphaphenanthrene groups, the interlayer attractive forces of the modified GO were effectively weakened, thus favoring the exfoliation and dispersion of graphene sheets. As a result, the incorporation of the flame retardant slightly enhanced the mechanical properties of the polymer composites, rather than deteriorating them, as occurs with traditional additive flame retardants. As a potential application for graphene, it is believed that the reported hybrid flame retardant has promising future prospect.