The Twinkle-Goes illusion impacts motor planning, and is likely perceptual in origin.

Anchoring and judgment biases of pedestrians in exit choice: A discrete choice model based on virtual reality experiments

The value of unsustainable hotel services to guests: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment

Public perceptions of land-policy-for-local-food goals: findings from a discrete choice experiment study

Discrete choice experiments in nursing workforce research: A methodological review

This study aims to quantify the preference of adults below 50 years of age for fecal immunochemical test (FIT) options as screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) and its disparities across different subgroups. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted among adults aged < 50 years old in Hong Kong. A mixed logit model and latent class model were used to estimate their preference, taking into account their preference heterogeneity. Marginal willingness-to-pay for changes in the attribute levels was also estimated. A total of 408 participants with valid responses were included for analysis. The outcomes showed 5.2% of participants would consistently reject all the 20 FIT alternatives presented to them in the DCE survey. Mortality reduction in FIT programs was deemed as the most important attribute, followed by testing frequency, early detection likelihood, familiar physician, and reduction of false positive rate. The FIT acceptance was sensitive to the change of out-of-pocket payment amount. The latent class model showed participants with different ages, educational level, and self-reported health status would have different preferences for FIT attribute levels. The study showed that most adults below 50 years old would be willing to consider receiving FIT if suitable testing options are available. They are more sensitive to changes in mortality reduction than changes in CRC early detection likelihood, suggesting the former is more important in information dissemination. The impact of out-of-pocket payments for FIT on its acceptance suggests that the introduction of financial subsidies can be considered to improve screening acceptance. The preference heterogeneity highlights the importance of healthcare professionals' understanding of people's values and preferences for decision-making.

Price-, taste-, and convenience-competitive plant-based meat analogues would not currently replace the majority of meat consumption: A narrative review.

Comparing Adolescent and Adult Preferences for EQ-5D-Y-3L Health States in Hong Kong.

Willingness-to-pay (WTP) studies offer a demand-side perspective on the monetary value of health gains, typically expressed as WTP per quality-adjusted life year (WTP/Q). These estimates can complement supply-side cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) and inform whether healthcare budgets align with public preferences. However, existing thresholds often overlook heterogeneity by condition or population characteristics. This study sought to systematically review literature on WTP/Q estimates derived from stated preference methods by (i) mapping the broader landscape of demand-side valuations and (ii) synthesizing how WTP/Q varies by both respondent and scenario-assigned age and disease severity in general-health contexts. A systematic review was conducted across Medline, Embase, and EconLit, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies estimated the monetary value of a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) from a societal, demand-side perspective. We first conducted a broad narrative mapping of all included studies to describe methodological characteristics and contextual diversity. We then focused on a subset of studies using general-health scenarios to explore how willingness to pay per QALY varied by age and severity. A structured four-axis framework was applied to distinguish between respondent characteristics and scenario-assigned attributes. Data were classified and tabulated. A formal quality assessment was conducted across the full set of studies using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) tool. A total of 67 studies met inclusion criteria. Most originated from high-income countries and used contingent valuation or discrete choice experiments. Among general-health studies, WTP/Q decreased with respondents' actual age in 49% of studies and increased with respondents' own health severity in 79%. In studies assessing scenario-assigned attributes, WTP/Q increased with hypothetical disease severity in 91% of studies and decreased with scenario-assigned age in 83%. Substantial heterogeneity was observed in elicitation methods, framing, and utility measurement. The findings support the need for condition- and population-specific WTP thresholds, as valuations appear to vary depending on the nature of the health gain and the characteristics of the beneficiary-whether real or hypothetical.

Indonesians would like their coffee produced organically! – Preferences for iced coffee analysed with a discrete choice experiment

Valuing coastal wetland restoration in Australia with discrete choice experiments

What is restoration success? Integrating AHP with a choice experiment to monetize the multifunctionality of grasslands.

Given trade-offs between whole-body MRI(WBMRI) techniques' attributes for cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS) surveillance, we determined the strength of preferences of adolescents with no cancer history (group 1) and their parents (group 2) (proxies) for different WBMRI surveillance approaches in CPS. A proxy cohort of adolescents without cancer history (group 1) and their parents (group 2) completed a discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey on hypothetical situations of cancer surveillance imaging as if they or their children had a CPS. Five attributes (diagnostic accuracy; examination length; radiation exposure; intravenous access discomfort; and contrast extravasation risk) and 3 WBMRI techniques (inversion recovery [IR]; diffusion-weighted [DW]+IR; positron-emission tomography [PET]-MRI) were assessed in association with respondents' age, sex, education level, and prior MRI history. There were 86 of 342 (25.1%) participants; N=71 (83%) females; 21 (24%) adolescents 12 years or older and 18 years or younger, and 65 (76%) parents. Diagnostic accuracy was ranked highest for importance for groups 1 (47.6%) and 2 (55.3%). Group 1 ranked examination length and risk of radiation exposure as second (23.8%) and third (19.0%) preferred attributes, respectively; group 2 ranked these attributes reversely (15.3% and 18.4%). Group 1 ranked intravenous access discomfort and radionuclide extravasation risk as the fourth preferred attribute, 4.8% each, while they were ranked fourth (7.7%) and fifth (3.7%) for group 2. No agreement was reached for aggregated responses (kappa coefficient=0 or McNemar test P >0.05), or any predictors(multinomial logistic regression) between groups 1 and 2. Although both adolescents and parents agreed on diagnostic accuracy as the most important attribute in CPS imaging surveillance, other preferences were discordant, opening up discussions about whom the clinical decision-making process should align with.

Migraine care is often suboptimal owing to undertreatment, variation in clinical outcomes and administration methods among existing treatments, and between- and within-individual heterogeneity in the clinical course of migraine. In response to these challenges, preference studies have been increasingly conducted to inform treatment decision-making and development. However, gaps remain in understanding how treatment preferences have been assessed across different migraine studies. The aim was to synthesize existing evidence to inform the design and conduct of future preference migraine research. This review examined treatment attributes included in preference studies, focusing on how attributes were developed, framed, and presented; how their values were analyzed and reported; and whether these values differed by respondent characteristics. A systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42025614690). Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant stated preference studies on migraine treatments (October 2024). Two researchers independently screened studies, and data were extracted using a predefined template. Extracted information included study characteristics, methods for attribute and instrument development, choice task design, attribute framing, and analytical approaches. Narrative synthesis and descriptive statistics were used to summarize findings. Attribute importance was assessed by deriving relative rankings of attributes from marginal utilities or importance scores across studies. Overall, 18 studies were reviewed from the 186 that were screened. Stated preference methods comprised discrete choice experiment (n = 12), conjoint analysis (n = 1), contingent valuation method (n = 3), thresholding (n = 1), and time trade-off (n = 1). In total, 13 studies reported their attribute development methods, using literature review only (n = 2), expert consultation only (n = 1), and multi-method approaches combining literature reviews with qualitative research and/or expert or payer consultation (n = 10). In addition, 17 studies included at least 1 benefit attribute, resulting in 26 unique attributes grouped into seven overarching concepts. Risk attributes were included in 11 studies, with injection site reactions (n = 5), gastrointestinal effects (n = 4), and cognitive effects (n = 3) as the most common adverse events. Administration-related attributes appeared in ten studies, with mode and/or frequency of administration being the most common (n = 10). Eight studies used visual aids to illustrate attributes. Preference heterogeneity was explored in 14 studies, primarily on the basis of sex (n = 9), monthly migraine days (n = 8), and treatment experience (n = 7). This review reveals substantial variation in how treatment attributes were selected, framed, and analyzed across studies. Greater methodological consistency in attribute development, framing, and reporting, along with more robust exploration of preference heterogeneity, is needed to enhance the comparability, validity, and application of future preference research in migraine care.

Patient and oncologist preferences for ALK+ advanced non-small cell lung cancer tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments: a discrete choice experiment in the United States.

ABSTRACT Background The paper provides a novel perspective beyond existing theoretical frameworks by integrating the COM-B model with discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to quantify parental decision-making dynamics for adolescent HPV vaccination. Research design and methods Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Wuxi, China, before and after the introduction of free domestic bivalent vaccines. Multinomial logistic regression identified COM-B predictors of vaccination intention, whereas DCEs quantified parental preferences. Latent class analysis (LCA) linked preference heterogeneity to COM-B domains with policy simulations comparing 20 vaccination scenarios. Results Health benefit perception (motivation), financial/temporal self-efficacy (motivation), and social influence (opportunity) are key predictors. Generally, parents prioritized HPV vaccines with low cost, high efficacy, and low side effect risks, while hesitant and refusing parents showed less concern with appointment difficulties but preference for imported producers. Five distinct HPV vaccination preference groups are identified: domestic-affordable, cost-sensitive, efficacy-focused, safety-oriented, and accessibility-driven. Hesitant and refusing parents were representative in cost-sensitive and accessibility-driven, which were sensitive in simulated incentives or convenience-enhancing scenarios. Free domestic 2-valent vaccine maintained its dominance in choice probability across simulated scenarios, except for the National Immunization Program. Conclusions Findings support stratified interventions targeting motivation (education, persuasion) and opportunity (cost subsidies, accessibility) based on the free domestic 2-valent vaccine policy.

ABSTRACT Vaccine-preventable herpes zoster (HZ) poses substantial burden among Australian adults ≥50 years of age (YOA) despite available vaccination. This study aimed to understand the HZ vaccine-related preferences of adults paying out-of-pocket for HZ vaccination, to facilitate targeted recommendations by physicians and ultimately reduce disease burden. A discrete choice experiment was conducted (March–May 2023) to quantify preferences for HZ vaccine attributes among adults 50–64 YOA: HZ-naïve with selected self-reported comorbidities (n = 525; each comorbidity: n = 75), HZ-naïve without comorbidities (n = 150), and current/former HZ patients (n = 150). Each choice task comprised a “no vaccine” option and three hypothetical HZ vaccine profiles characterized by five attributes with varying levels. Attributes and levels were identified through literature review/concept elicitation/cognitive interviews/expert opinion. The attributes that most influenced HZ vaccine choice (measured by relative importance [RI]) were recommendation by government guidelines/medical societies, then HZ lifetime risk reduction, and protection duration. HZ-naïve adults with comorbidities indicated lower RI of recommendation by government guidelines/medical societies and higher RI of HZ lifetime risk reduction than other respondents. Between HZ-naïve adults without comorbidities and HZ patients, there were no significant differences in RI of each attribute. Respondents with comorbidities, whether overall or grouped by comorbidity, shared identical top three attributes. Between HZ-naïve, HZ-vaccinated adults (n = 146) and those without vaccination (n = 529), each top three attribute (recommendation by government guidelines/medical societies, HZ lifetime risk reduction, and protection duration) showed significantly different RI (p <.001). Findings elucidate the motivations underlying HZ vaccine preferences among Australian adults 50–64 YOA, guiding physician-patient conversations about HZ vaccines.

Residents’ valuations of improved wastewater management options provide critical insights for policymakers seeking to design effective residential wastewater strategies. This study focuses on coastal residents in South Carolina who rely on onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) to quantify their valuations of alternative treatment options—such as regularly maintaining OWTS or connecting to centralized wastewater treatment systems (CWTS)—and identify behavioral barriers that constrain these choices. Using a Discrete Choice Experiment, we find that residents view wastewater management as a collective responsibility, placing significant value on alternative treatment options when social uncertainties (i.e., risks of others’ mismanagement) are reduced through mandated OWTS maintenance. Across both voluntary and mandatory policy settings, residents strongly oppose long delays (over one week) in receiving septic services, as such require a compensation of about USD 77-140 per month for such long waits. Under the mandatory policy, residents are also willing to pay approximately USD 24–28 per month for a 10% improvement in stream and estuarine water quality, whereas under the voluntary policy they are unlikely to do so due to social uncertainty. Welfare analyses suggest that improving septic service provision—such as reducing long delays—could generate substantially larger societal welfare gains than policies that rely primarily on environmental messaging to encourage water quality improvements, regardless of whether septic management is voluntary or mandatory.

ABSTRACT The National Immunization Program (NIP) has significantly improved public health in China. However, current NIP coverage does not fully meet China’s disease prevention needs. Some pediatric vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and widely used in other countries are not included. Currently, public participation can provide valuable insights for prioritizing vaccine inclusion in the NIP. This study aims to construct a prioritization model for evaluating pediatric vaccines that could be incorporated into the NIP based on Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) and Swing Weighting (SW) method. It further seeks to rank candidate vaccines. The DCE and SW methods were employed to identify key attributes and levels for vaccine prioritization. A questionnaire was designed and distributed nationwide to parents of children aged 0–14 y. To estimate the coefficient of attribute preferences and predict the selection probability, mixed logit models were employed. Of 1,533 invited individuals, 1,406 responded, and 926 valid responses were included in the analysis. Parents prioritized vaccine effectiveness and vaccine cost, followed by the morbidity of the vaccine-preventable disease when considering whether to include pediatric vaccines in the NIP. The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine ranked highest for NIP inclusion, followed by the ACYW135 meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, varicella vaccine, and bivalent HPV vaccine. The results highlight the importance of vaccine effectiveness and cost in public preferences. The Hib vaccine is strongly recommended for inclusion in the NIP. Parental preferences play a crucial role in the inclusion of pediatric vaccines in NIP.

Understanding insurance preferences for mental health services can help provide appropriate service demand and insurance coverage for such services. The present research aimed to investigate the preferences and willingness to pay of the people of Tehran for mental health insurance services using the discrete experiment method. Quantitative methods were used in this applied research and it was conducted on 420 individuals (210 patients with mental disorders and 210 healthy people) using a discrete choice experiment. The data analysis was performed using the conditional regression model as well. The final model in this study included 6 attributes. The findings of the present research showed a statistically significant relationship (P < .001) between the odds ratios (OR) of choosing health insurance at all levels of insurance coverage except the service limit and the amount of insurance premium. Along with the increase in the cost coverage levels, the likelihood of choosing health insurance for the benefits of inpatient services at 70% and 90% levels (P < .001, OR = 1.96 and P < .001, OR = 2.28), outpatient services at 70% and 90% levels (P < .001, OR = 1.53 and P < .001, OR = 1.64), service delivery location (P < .001, OR = 1.54), and the use of online services (P < .001, OR = 0.84) increased significantly. The findings showed that the people of Tehran had the highest preference and willingness to pay for the coverage of inpatient services. The results of this study can be provided to health managers and policy makers to predict the welfare effects and people's reactions to changes in mental health insurance policies so that they would be able to plan better to provide higher-quality services with the participation of people.