Discontinuous Research Articles

Rivalling Noun-Dependent Complements in Modern English: that‑Clauses and ‘Complex’ Gerunds

Abstract This corpus‑based paper explores the history and present status of the contrast between noun‑dependent that‑clauses and ‘complex’ gerunds containing their own subjects. With seven of the fifteen nouns under scrutiny, the emergence of the that‑clause either follows that of the gerund or the two complement types emerge at about the same time. This suggests that we will have to qualify the general assumption that since the eighteenth century English has promoted non‑finite subordinate clauses at the expense of finite ones. More crucially, with by far most of the nouns investigated, the that‑clause has gained much further ground over the last few centuries, with American English spearheading this development since the early nineteenth century. In line with the Complexity Principle, the grammatical environments favouring the more explicit that‑clause over the complex gerund include subject complexity and different types of structural discontinuity. Intriguingly, however, the easy‑to‑process there‑clause containing the nouns in question is also found to favour the that‑clause at the expense of the complex gerund.

Explanation for the seam line discontinuity in terrestrial laser scanner point clouds

The so-called seam line discontinuity is a phenomenon that can be observed in point clouds captured with some panoramic terrestrial laser scanners. It is an angular discontinuity that is most apparent where the lower limit of the instrument’s angular field-of-view intersects the ground. It appears as step discontinuities at the start (0° horizontal direction) and end (180°) of scanning. To the authors’ best knowledge, its cause and its impact, if any, on point cloud accuracy have not yet been reported. This paper presents the results of a rigorous investigation into several hypothesized causes of this phenomenon: differences between the lower and upper elevation angle scanning limits; the presence of a vertical circle index error; and changes in levelling during scanning. New models for the angular observations have been developed and simulations were performed to independently study the impact of each hypothesized cause and to guide the analyses of real datasets. In order to scrutinize each of the hypothesized causes, experiments were conducted with seven real datasets captured with six different instruments: one hybrid-architecture scanner and five panoramic scanners, one of which was also operated as a hybrid instrument. This study concludes that the difference between the elevation angle scanning limits is the source of the seam line discontinuity phenomenon. Accuracy assessment experiments over real data captured in an indoor test facility demonstrate that the seam line discontinuity has no metric impact on the point clouds.

Multiplicities of jumping points for mixed multiplier ideals

In this paper we make a systematic study of the multiplicity of the jumping points associated to the mixed multiplier ideals of a family of ideals in a complex surface with rational singularities. In particular we study the behaviour of the multiplicity by small perturbations of the jumping points. We also introduce a Poincare series for mixed multiplier ideals and prove its rationality. Finally, we study the set of divisors that contribute to the log-canonical wall.

Comprehensive method for evaluating results of ultrasonic testing of parts and components of rolling stock when adjusting the sensitivity for different reflectors

Operation of railway rolling stock is accompanied by high costs of maintaining its operating condition throughout the entire period of operation. To improve the operation efficiency of rolling stock, methods and diagnostics tools have been developed, which are used both in its manufacture and in carrying out maintenance and repairs, and as an independent technological process. Diagnostics allows to increase the availability factor and the probability of uptime of the rolling stock, reduce the complexity and cost of periodic maintenance of its nodes. The article proposes a new integrated method for estimating discontinuities in parts and units of railway rolling stock according to the amplitude — distance — diameter diagrams by the standardless method with the possibility of determining the type of discontinuity by the dual-frequency method of flaw-detection with a manual ultrasonic testing with a single-channel ultrasonic flaw detector. Developed method is most relevant in the control of cast parts of railway rolling stock, since castings can be equally likely to contain bulk (pores, shells, nonmetallic inclusions, etc.) and planar discontinuities (cracks of different origin; flocks; segregations that lead to violation continuity, etc.). Proposed method allows estimating the discontinuity by comparing the amplitude of the echo signal from it with the corresponding type of tuning reflector: if the discontinuity is planar as a result of using the two-frequency flaw-detection method, the comparison is carried out with the amplitude of the flat-bottomed cylindrical reflector; if the discontinuity is volumetric, then the comparison is made with the amplitude from the spherical reflector. The article describes the algorithm that was developed to automate the calculation of the parameters of the amplitude — distance — diameter diagram, the parameters of the use of the two-frequency method, and also the estimation of the detected discontinuities, and, based on it, the NDTRT-25 software that allows ensuring the convenience of the operator-diagnostician.

Models for Synchrophasor With Step Discontinuities in Magnitude and Phase: Estimation and Performance

This paper proposes models for the reference phasor in the context of phasor measurement unit calibration, under conditions of step discontinuities in magnitude and phase, along with methods to estimate the model parameters. Two parametric mathematical models, which are proposed to represent these signals, are fitted to signal samples via an iterative numerical method. The proposed approach does not require any time adjustment of the analysis window to skip the discontinuity. The estimated parameters can be used to calculate the frequency, the magnitude, and the phase during magnitude or phase steps. During a window with the step transient, we propose reference phasors with an appropriate definition. Moreover, we quantify the errors of the phasor-related estimates, for both computer-simulated cases and laboratory measurements.

P02-F Early EEG characteristics in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and outcome at 2 years

EEG is an important tool for early cerebral evaluation in neonatal hypoxo-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The aim of our study was to precise the EEG prognosis value before starting hypothermia and during 72 h hypothermia in neurodevelopment evaluation with at least 2 years clinical follow-up. We analyzed 98 newborns admitted for suspicion of HIE. First EEG was done before 6 h of life, it was surveyed continuously and analyzed twice a day during 72 H hypothermia and in 12 h following rewarming. EEG recordings were characterized according to the French classification. The neurologic outcome was assessed at 24 months. Eighty-four infants completed neurodevelopmental follow-up. 18 of newborns died during the neonatal period. Among the survivors, 64%, 21% and 15% had respectively normal, moderate and severe outcomes. The first EEG before hypothermia do not correlated with the neurodevelopmental outcome. On the other hand, The EEG characteristics between 36 and 60 h of life, correlated strongly with the outcome. Normal or mildly abnormal EEG (minor abnormalities or discontinuous tracing type A) after the first 48 h had 95% positive predictive value EEG for normal or moderate impairment at 2 years (negative predictive value 77%, specificity 91%). Severe EEG abnormalities (discontinuous tracing type B, paroxysmal or inactive tracings) within the first 48 h had respectively 96% and 76% negative and positive value for poor outcomes (severe outcome or death) (sensitivity 91% and specificity 89%).

Vertical land motion in the Southwest and Central Pacific from available GNSS solutions and implications for relative sea levels

SUMMARYCoastal populations are impacted by relative sea level variations, which consist both of absolute sea level variations and of vertical land motions. This paper focuses on the Southwest and Central Pacific region, a recognized vulnerable region to sea level rise and where a large range of vertical land motion dynamics is observed. We analyse vertical displacement rates obtained from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) by different analysis centres. We study the role played by modelled parameters, such as step discontinuities (due to equipment changes, earthquakes, etc.), in the position time-series analysis. We propose a new modelling approach based on a joint inversion of GNSS position time-series from different analysis centres. The final uncertainty on the vertical land motion rates is estimated as a combination of the uncertainty due to the GNSS data processing itself and the uncertainty due to the stability of the reference frame in which the GNSS data are expressed. We find that the dominant trend in the Southwest and Central Pacific is a moderate subsidence, with an average rate of −1.1 mm yr–1, but significant variations are observed, with displacement rates varying from an uplift of 1.6 ± 0.3 mm yr–1 to a subsidence of −5.4 ± 0.3 mm yr–1. Taking into account the geodynamic context, we assess, for each station, the relevance of current estimates of linear vertical displacement rate and uncertainty for forecasting future coastal sea levels.

Primary malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the peritoneum: a case report

Malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT) occurs rarely extragenital sites and generally originates from female genital tracts such as the uterus. Here, we report a patient with a primary MMMT of the peritoneum in a 64-year-old woman, who experienced a discontinuous epigastric pain and an abdominal distention for 3 months. An ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) was executed and indicated a highly malignant soft tissue sarcoma. And after that, the patient received a tumor resection (cytoreductive surgery) and postoperative chemotherapy. The postoperative immunohistochemical analysis revealed a MMMT in peritoneum. Up to now, the patient has survived for 5 months.

Estimating the Structure of a Discontinuous Layer by Tomographic Methods

The method of constructing a mathematical model of the internal structure of the geological environment is considered for the case, where the function that describes this model has a discontinuity of the first kind. The model is proposed for use in mine seismic tomography. The results of the computing experiment show that even for small orders of Fourier sums, the Fourier coefficients found by means of information about the first times of the arrival of the seismic signal from the sources at the observation points are close to the Fourier coefficients found for the test function, which describes the given terrain image with tectonic damage. The described approaches can be used to improve the mathematical model of the distribution of the slowness of propagation of seismic waves in a given section of the geological environment.

Discontinuous phenomena in bioreactor and membrane reactor systems

In this work, we analyze the existence of discontinuous bifurcation and stability issues in discontinuous flow of bioreactor and membrane reactor models with or without recycle. The reaction is assumed to be governed by certain types of discontinuities in Monod growth kinetics curve leading to discontinuous dynamical system. The criteria for the existence and stability of steady-states of these models are established. More generally, our analysis highlights the presence of several types of bifurcation depending upon the effect of the dilution factor (residence time), biomass concentration and solid-liquid-gas separator efficiency. As well, we present bifurcation conditions defining the dynamics near steady-state branches on the border, providing a possible framework for existing of saddle-node, nonsmooth fold, persistence and grazing-sliding scenarios. It is shown that the critical values of residence time dependence upon recycle ratio, decay rate and existence of discontinuity surface. Further, the performance of the reactor at largest residence times will be discussed. In addition, numerical simulations to illustrate and confirm the results will be carried out.

Nonhuman primate vestibuloocular reflex responses to prosthetic vestibular stimulation are robust to pulse timing errors caused by temporal discretization.

Electrical stimulation of vestibular afferent neurons to partially restore semicircular canal sensation of head rotation and the stabilizing reflexes that sensation supports has potential to effectively treat individuals disabled by bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Ideally, a vestibular implant system using this approach would be integrated with a cochlear implant, which would provide clinicians with a means to simultaneously treat loss of both vestibular and auditory sensation. Despite obvious similarities, merging these technologies poses several challenges, including stimulus pulse timing errors that arise when a system must implement a pulse frequency modulation-encoding scheme (as is used in vestibular implants to mimic normal vestibular nerve encoding of head movement) within fixed-rate continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) strategies used in cochlear implants. Pulse timing errors caused by temporal discretization inherent to CIS create stair step discontinuities of the vestibular implant's smooth mapping of head velocity to stimulus pulse frequency. In this study, we assayed electrically evoked vestibuloocular reflex responses in two rhesus macaques using both a smooth pulse frequency modulation map and a discretized map corrupted by temporal errors typical of those arising in a combined cochlear-vestibular implant. Responses were measured using three-dimensional scleral coil oculography for prosthetic electrical stimuli representing sinusoidal head velocity waveforms that varied over 50-400°/s and 0.1-5 Hz. Pulse timing errors produced negligible effects on responses across all canals in both animals, indicating that temporal discretization inherent to implementing a pulse frequency modulation-coding scheme within a cochlear implant's CIS fixed pulse timing framework need not sacrifice performance of the combined system's vestibular implant portion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Merging a vestibular implant system with existing cochlear implant technology can provide clinicians with a means to restore both vestibular and auditory sensation. Pulse timing errors inherent to integration of pulse frequency modulation vestibular stimulation with fixed-rate, continuous interleaved sampling cochlear implant stimulation would discretize the smooth head velocity encoding of a combined device. In this study, we show these pulse timing errors produce negligible effects on electrically evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex responses in two rhesus macaques.

Localization and navigation of mobile robots in an environment with variable properties

A method of localization and navigation of a mobile robot in an environment with variable properties in conditions of limited possibilities was proposed for remote control which provides for a possibility of switching the mode of robot control to a state of autonomous navigation. The method is based on combined application of a fuzzy model and an RL-algorithm that makes it possible to improve the set of fuzzy rules using the signal of reinforcement. Improvement of the method of localization of mobile objects using iBeacon and NFC technologies in a space with known maps of premises was proposed which enables reduction of the number of transmitters necessary for localization. The method of identification of mobile object movement routes was modified with the use of the modified Jump Point Search algorithm. Essence of the modification consists in the use of the algorithm of Manhattan distance between coordinates of the route points. This makes it possible to reduce impact of individual surges on the results of calculations compared with the basic algorithm.The obtained results can be used in mobile robot control systems in an environment with variable properties at limited possibilities for remote control. The results of testing the proposed methods and corresponding computational procedures confirm their performance and prospects of practical application. Application of the above approach makes it possible to take into account obstacle configurations and adjust the navigation strategy to improve the system quality (in 95 % of the test experiments, the mobile robot reached the target in an environment with various types of obstacles)

SUN-188 Contributing Factors Precipitation Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients Using Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor

Background: Euglycemic diabetic ketosis acidosis (DKA) is a possible adverse event with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i). A number of contributing factor(s) have been identified precipitating DKA with the use of SGLT2i. Here we present three cases developing DKA on SGLT2i. Clinical Case 1: A 64-year-old Caucasian female with history of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) presented to the emergency department (ED) with nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain 24 hours after evisceration of her eyes with implantation. She was on Jardiance for the last 3 months. Laboratory evaluation revealed a serum glucose of 95 mg/dl (n:70-100mg/dL), pH: 7.3 (n: 7.32 - 7.42), anion gap of 22 (n:7 - 16), carbon dioxide of 10 mmol/L (n: 20 - 28 mmol/L ), beta- hydroxybutyrate of 4.88 mmol/L (n: 0.02 - 0.27 mmol/L), plasma lactate of 0.9 mmol/L (n: 0.5 - 2.2 mmol/L) and urinalysis of glucose greater than 500 mg/dl and plus ketone. She was treated for euglycemic DKA with an insulin drip and intravenous fluids. She was discharge on insulin. Glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet cell antibodies were negative, c-peptide and insulin levels were normal. Perioperative continuation of Jardiance was attributed to be the cause of euglycemic DKA. Clinical Case 2: A 62-year-old male with T2DM presented to the ED for persistent nausea and vomiting. He has been on Jardiance for almost 8 months. A month ago, he started following intermittent fasting diet. Laboratory evaluation was consistent with euglycemic DKA. He had elevated Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody thus was diagnosed with LADA. Intermittent fasting and LADA was attributed to be the cause euglycemic DKA. Clinical Case 3: 77-years-old male with T2DM well controlled on Jardiance, presented to the ED with nausea and abdominal pain. CT scan of the abdomen revealed gallbladder wall thickness and sludge with pericholecystic fluid. He underwent a percutaneous drainage and antibiotics treatment. A week into his hospitalization, he clinically deteriorated with laboratory findings consistent euglycemic DKA. Systemic illness was considered to be the underlying factor precipitating DKA. Conclusion: SGLT2i are reported to cause euglycemic DKA with underlying contributing factor(s). Physician and patients should be aware of the contributing factors precipitating DKA. Taking a thorough history, defining the type of diabetes, dietary education and discontinuation of medication in the setting of procedure/illness can prevent DKA and potential serious outcomes.

Power and welding speed influence on bead quality for overlapped joint laser welding

Laser welding has gained more and more industry acceptance due to narrow heat affected zone, low distortion levels, possibility of remote processing, and outstanding welding speeds when compared to traditional electric arc processes. Automotive industry requires a significant amount of overlapped joint welding, which usually is applied to the chassis assembling. Thus, as a mean to support laser users to optimize the welding process, this paper presents an approach through an experimental methodology followed by a phenomenological discussion about the quality of overlapped welded joints. Arguments are based on power and welding speed parameters variation and their related outcomes. This approach allows mapping of main defects such as porosity, undercut, and insufficient penetration, as well as identifying eventual preventive actions. A 10 kW IPG Photonics YLS 10000 fiber laser was used to weld 3 mm SAE 1008 steel sheets. The power ranged from 5 to 7 kW while the welding speed ranged from 2 to 5 m/min. High power levels at low welding speeds led to high temperature, resulting in an undercut issue, and low power levels at high welding speed led to insufficient penetration. Porosity was the most common defect. The best results, which did not show any type of discontinuity, were obtained at a laser power of 5 kW and a welding speed of 3 and 4 m/min.

Integrating a Path Planner and an Adaptive Motion Controller for Navigation in Dynamic Environments

Since an individual approach can hardly navigate robots through complex environments, we present a novel two-level hierarchical framework called JPS-IA3C (Jump Point Search improved Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic) in this paper for robot navigation in dynamic environments through continuous controlling signals. Its global planner JPS+ (P) is a variant of JPS (Jump Point Search), which efficiently computes an abstract path of neighboring jump points. These nodes, which are seen as subgoals, completely rid Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based controllers of notorious local minima. To satisfy the kinetic constraints and be adaptive to changing environments, we propose an improved A3C (IA3C) algorithm to learn the control policies of the robots’ local motion. Moreover, the combination of modified curriculum learning and reward shaping helps IA3C build a novel reward function framework to avoid learning inefficiency because of sparse reward. We additionally strengthen the robots’ temporal reasoning of the environments by a memory-based network. These improvements make the IA3C controller converge faster and become more adaptive to incomplete, noisy information caused by partial observability. Simulated experiments show that compared with existing methods, this JPS-IA3C hierarchy successfully outputs continuous commands to accomplish large-range navigation tasks at shorter paths and less time through reasonable subgoal selection and rational motions.

A novel fourth-order WENO interpolation technique

Context. Several numerical problems require the interpolation of discrete data that present at the same time (i) complex smooth structures and (ii) various types of discontinuities. The radiative transfer in solar and stellar atmospheres is a typical example of such a problem. This calls for high-order well-behaved techniques that are able to interpolate both smooth and discontinuous data. Aims. This article expands on different nonlinear interpolation techniques capable of guaranteeing high-order accuracy and handling discontinuities in an accurate and non-oscillatory fashion. The final aim is to propose new techniques which could be suitable for applications in the context of numerical radiative transfer. Methods. We have proposed and tested two different techniques. Essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) techniques generate several candidate interpolations based on different substencils. The smoothest candidate interpolation is determined from a measure for the local smoothness, thereby enabling the essentially non-oscillatory property. Weighted ENO (WENO) techniques use a convex combination of all candidate substencils to obtain high-order accuracy in smooth regions while keeping the essentially non-oscillatory property. In particular, we have outlined and tested a novel well-performing fourth-order WENO interpolation technique for both uniform and nonuniform grids. Results. Numerical tests prove that the fourth-order WENO interpolation guarantees fourth-order accuracy in smooth regions of the interpolated functions. In the presence of discontinuities, the fourth-order WENO interpolation enables the non-oscillatory property, avoiding oscillations. Unlike Bézier and monotonic high-order Hermite interpolations, it does not degenerate to a linear interpolation near smooth extrema of the interpolated function. Conclusion. The novel fourth-order WENO interpolation guarantees high accuracy in smooth regions, while effectively handling discontinuities. This interpolation technique might be particularly suitable for several problems, including a number of radiative transfer applications such as multidimensional problems, multigrid methods, and formal solutions.

The microstrop step discontinuity analysis by transverse resonance technique: method of boundary value problem algebraization

The two-dimensional eigenfunctions of the magnetic and electric vector potentials are constructed in the form of their expansion in series of Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials of 1st and 2nd kind to describe the current density in a strip transmission line with a step discontinuity of finite length. The solving boundary value problems algorithms for the resonant frequencies of a symmetric microstrip resonator with a capacitive section in it are developed and investigated on convergence. The account of the field behavior on thin edge in a nonuniform strip line provides the fast convergence of algorithm and small orders of solvable linear algebraic equations system. As examples of application, the transverse resonance method was used to calculate the scattering characteristics on 2-plane symmetric discontinuities consisting of a capacitive section of a microstrip line and slot resonators of complex shape in its ground plane.

Expressing melodic grouping discontinuities: Evidence from violinists’ rubato and motion

Within phrases, melodies can be perceived as continuous or discontinuous. Large pitch intervals tend to promote the perception of melodic discontinuity, though surrounding pitch contexts can promote or diminish this percept. The present study investigated if performers express discontinuities in rubato and motion. In Experiment 1, audio and motion capture recordings were made of six violinists performing a piece with pairs of segments containing strong and weak discontinuities. Violinists’ rubato computed from audio onsets differentiated between discontinuity types. A principal component analysis of the motion data revealed that nontechnical whole-body motions explained a significant amount of variance corresponding to the discontinuity types, although the strength of the effect varied across analyzed segments. In Experiment 2, the motion and audio data were used to create audiovisual stimuli to examine whether these components influenced judgments of discontinuity in third-party audiences. Participants saw, heard, or both saw and heard the performed segments with either natural motion or altered motion after nontechnical principal components were removed, then judged whether violinists expressed either one or two groups of notes. Similar to Experiment 1, variation between segments in differentiation between discontinuity types was observed only when participants saw the violinists’ natural motion. Together, these data suggest that violinists can express melodic continuity through timing and motion, though expression through motion is relatively subtle and variable across individuals. Our results extend previous findings of the relationship between performer interpretation and motion to local musical structures, demonstrating observations across multiple performers with a previously less-studied instrument, namely, the violin.

Suppression Method of Jump Points for Multipole Magnetic Encoder at Low Temperature Based on Single-Pole Angle Value Fitting

To eliminate the jump points of multipole angle values after subdivision at low temperature, the magnetic field and temperature field characteristics of a multipole magnetic encoder are analyzed in this study, and the effect of changes in magnetic field strength and temperature field on the precision of angle values is studied. To eliminate the jump point of multipole angle values caused by changes in the temperature field, the suppression method based on single-pole angle value fitting is proposed. The error between the single-pole and multipole angle values is tabulated by the oversampling linear interpolation method, and the precision of fitting single-pole to multipole angle values is effectively improved. The error of the angle value caused by changes in the temperature field is studied and analyzed, and the relationship between the jump angle values and the pole number of the multipole magnetic encoder is obtained. Furthermore, the jump point is compensated for by the jump range of the multipole angle values. Finally, the angle accuracy of the multipole magnetic encoder in a cryogenic chamber is experimentally verified. The experimental results show that the low-temperature jump point compensation method proposed for the multipole magnetic encoder in this paper can effectively suppress the jump of the angle values.

Currículo, género y sexualidad. Lo “normal”, lo “diferente” y lo “excéntrico”

En la contemporaneidad, "nuevas" identidades culturales obligan a reconocer que la cultura, lejos de ser homogénea y monolítica, es compleja, múltiple, inarmónica, discontinua. Un nuevo movimiento político y teórico se puso en acción en las últimas décadas, y en él, las nociones de centro, margen y frontera pasaron a ser cuestionadas. El presente artículo asume esta perspectiva para analizar la constitución de diferencias e identidades de género y sexuales y, más específicamente, las formas en las queese proceso viene expresándose en el campo del currículo. El artículo destaca las estrategias públicas y privadas que se ponen en acción, cotidianamente, para garantizar la estabilidad de la identidad "normal" y de todas las formas culturales a ella asociadas; así como las estrategias que son desplegadaspara marcar las identidades "diferentes" y, aún, aquellas que buscan superar el miedo y la atracción provocados por las identidades "excéntricas".