Disclosure Patterns Research Articles

Text-Based Measure of ESG Risk Exposure

Against the backdrop of increasing instability and uncertainty in the world economy, evaluating corporate ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) risks has become an important tool for enhancing resilience, effectively countering and mitigating external risks, and achieving sustainable development. In order to assess the magnitude of ESG risk disclosure at the corporate level, this paper first constructs dictionaries for the three dimensions of ESG using Word2vec model and a corpus consisting of ESG reports and ESG-related news. Secondly, a firm-level ESG risk disclosure measure is developed using quarterly earnings conference calls from 2017 to 2024. Subsequently, the validity of the measurement indicators is verified through a review of human reading of phrase-level surface validity and excerpt snippets. Finally, the patterns of corporate ESG risk disclosure are demonstrated from both industry and time perspectives. These results indicate that text-based measurements provide a reliable quantification of corporate-level ESG risk exposure. By measuring corporate ESG risks, potential risks in environmental, social, and governance aspects can be timely identified, thus contributing to proactive risk management.

Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure of Publicly Traded Manufacturing Companies in Bangladesh

This study is aimed at analyzing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure of publicly traded manufacturing companies in Bangladesh based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards and the legitimacy theory. The study used a stratified random sampling procedure to select the representative number of manufacturing companies listed in the country’s largest capital market- the Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited (DSE). The study has analyzed the annual reports of 51 companies out of 202 manufacturing companies belonging to 11 different sectors. It has used the content analysis method to identify CSR disclosures made in the corporate annual reports. Content analysis used social and environmental categories of the GRI categorization. The study has used measurement instruments and coding processes for social and environmental disclosures adapted from previous works. Findings show that the selected companies have disclosed some CSR information in their annual reports but the CSR reporting pattern as well as the extent of such reporting is diverse across different company categories. The findings also suggest that the entire manufacturing companies do not follow the GRI standard completely to disclose CSR information and tend to focus on limited aspects only. The nature of disclosure was mostly declarative statements associated with good news or self-laudatory while bad news or neutral news was scant. This self-laudatory pattern of CSR disclosure implies that companies are trying to prove their positive stance toward society and the environment, which is consistent with legitimatizing motives. The study thus provides some support for legitimacy theory to explain current CSR practices. This study recommends that policy planners in Bangladesh make it mandatory for companies to disclose socio-economic-environmental information following international best practices such as the GRI standard categories.

Quality disclosure pattern options for competing refurbishers: blockchain vs online platform

Quality disclosure pattern options for competing refurbishers: blockchain vs online platform

OLDER PARENTS’ PATTERNS OF AGREEMENT AND INFORMATION SHARING WITH ADULT CHILDREN AND THEIR EMOTIONAL OUTCOMES

Abstract The current study examined the effect of older parents’ pattern of agreement/disagreement with their adult children’s perceptions of their functional ability and their information disclosure/non-disclosure to their adult children on their ambivalent, positive, and negative emotions. Older parents, N=263, Mage=75.06, SD=5.49, participated in an online survey. Participants’ agreement with adult children’s ideas and caregiving practice to support 10 life issues were assessed by five categories: 1=agree, 2=disagree, 3=it depends, 4=it is not my issue, and recorded into 0=agree, 1=fully/partially disagree/not my issue. Participants’ information sharing on the same items was assessed by 1=openly share, 2=leave out critical points, 3=avoid talking about, 4=lie or making a story, 5=It is not my issue, and recoded to share 1=openly and 0=not openly share. The median dichotomized the mean scores of 10 items to create four patterns: disagree-do not disclose, disagree-disclose, agree-do not disclose, and agree-disclose. Positive, negative, and ambivalent emotions toward adult children have been assessed by the scales and formula used by Lendon et al. (2013). A series of one-way ANOVA, F(3, 260)=4.41, p=.005, η=.05, revealed that participants in agree-do not disclose the pattern, M=3.15, SD=.90, reported the highest level of ambivalence. A post hoc test showed it was significantly higher than that of participants in disagree-did not share, M=2.16, SD=1.10. Disagree-do not disclose group reported the lowest score in positive and negative emotions among groups. Frequency of contact predicted disclosure in auxiliary analysis. The need for within and between differences in older parents’ agreement and disclosure patterns was discussed.

Suicide-related disclosure patterns among culturally minoritized youth: Examining differences across race, ethnicity, gender identity, and sexual orientation.

Sharing one's suicidal thoughts and behaviors, or suicide-related disclosure, allows adolescents to recruit help from others. Despite elevated risk among culturally minoritized youth, their suicide-related disclosure remains understudied. 191 adolescents (M = 15.98, SD = 1.04, range = 13-17), including minoritized youth (38% racially, 19% ethnically, 40% gender, and 77% sexually), were recruited via social media ads and completed an anonymous online survey on suicide-related disclosure to informal support sources (e.g., family, friends). Disclosure rates, targets, and reasons for disclosure and nondisclosure were compared based on race, ethnicity, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Racially minoritized adolescents less often disclosed suicidal ideation and more strongly endorsed fear of negative reactions and resistance to intervention as reasons for nondisclosure, and reciprocity as reasons for disclosure, than White adolescents. Cisgender adolescents less often disclosed suicidal ideation and more strongly endorsed dismissal of suicide risk as reasons for nondisclosure than gender minoritized adolescents. Non-Hispanic adolescents more strongly endorsed help-seeking as reasons for disclosure than Hispanic adolescents. While adolescents overall disclosed most often to friends, heterosexual adolescents disclosed more to family than sexually minoritized adolescents. Racial and gender disparities in suicide-related disclosure may occur for distinct reasons among adolescents. Uncovering patterns of disclosure may facilitate detection of suicide risk among minoritized youth.

"I Have to Do It in Secrecy": Provider Perspectives on HIV Service Delivery and Quality of Care for Key Populations in Zambia.

Key populations (KPs) experience suboptimal outcomes along the HIV care and prevention continua, but there is limited study of the challenges service providers encounter delivering HIV services to KPs, particularly in settings like Zambia, where provision of these services remains legally ambiguous. Seventy-seven providers completed in-depth interviews exploring constraints to HIV service delivery for KPs and recommendations for improving access and care quality. Thematic analysis identified salient challenges and opportunities to service delivery and quality of care for KPs, spanning interpersonal, institutional, and structural domains. Limited provider training in KP-specific needs was perceived to influence KP disclosure patterns in clinical settings, impeding service quality. The criminalization of KP sexual and drug use behaviors, coupled with perceived institutional and legal ambiguities to providing HIV services to KPs, cultivated unwelcoming service delivery environments for KPs. Findings elucidate opportunities for improving HIV service delivery/quality, from decentralized care to expanded legal protections for KPs and service providers.

Corporate risk disclosures in turbulent times: An international analysis in the global financial crisis

AbstractFocusing on the global financial crisis period, this paper examines risk disclosure patterns and outcomes in a cross‐country setting. We build on prior risk disclosure literature and draw upon institutional and agency‐based theoretical lenses to investigate the nature, comprehensiveness, evolution, and quality of disclosed risk information for matched samples of manufacturing firms in the United States, Canada, Germany, and China (Chinese Hong Kong‐listed firms). The results show a high degree of heterogeneity in risk disclosure behavior and volume among the sample firms attributed to both institutional differences and corporate reporting incentives in the study period. Furthermore, we document significant associations between risk proxies, risk disclosures, and firm market performance suggesting that corporate risk disclosures are potentially informative and useful to investors and other stakeholders. The paper highlights the important joint role of corporate incentives and legal institutions in interpreting and implementing accounting standards and stock exchange listing regulations around the world and during turbulent times.

Intellectual Capital Disclosure and the Effecting Factor on Official Website of Higher Education in Indonesia

This study aims to describe the level of intellectual capital disclosure and examine the effect of age, size, and internationality on the intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) of higher education in Indonesia. This study also sees the difference in intellectual capital disclosure between public and private higher education. This study uses 88 official websites of higher education in Indonesia. The ICD component used in this study is a framework comprising 60-item—testing tools for multiple linear regression analysis with a significance level of 0.05. The results obtained are: (1) size has a significant effect on intellectual capital disclosure; (2) age and internationality haven’t a significant effect on intellectual capital disclosure; and (3) intellectual capital disclosure of public higher education and private higher education has a different pattern. Public higher education is more likely to disclose information about human, structural, and relational capital in a narrative format. Meanwhile, private higher education is more likely to disclose structural and relational capital information in a narrative format but does not reveal information about human capital. This study contributes to the reference related to the pattern of intellectual capital disclosure among higher education (public and private higher education) and its affecting factors.

Racial Inequities in Drug Tests Ordered by Clinicians for Pregnant People Who Disclose Prenatal Substance Use.

To measure racial inequities in drug testing among pregnant people during the first prenatal visit based on their drug use disclosure pattern. We used data from a cohort study of patient-clinician communication patterns regarding substance use in first prenatal visits from February 2011 to August 2014. We assessed racial differences (Black-White) in the receipt of urine toxicology testing, stratifying on patients' drug use disclosure to the clinician. Among 341 study participants (205 Black [60.1%] and 136 White [39.9%] participants), 70 participants (33 Black [47.1%] and 37 White [52.9%] participants) disclosed drug use, and 271 participants (172 Black [63.5%] and 99 White [36.5%] participants) did not disclose drug use during their first obstetric visit. Of 70 participants who disclosed drug use, 50 (28 Black [56.0%] and 22 White [44.0%] White) had urine drug testing conducted. Black pregnant patients who disclosed drug use were more likely to be tested for drugs than their White counterparts in the adjusted regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.9, 95% CI 1.3-58.6). Among the 271 participants who did not disclose drug use, 38 (18 Black [47.4%] and 20 White [52.6%] participants) had urine drug testing conducted. For those who did not disclose drug use, the adjusted model showed no statistically significant differences in urine drug testing by patients' race (aOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.3-1.6). When pregnant people disclosed drug use, clinicians were more likely to order urine drug testing for Black pregnant people compared with their White counterparts, suggesting clinician racial bias. Current practice patterns and protocols such as urine drug testing in pregnancy care deserve review to identify and mitigate areas of potential clinician discrimination.

Sustainable development goals disclosures: Evidence from Sri Lanka

AbstractIn developing countries, the extent of SDG disclosures in annual reports remains largely unexplored despite the popularity of corporate commitments to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Hence, this study aims to assess the extent to which companies make SDG disclosures in Sri Lanka and identify the reasons affecting such disclosures. This study collected data by content analyzing the annual reports of 45 listed companies, followed by trend analysis and semi‐structured interviews. The results show that SDG 9 (Industry Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) are the most disclosed SDGs. Of these goals, the disclosure pattern related to SDG 17 is influenced by the collectivistic nature of the country's community. However, the average level of disclosure related to SDGs remains low, as they are often treated as add‐ons to existing sustainability strategies. Additionally, interviews revealed that companies have not actively adjusted their operations to integrate SDGs, suggesting that SDG disclosures primarily serve as a means to enhance their legitimacy.

The role of scarcity-inducing post-stockout disclosures on consumer response to stockouts

PurposeApplying a middle-range theorizing to premises of signaling theory and the scarcity principle, this study aims to investigate the mechanisms and effects of different patterns of post-stockout disclosures that highlight the limited supply and high quality of a durable good on consumer satisfaction with the shopping experience and purchase intention, mediated by consumer perceived product scarcity.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses are tested with two scenario-based experiments. The first experiment—a between-subjects design—explores the effect of post-stockout disclosures on consumers' perceived scarcity, satisfaction, and purchase intention. The second experiment – a within-subject design – examines the impact of time on consumer responses to stockouts.FindingsResults indicate that perceived product scarcity mediates the relationship between post-stockout disclosures and consumer outcomes. Specifically, post-stockout disclosures present an indirect positive effect on consumer purchase intention, despite reducing satisfaction beyond the effects of the stockout. These results are consistent when disclosures are sent through multiple channels. Results also show that consumers' perceived scarcity and purchase intention decrease over time while dissatisfaction levels remain the same when stockouts persist.Practical implicationsEven though consumers will be dissatisfied upon experiencing a stockout, specific patterns of post-stockout disclosures can be a valuable strategy for consumer retention and lost sales prevention.Originality/valueWhile recent consumer-centric supply chain management literature has investigated mitigation strategies of detrimental consumer response to stockouts, such as “save-the-sale” tactics and price discounts, the mechanisms and effects of different patterns of post-stockouts disclosures highlighting the limited supply and high quality of the product are yet to be investigated.

Corporate Risk Disclosure Trends in South Africa During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The novel Covid-19 pandemic created uncertainty around the world. Users now require more information about risk exposure; this paper explored the risk disclosure pattern of South African listed companies during the Covid-19 pandemic. The phenomenon of corporate risk disclosure was explored through a multi-theoretical lens, including agency, legitimacy, and stakeholder theories, given the multi-faceted nature of risk reporting. A content analysis of the annual reports of a sample of non-financial companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) was conducted before and during the Covid-19 pandemic from 2019 to 2021. 84 annual reports were analyzed to determine the extent of corporate risk disclosure, both voluntary and mandatory. A self-developed disclosure index of 25 risk items distributed over three risk categories was used to establish the quantity of corporate risk disclosure. A clear upward trend in the extent of corporate risk disclosure was noted during the Covid-19 pandemic. Given the importance of risk information for decision-making in uncertain times, this study sought to provide an understanding of risk disclosure behavior in South Africa during the initial stage of the pandemic, for which there is limited extant literature. Where extant corporate risk disclosure studies have been conducted in the context of developing economies, this study's findings can be extended to other emerging countries. This study provides the first analysis of the extent of corporate risk disclosure in South Africa during the pandemic. The study's findings are relevant to information users, companies, government, regulatory bodies, and academics.

Sexual Orientation and Disclosure of Suicidal Thoughts Before Suicide Mortality

Disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors represents an opportunity to intervene before suicide mortality, representing a cornerstone for suicide prevention. Sexual minority (e.g., lesbian/gay, bisexual) people experience sharply elevated suicide risk, yet there is scant research on patterns of disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors before suicide that might uncover missed opportunities for suicide prevention. Thus, authors leveraged postmortem suicide data to evaluate associations among sexual orientation, sex, and disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the month preceding death. Data on suicides from the 2013-2019 National Violent Death Reporting System (N=155,516) were classified for sexual orientation and denoted disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors and to whom suicidal thoughts and behaviors were disclosed in the month preceding death. Logistic regression models stratified by sex and adjusted for sociodemographic covariates assessed the associations between sexual orientation and suicidal thoughts and behaviors disclosure. Analyses were conducted from October 2022 to February 2023. Among females, sexual minority decedents were 65% more likely to disclose suicidal thoughts and behaviors than heterosexual decedents (95% CI=37%, 99%, p<0.001). No difference in suicidal thoughts and behaviors disclosure was observed between sexual minority and heterosexual men. Of decedents who disclosed suicidal thoughts and behaviors, one in five sexual minority decedents disclosed to a friend/colleague, whereas fewer than 5% disclosed to a healthcare professional. Among sexual minority females, younger age, intimate partner problems, and physical health problems were positively associated with disclosing suicidal thoughts and behaviors. These findings suggest that reducing suicide mortality in sexual minority populations will require considering contexts beyond the healthcare system, including engaging peer networks. Gatekeeper training for suicide prevention may be an especially promising approach for reducing suicide among sexual minority women.

A Study of Impact on Financial Performance of Top listed Indian Companies with Reference to Emission of Carbon and Harmful Gases related CSR Disclosure Practices

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a notion has been the focal point of various considerations and much research over the past few years; and has occupied a significant role in the academic and business area. Evolving all the time, it has deformed from a purely charitable to a structural and finally tactical activity. For an organization to be victorious, creating earnings is the main aim but at the same time it conveys the consciousness of being socially responsible. India is the first country to have legislated CSR mandates. It is very probable that the new legislation will be a game-changer, inspiring new investments, judicious attempts and responsibility in the way CSR is being formed and survived in India. CSR Disclosures are basically categorized into Mandatory and Voluntary practices of disclosure. Firm’s performance and reputation are linked with Voluntary disclosure patterns. Various categories like Environment, Human resource, Community involvement, Energy etc. affect CSR Disclosure which in turn affects the financial performance of the firm which is relevant for the stakeholders of the firm. This paper makes a humble attempt to study the various corporate characteristics like size and age of the company, sectorial influence and ownership concentration on emission of carbon and harmful gases. It also attempts to study the CSR disclosure score of the company, which in turn affects the financial performance of the company measured by ROA, ROE and Tobins Q of the Company.

DOES CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DISCLOSURE INCREASE THE STOCK PRICE CRASH RISK? EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

Indonesia fully supports efforts to disclose corporate social responsibility (CSR) to increase awareness of issues regarding the environment globally, as stated in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The connection between the disclosure of corporate social responsibility and the stock price crash risk is examined in this study. Furthermore, we analyse and check robustness and endogeneity issues to avoid variable bias selections. The study uses as its sample companies that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and follow the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for corporate social responsibility. It is found that companies with corporate social responsibility disclosures have a positive relationship with the stock price crash risk. Empirically, this finding contributes to broadening the scope of CSR research, while the relationship described in CSR is in line with the stock prices crash risk. This study shows that corporate social responsibility reporting has another side, which can be explained by management tactics. Thus, this study provides a new, broader, picture related to the characteristics of corporate events in Indonesia, showing that CSR disclosure patterns can result from corporate management interventions.

Exploring the Affiliation between Integrated Reporting and Firm Performance: Evidence from Bangladesh

The objective of this study is to assess the extent of integrated reporting (IR) practice with reference to the disclosure pattern and to examine its association with financial performance and market growth in the voluntary disclosure of manufacturing companies in Bangladesh. Samples of this study are 41 manufacturing companies from nine different industries listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE). The total observations were 123 firm year observations. Using two-stage-least-squares approach to reduce endogeneity concerns, this study reveals that Integrated Reporting Index (IRDINX) is positively and significantly related with firm performance. However, the relationship between IRDINX and growth is positive but insignificant. The content analysis found an increasing pattern of IR disclosure by the sample firms. The findings of this study encourage firms to adopt IR practice and add value to the existing literature as very few researches have been done on IR area in Bangladesh.

Patterns of HIV Disclosure and its Impact on the HIV Care Continuum Among Black Men who Have Sex With Men in South Carolina.

Addressing the psychosocial concerns of Black men who have sex with men (MSM), such as HIV disclosure, is critical for effective HIV treatment efforts. Black MSM living with HIV experience multiple psychosocial challenges, such as "triple stigma" due to their sexual orientation, racial minority status, and HIV status, which hinder their HIV disclosure and subsequent HIV care-seeking behavior. Our study sought to examine the HIV disclosure patterns and their impact on the HIV care continuum among Black MSM using a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were carried out among 28 Black MSM aged ≥18 years old living in South Carolina. A thematic analysis process was employed for data analysis. The emerging themes of facilitators of HIV disclosure included the sense of personal responsibility to disclose one's HIV status within the context of a relationship and having other family members living with HIV, while the barriers included fear of family rejection or religious reasons. A few participants preferred to disclose to friends due to the less shame in sharing their status to friends than other confidants (e.g., family members). HIV disclosure was found to be a facilitator for linkage to care and retention in care through social support obtained from disclosure confidants. Helping patients to identify a single person (e.g., family member) to share their HIV status may offer equivalent benefits to wider disclosure. Interventions occurring at multiple levels (e.g., targeting religious groups) and within multiple contexts are needed to promote HIV disclosure and improve clinical outcomes in the Black MSM community.

Intellectual Capital Disclosure of Nigerian Companies: An Empirical Analysis

This study assessed the intellectual capital disclosure of Nigerian companies using 117 audited annual reports between 2015 and 2018 years. Mann-Whitney test, independent t-test and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The findings revealed that human capital is disclosed more than relational capital; but relational capital was disclosed more than structural capital. The result showed that there is a difference between intellectual capital disclosure pattern of the sampled companies as both Mann-Whitney test and independent t-test revealed that 0.000 and 0.003 are less than 5% p-value respectively. The study concluded that Nigerian sampled companies disclosed relational capital and structural capital less than human capital. Hence, the study recommended that Nigeria sampled companies should strive to disclose intellectual capital components more in their financial statements in order to present the true value of their companies.

Double-Edged Network Effects on Disclosing Traumatic Experiences Among Korean "Comfort Women".

This study examines the effects of social networks on the disclosure of stigmatizing and traumatic sexual assault experiences. We analyzed publicly archived oral histories of Korean "comfort women" from World War II, employing an innovative method combining word embedding analysis, word frequency comparison, and grounded theory. By extracting their significant social relationships from narrated survivor stories, we parsed two distinctive disclosure patterns according to timing of disclosure: early disclosers and late disclosers. The latter were more socially embedded than the former, indicating the constraining aspect of social networks, in which the size of social networks was positively associated with delayed disclosure. Qualitative findings further elaborated that social networks have double-edged effects. Survivors' familial networks functioned as both social constraints and social support for public disclosure. Yet, the late disclosers tend to exploit it more as constraints for the fear of transgenerational transmission of social scorn and stigma. The findings contribute to enhancing a culturally relevant understanding of trauma and the repercussions of human trafficking.

The Value Relevance of Repetitive Information—Is the Expected Social and Environmental Disclosure Informational?

This paper analyzes the value relevance of firms&amp;rsquo; social and environmental disclosure (SED) patterns expected by investors considering firms&amp;rsquo; institutional contexts. Results show that the expected SED is value relevant for Chinese firms, not value relevant for Mexican and Canadian firms, and partial value relevant for Chilean, South African, and American firms. For Chinese firms, when the expected SED is isomorphic within the country, it is positively related to market value. However, the alternative expected SED is negatively related to market value. For Chilean firms, only the isomorphic social disclosure is (positively) valued by the stock market. Whereas for South African and American firms, only the alternative social disclosure is positively related to market value. Results suggest that institutions are essential to SED valuation as they determine whether and how stock markets value SED. Researchers in the discipline of accounting has taken an interest in social and environmental activities along with the rise of environmental protection regulations.