Disciplinary Infractions Research Articles (Page 1)

Moral judgment and behavior have long been considered as the result of reasoning and conscious thought while contextual influence being downplayed. Cleanliness is a fundamental feature of the environment. Previous research relevant to cleanliness focused on body cleansing behavior’s effect on one’s moral consciousness. According to a view of anthropology, cleanliness, as a key environment feature, symbolizes social order. Thus, we contend that the state of environmental cleanliness may metaphorically link to the concept of public moral norm. Three studies were conducted in a manufacturing group company. Study 1, using ten-year monthly records of disciplinary violation rates during the implementation of 5S practices from four different companies of the same manufacturing group, showed that improving workplace cleaning, neatness, and cleanliness could reduce employees’ disciplinary violations. Study 2, by an experiment conducted at a real workplace, found that employees judged immoral workplace behaviors more morally wrong in the clean environment than in the dirty one; Meanwhile, conscientiousness trait weakens the effect of environmental cleanliness, whereas neuroticism trait strengthens this influence. Study 3, through an experiment priming awareness of workplace environmental cleanliness state, showed that employees showed harsher moral judgment on immoral workplace behaviors even when primed with the concept of clean environment than both the primed with the concept of dirty environment group and the control group. The results revealed the metaphorical association between the physical state of environmental cleanliness and the concept of abstract public moral norm, and provided a unique insight to the social significance of environmental cleanliness.

Abstract : A retired Notary will basically submit the protocol of the Notarial deed that has been made during his/her term of office as a Notary to another Notary. However, the provisions of the Notary Law and other legal provisions do not regulate for the Notary Receiving the Protocol for the Protocol Provider's deed made by and/or before the Substitute Notary. The problem in this study is related to the responsibility of the Notary Receiving the Protocol for the provider's deed made by and/or before substitute Notary and the protection of the Notary Receiving the Protocol deed made by and/or before the substitute Notary. The research method used in this legal research is normative juridical legal research. The research approaches used in this legal research include statutory, conceptual, analytical, and historical approach. legal material analysis techniques used include analogical construction, grammatical interpretation, and systematic interpretation to analyze the problem based on the existing of the legal material for this legal studies. The results of this study indicate that a Notary has no responsibility for the deed made by a substitute Notary. Regarding the case of an error made by a substitute notary in making a deed that causes losses and the government or state or commits a disciplinary violation of the prohibitions or obligations as a notary, sanctions will be imposed according to applicable laws. Legal protection for Notaries receiving protocols for authentic deeds made by and/or before a substitute Notary is through the existence of a Notary Honorary Council. With the existence of a Notary Honorary Council in the event of any form of summons, examination and detention, it is carried out after obtaining permission from the Notary Honorary Council that has examined it first, so that in the end it will create legal certainty for the community with the trust that underlies authority.

The Digest of Justinian preserve an enigmatic decision by Emperor Hadrian pertaining to a specific incident of violation of military discipline. The emperor spoke in the case of soldiers who made a failed suicide attempt. Those who had a valid reason that pushed them to take this desperate step, he ordered to be dismissed from service in disgrace. The others faced death. A surprising solution was provided for would-be suicides who decided to take their own lives per vinum aut lasciviam. The ruler ordered these to be spared. The only consequence was their transfer to inferior service. Juxtaposing Hadrian’s resolution with contemporary psychological and psychiatric knowledge allows us to hypothesize that the emperor’s rescript refers to people who broke the rules of military discipline due to some form of addiction.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL) technique in reducing tardiness behavior among ninth-grade students at SMP Negeri 61 Surabaya. Student tardiness is considered not only a matter of discipline violation but also a factor that disrupts classroom effectiveness; thus, a classroom management strategy grounded in Skinner’s behaviorism is required. The research employed a quantitative approach with a Single Subject Research (SSR) A-B-A design. Five students with consistently high levels of tardiness were purposively selected as research subjects. Data were collected through attendance records across three phases: baseline one (A1), intervention (B), and baseline two (A2). The intervention involved providing positive reinforcement such as verbal praise, reward points, and special privileges whenever students arrived on time. Data were analyzed descriptively using frequency counts of tardiness per week and visualized through graphs to identify behavioral trends. The results revealed a significant decrease in tardiness frequency from the baseline to the intervention phase, with stability maintained during the second baseline. These findings confirm that DRL is a simple, effective, and contextually relevant strategy for fostering student punctuality and discipline. The novelty of this study lies in applying differential reinforcement in a public junior high school setting with limited resources, contributing fresh insights into the Indonesian context of classroom management.

The development of information technology provides great opportunities for the world of education, especially in supporting Guidance and Counselling (BK) services. This study aims to examine the role of the Guidance and Counselling website in handling student disciplinary violations at the high school/vocational school level with a psychological approach. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation in several high schools/vocational schools that have implemented a website-based BK system. The results of the study indicate that the use of the BK website can increase the effectiveness of communication between BK teachers, students, and parents, as well as facilitate data collection and monitoring of violation cases. In addition, the psychological approach applied through features such as self-assessment, online counselling, and digital education has a positive impact on students' understanding of the consequences of their behaviour. Thus, the BK website not only functions as an administrative tool, but also as a preventive and rehabilitative media in handling student disciplinary violations. This study recommends the development of a more interactive and integrated digital BK system to support sustainable student character building

Work discipline is a crucial factor in achieving company goals. At PT. XYZ, several disciplinary violations still occur, such as lateness, unexplained absences, and breaches of company rules. This study aims to analyze the influence of Reward, Punishment , and non-physical work environment on employee work discipline. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The sample consists of all employees at PT. XYZ, totaling 72 respondents. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 26. The results show that Reward and non-physical work environment have a positive and significant effect on work discipline. In contrast, Punishment does not have a significant effect. All instruments used passed validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. In conclusion, companies should strengthen their Reward systems and create a supportive work environment to improve employee discipline. The existing Punishment system also needs to be reviewed to ensure more effective implementation.

The article is dedicated to the study of the activities of the Legal Bureau of the Peasants' House in the Nizhny Novgorod Province during the interwar period (1920s-1930s). Special attention is given to the significance of this institution in ensuring the rights of peasants, informing them, and defending their interests, particularly in the context of new economic and political realities in the Soviet state. The research is based on archival documents and contemporary scientific literature. The article discusses the peculiarities of the work of the Legal Bureau of the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Peasants' House, including statistics on the population's requests for legal assistance. It presents the reasons for the decline in requests, linked to changes in legislation and administrative control. The importance of experience exchanges between various Peasants' Houses in the region, which contributed to improving the effectiveness of educational and advisory work, is emphasized. The reasons for peasants leaving collective farms in the Nizhny Novgorod Province in the 1930s are described. The research methodology is based on the analysis of scientific publications and archival data concerning the functioning and significance of Peasants' Houses in the Soviet countryside during the 1920s–1930s. Documents testify to a serious crisis in the management of collective farms in the Nizhny Novgorod Province in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Irresponsible behavior of leaders, abuse of power, systematic violations of labor discipline, financial machinations, and misleading peasants regarding tax benefits became the main reasons for dissatisfaction and leaving collective farms. Violations committed by the leadership led to significant economic losses, missed opportunities for harvest collection, and financial damages, which worsened the situation of collective farms and diminished public trust in the collective farm movement. These factors contributed to a serious crisis in the village, weakening collective farms and increasing distrust of the state. To address the identified problems, Legal Bureaus were established at Peasants' Houses, with the main task of providing comprehensive assistance to peasants. The Legal Bureaus of the Peasants' House promptly examined peasants' complaints and conducted investigations. The identified violations were forwarded for further verification and punishment of the guilty parties.

Discipline is a fundamental principle in the military, especially for soldiers of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). Serious disciplinary violations such as desertion, the act of leaving duty without permission, remain a major problem within the TNI. This study aims to analyze in-depth the application of the law to the crime of desertion within the TNI, as well as the factors that influence it, and examine effective preventive measures to reduce the number of desertions in the Indonesian Navy (AL). This study uses a normative legal research method. Data were collected through a literature review focusing on laws, government regulations, and related decisions. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically. The application of the law to desertion is strictly regulated in Articles 87 and 89 of the Military Criminal Code (KUHPM), which stipulate sanctions ranging from imprisonment to dismissal. The government must focus more on proactive prevention through a comprehensive approach, including improving soldier welfare, strengthening mental and psychological development, improving leadership and supervision, and optimizing recruitment and legal education.

Truancy is a form of disciplinary violation that can negatively impact students’ academic achievement and character development. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to truancy among junior high school students and to analyze its implications for school guidance and counseling services. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, involving 20 purposively selected students from SMPN 2 Batang Anai. Data were collected using a questionnaire covering both internal and external factors. The results indicate that dominant internal factors include a desire to play and lack of learning motivation (60%), while key external factors are peer influence and insufficient teacher supervision (70%). These findings reveal that truancy behavior arises from a combination of personal and environmental factors. Accordingly, comprehensive, and responsive guidance and counseling services, such as information services, group counseling, and parent-school collaboration are essential to prevent and address truancy in a structured manner.

This study aims to determine the effect of rewards, punishments, and the work environment on employee performance at UD Anugrah, a company engaged in the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector located in Brangkal, Sooko, Mojokerto. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method through a closed questionnaire, which was distributed to 30 permanent employees who have worked for a minimum of five years. This criterion was chosen to ensure that respondents have sufficient work experience to understand the organizational culture and managerial policies implemented in the company. The data analysis technique used was Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the help of SmartPLS software, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of latent relationships between variables even with a small sample size. The results show that rewards and punishments have a significant positive effect on employee performance, meaning that the more appropriate and consistent the rewards and punishments given, the higher the employee performance. The rewards in question can be financial or non-financial incentives such as recognition and promotion, while punishments are more corrective to work discipline violations. On the other hand, work environment variables were found to have no significant effect, although descriptively several respondents mentioned the importance of comfort and job security. These findings emphasize that HR management in the SME sector needs to pay special attention to reward systems and work discipline as key factors in increasing productivity. This research is expected to serve as a strategic reference for SMEs in designing more effective, efficient employee management policies oriented toward long-term performance improvement. Furthermore, it is crucial for management to regularly evaluate the effectiveness of the systems in place and the penalties applied.

Prison visitation has been studied as a mechanism to strengthen incarcerated people's social ties to the outside world, decrease disciplinary infractions inside prison, and reduce recidivism upon release from confinement. At the same time, family members who enter prisons for visits experience dehumanization, bureaucratic hurdles, and an emotional toll adversely affecting their well-being. Important questions therefore remain about how incarcerated people and their family members navigate the dualities of visiting in an oppressive setting—prison. Analyzing in-depth interviews with men incarcerated in the Northeastern United States, we contextualize visits within Du Boisian concepts such as double consciousness, the veil, and second sight. Our analysis reveals that familial interactions provide respite and reprieve from the daily harshness of prison, fostering a sense of belonging and visibility in the family and connections to society at large. However, some incarcerated men must navigate the veil by detaching themselves from outside connections. Building on the Du Boisian tradition, this study underscores the complexities of and potentially deeply human dimensions of prison visits, offering nuanced and critical insights on the interplay between visibility, perception, emotional toll, and identity.

The phenomenon of high employee turnover in the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector, including at the Gurilem Tofu Factory in West Bandung Regency, is the main focus of this study. The high rate of employee turnover is considered to have a negative impact on operational efficiency, internal stability, and overall business sustainability. High turnover creates uncertainty in production rhythms, increases training costs for new employees, and decreases productivity. Based on these conditions, this study was designed to answer three main research questions: what communication patterns are implemented by business owners, to what extent is the relationship between effective communication and employee turnover, and what strategic recommendations can be implemented to improve communication patterns in order to reduce turnover rates. The purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, and evaluate the communication strategies of business owners in building more stable, harmonious, and productive work relationships. This study is based on the theory of effective communication which includes five main indicators, namely: understanding, enjoyment, influence on attitudes, improving interpersonal relationships, and encouraging action. In addition, the theory of employee turnover is used as a foundation to understand the factors causing resignation intentions, such as job dissatisfaction, lack of recognition, and limited development opportunities. The approach used in this study was descriptive qualitative, with data collection methods including in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation with the owner and two employees. Triangulation techniques were applied to ensure the validity and reliability of the data. The results indicate that the communication patterns implemented by the business owner largely met the criteria for effective communication, such as delivering clear instructions and using polite language. However, obstacles remained, such as a lack of firmness regarding disciplinary violations and a lack of initiative in building team cohesion, which contributed to the high turnover rate.

ABSTRACTThis study examines the predictive relationships among early mathematics and reading achievement, school discipline, and later mathematics performance for Black students. Using path analysis, we analyze a cohort of 36,668 Black students in Texas public schools from fourth to seventh grade. Findings reveal that fourth‐grade mathematics achievement is the strongest predictor of seventh‐grade mathematics performance, followed by reading achievement. Notably, school discipline negatively affects long‐term academic outcomes, with higher rates of exclusionary discipline linked to lower mathematics achievement. Additionally, students with stronger early mathematics skills were less likely to receive disciplinary infractions, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between academic success and behavioral outcomes. The analysis also reveals gender differences, with early mathematics achievement having a stronger influence on long‐term performance for Black boys, while reading achievement played a more significant role for Black girls. The study highlights the impact of exclusionary discipline, which disproportionately affects Black students by reducing instructional time and disrupting academic progress. Findings emphasize the need for early interventions that integrate asset‐based instructional practices, strengthen literacy and numeracy, and address discipline disparities. These insights inform educators and policymakers on reducing opportunity gaps and promoting equity in mathematics education.

Treatment Works, Behaviors Change: Investigating the Impact of Trauma Focused Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Disciplinary Infractions Among Women in Prison

In essence, the leadership culture in military organizations is instructive and authoritarian with one command center. However, it is possible that a persuasive communication strategy was used by the leaders of the Yonhub Pushubad and Yon21 Group 2 of Kopassus to reduce the number of cases of soldiers’ offenses. This study aims to determine, compare and synthesize leadership persuasive communication strategies in suppressing the level of soldier discipline offenses in Yonhub Pushubad and Yon 21 Group 2 Kopassus. The method used in this research is a qualitative method and a descriptive approach with a multi-site study at the Yonhub Pushubad and the Yon 21 Group 2 Kopassus. Primary and secondary data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participant observation and documentation. Based on the analysis and discussion of all the findings and data collected, it was concluded that the leaders of Yonhub Pushubad applied psychodynamic, psychocultural and the meaning construction persuasive communication strategies to reduce the number of infringements among its soldiers. On the other hand, the leaders of Yon 21 Group 2 Kopassus also applied the same three persuasive communication strategies to minimize the number of transgressions by its soldiers. Although both sites use the same persuasive communication strategies, different ways and methods are implemented by each leadership group in their unit. From the description of the results of the study, it can be concluded that the leaders of Yon 21 Group 2 Kopassus are more persuasive than the leaders of the Yonhub Pushubad, as can be seen from the variety and effectiveness of the communication strategies applied in controlling the discipline of its members. This is also evidenced by the percentage of offenses by soldiers of Yon 21 Group 2 Kopassus which is smaller than Yonhub Pushubad from 2018 to 2021.

This research is a normative research that focuses not only on examining secondary materials but also primary materials. The approach method used is laws and regulations and cases. The purpose of this study is to determine the determination of the imposition of types of disciplinary penalties, especially violations of divorce permits within the Ministry of Finance. Based on Article 41 of Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021 concerning Civil Servant Discipline, if a violation of marriage and divorce permits is subject to one type of severe disciplinary punishment. The results showed that the Ministry of Finance in determining the type of disciplinary punishment is based on weighting first before getting the main value as outlined in Minister of Finance Regulation Number 123 of 2023 concerning Procedures for Examining Disciplinary Violations and Imposition of Disciplinary Penalties within the Ministry of Finance. In the weighting, it has also considered the elements of lightening and aggravating as stated in the Regulation of the State Personnel Agency Number 6 of 2022 concerning Implementation Regulations of Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021 concerning Discipline of Civil Servants

Student administrative record-keeping, particularly regarding permission letters for class entry, early dismissal, and disciplinary violations is a critical component in maintaining an orderly and structured school environment. At SMAN 1 Pariaman, these records are still managed manually using logbooks, which pose significant risks of data loss or damage. This study aims to design and develop a web-based information system named SISPEL (Sistem Informasi Pencatatan Surat Izin dan Pelanggaran Siswa) to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and convenience of data management and monitoring. The system was developed using the waterfall model, encompassing stages of requirements analysis through observation, system design using UML, implementation with the Laravel framework for the backend and Bootstrap 5 for a responsive user interface, and data storage via MySQL. System testing was conducted using the Black Box Testing method, which confirmed that all functionalities from data management by administrators, data entry by operators, verification by vice principals, to monitoring by homeroom teachers functioned as intended and met the specified requirements. The system features a user-friendly interface and is accessible via both desktop and mobile devices. The findings indicate that SISPEL effectively addresses the inefficiencies of manual record-keeping, facilitates monitoring processes, minimizes data loss risks, and supports digital transformation in school administrative management.

ABSTRACT Over the past decade, scholars and activists have called for reforms to and reductions in the practice of restrictive housing. This study evaluates a pilot program that was implemented in a women’s state prison in which those sent to segregation following a disciplinary infraction participated in a one-time cognitive-behavioral intervention. Propensity score matching was used to reduce observable selection bias between program participants and the comparison pool. The findings revealed program participants did not significantly differ from the comparison group in either the occurrence or frequency of new institutional misconduct. Qualitative feedback received from participants, non-participants, and staff was analyzed in an attempt to identify explanations for the null results. Implications of the findings and recommendations for improving the program are discussed.

This study aims to explore the role of Civics Education (PPKn) teachers in addressing various types of disciplinary violations at SMP Negeri 3 Gorontalo. School rules serve as the foundation for shaping students’ character and instilling discipline. However, in practice, various violations still occur, such as tardiness, fighting, truancy, and breaches of communication ethics. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The research subjects include PPKn teachers and students involved in disciplinary cases. The findings reveal that PPKn teachers play a strategic role as educators, mentors, motivators, and role models in enforcing school rules. Teachers not only deliver Pancasila values in classroom instruction but also provide guidance through both individual and group approaches. They strive to build students’ awareness of the importance of rule compliance through exemplary behavior and persuasive communication. Thus, PPKn teachers make a significant contribution to fostering a culture of order in schools and creating a safe, comfortable, and conducive learning environment. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara mendalam peran guru Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan (PPKn) dalam mengatasi berbagai tipologi pelanggaran tata tertib di SMP Negeri 3 Gorontalo. Tata tertib sekolah berfungsi sebagai landasan pembentukan karakter dan perilaku disiplin siswa. Namun, dalam praktiknya, masih ditemukan berbagai bentuk pelanggaran seperti keterlambatan, perkelahian, bolos, hingga pelanggaran etika komunikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas guru PPKn dan siswa yang terlibat dalam kasus pelanggaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru PPKn menjalankan peran strategis sebagai pengajar, pembimbing, motivator, dan teladan dalam proses penegakan tata tertib. Guru tidak hanya menyampaikan nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam pembelajaran, tetapi juga memberikan pembinaan melalui pendekatan individual maupun kelompok. Guru juga berupaya membangun kesadaran siswa tentang pentingnya kepatuhan terhadap aturan melalui keteladanan dan komunikasi yang persuasif. Dengan demikian, guru PPKn memiliki kontribusi besar dalam menciptakan budaya tertib di sekolah serta mendukung terciptanya lingkungan belajar yang aman, nyaman, dan kondusif.

ABSTRACT The intent of this study was to determine whether two features of antisocial thought process, proactive and reactive criminal thinking, mediate the age-disciplinary infractions relationship in prison inmates. Participants were 2,487 male inmates admitted to a medium security federal prison sometime between 2003 and 2010. Analyzing both total and aggressive disciplinary infraction data, it was discovered that whereas the proactive (planned, calculated, amoral) features of criminal thought process mediated the age-infractions relationship, the reactive (impulsive, irresponsible, emotional) features did not. Results from this study suggest that one way advancing age may contribute to declining disciplinary infractions in prison is that older inmates are less likely than younger inmates to employ the planned, calculated, and amoral aspects of antisocial cognition. Whether this stems from age-related decrements in antisocial cognition awaits further study using changes in criminal thinking over time.