River systems characterized by strong groundwater-surface water interaction exhibit complex hydrodynamic responses under hydroclimatic extremes. This study investigates how infiltration-dominated river reaches modulate flow persistence during drought and floodplain activation during extreme rainfall. A two-dimensional Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model was implemented for a 20.35 km reach of the Gallinas River (Mexico) using high-resolution UAV-derived bathymetry and field-based discharge measurements. The model was calibrated and independently validated prior to simulating a 25-year return period flood (peak discharge = 1231.8[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]) and a drought scenario constrained by an environmental-flow threshold (4.1[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]). Results reveal the emergence of hydrodynamic thresholds driven by cumulative reach-scale losses ([Formula: see text]), producing nonlinear downstream discharge decay under low-flow conditions and requiring a minimum upstream inflow of [Formula: see text] to maintain ecological continuity. Under flood forcing, inundation patterns are primarily controlled by channel geometry and longitudinal slope reduction rather than discharge magnitude alone. These findings demonstrate that infiltration-influenced rivers exhibit dual hydrodynamic controls under contrasting extremes and highlight the importance of explicitly representing cumulative exchange processes in two-dimensional modeling frameworks. The study provides transferable insights for assessing drought resilience and flood risk in permeable or groundwater-connected river systems facing increasing hydroclimatic variability.

Estimating plastic export from estuaries into the sea using an estuarine-mass-balance model.

Generating accurate extremes from an observational data set is crucial when seeking to estimate risks associated with the occurrence of future extremes which could be larger than those already observed. Applications range from the occurrence of natural disasters to financial crashes. Generative models from the machine learning (ML) community do not apply to extreme samples without careful adaptation. Besides, asymptotic results from extreme value theory (EVT) give a theoretical framework to model multivariate extreme events. Bridging these two fields, this paper details a variational autoencoder (VAE) approach for sampling multivariate heavy-tailed distributions, in which extremes of particularly large intensity are likely to occur. We illustrate the relevance of our approach on a synthetic data set and on a real data set of discharge measurements along the Danube river network. The latter shows the potential of our approach for flood risks' assessment. In addition to outperforming the vanilla VAE for the tested data sets, we also provide a comparison with a competing EVT-based generative approach. In the tested cases, our approach better captures the dependence structure between extreme events.

In this study, nickel-doped mesoporous Mobil Crystalline Material-41 (Ni-MCM-41) was synthesized via a sol-gel method using an oil-based template to improve its electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. The nickel-doped MCM-41 was characterized by DRS-UV, low-, and wide-angle XRD, XPS, FTIR, BET, SEM-EDX, and HRTEM. Ni-MCM-41 exhibited a well-developed and ordered porosity with a moderate specific surface area of 242.031 m2/g. The pore size and pore volume were found to be 3.38 nm and 0.191 cc/g, respectively. XPS confirmed nickel doping with Ni2+ species, enhancing catalytic activity of the material. This combination of oxidation states produces a synergistic effect, thereby improving the catalytic activity of the material. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) across scanning rates from 0.005 to 0.2 V/s, demonstrating the pseudo-capacitance behavior in a potential window from 0 to −0.9 V. Additionally, galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 573 F/g at a current density of 2 A/g, indicating excellent supercapacitor behavior of the Ni-MCM-41 material. The Ni-MCM-41 electrode exhibits outstanding cycling stability, achieving close to 100% capacity retention after 700 cycles and maintaining 85.71% capacity even after 4000 cycles. The coulombic efficiency remains near 100% over 1900 cycles and retains 92.23% after extended cycling, demonstrating exceptional long-term electrochemical stability and charge-discharge efficiency.

In this study, Li 4‐x / 3 Ti 5−2x / 3 Sm x O 12 ( x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10) compounds were synthesized via a facile and cost‐effective solid‐state reaction method to investigate their structural, photoluminescent, electrochemical, and supercapacitive properties. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that Sm 3+ ions were successfully incorporated into the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) spinel lattice without altering the crystal structure, indicating high phase purity and structural stability upon doping. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed homogeneous particle morphology with subtle changes in grain size, while BET surface area analysis provided insights into surface area variations due to Sm 3+ substitution. Raman spectroscopy further verified the integrity of the spinel framework and highlighted lattice distortions associated with dopant incorporation. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy showed that both undoped and Sm 3+ ‐doped LTO samples exhibit broad emission bands in the 600–850 nm range, primarily attributed to intrinsic oxygen vacancy‐related defect states. Notably, Sm 3+ doping enhanced the emission intensity by approximately 30%, demonstrating its effectiveness in promoting radiative recombination processes relevant for optical applications such as white light‐emitting diodes (W‐LEDs). Electrochemical evaluations, including galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, revealed that Sm 3+ incorporation improved lithium‐ion diffusion kinetics and electronic conductivity, resulting in enhanced reversible capacity and rate capability. Furthermore, supercapacitor performance was assessed through capacitance measurements at various current densities. The Sm‐doped LTO exhibited high specific capacitances of 325.58 F/g at 1 A/g (C1), decreasing gradually to 222.69 F/g at 20 A/g (C20), demonstrating excellent rate capability. The cyclic stability test at 20 A/g showed a capacity retention consistent with high durability. CV profiles recorded at 0/0.65 V and GCD curves at 0/0.52 V confirmed stable electrochemical behavior under operational conditions. These combined results highlight the dual‐functional role of Sm 3+ doping in simultaneously tuning optical emission and electrochemical properties, while also providing promising supercapacitive performance. The synergistic enhancement underscores the potential of Sm 3+ ‐doped Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 as a multifunctional material for integrated photonic and energy storage applications, including next‐generation W‐LEDs, lithium‐ion batteries, and high‐performance supercapacitors. Formun Üstü. Formun Altı.

Understanding surface charging limitations of hematite photoanodes through combining cathodic discharge measurements and computational modeling

Growing interest in sustainable, high-performance energy storage has driven extensive studies on advanced electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. In this study, a FeNiCo metal–organic framework/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MOF–MWCNT) composite was synthesized and employed as a modifying layer on a carbon felt electrode (CFE) via a drop-casting method. The electrochemical performance of the composite electrode was systematically evaluated in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Structural and electrochemical studies demonstrate that the combined effect of the conductive CFE substrate, the electric double-layer capacitance of MWCNTs, and the pseudocapacitive properties of the trimetallic FeNiCo MOF markedly enhances the charge storage performance. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements demonstrate a maximum specific capacitance of approximately 180 F g−1. The electrode delivers an energy density of 73.20 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 3796.17 W kg−1, demonstrating a favorable balance between energy and power performance. In addition, high coulombic efficiency confirms excellent charge–discharge reversibility. Notably, 71% of the initial capacitance is retained after 900 cycles in 1 M H2SO4, indicating stable electrochemical behavior even under strongly acidic conditions. These findings emphasize the promise of the FeNiCo MOF–MWCNT/CFE composite as a durable electrode design for next-generation supercapacitor devices.

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising desalination technology but is often limited by the low ion removal capacity of carbon-based electrodes. In this study, a hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) system employing an asymmetric silver/activated carbon (Ag/AC) electrode configuration was investigated under constant-current operation and compared with a conventional membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) system. Desalination performance was evaluated using CDI Ragone plot analysis, while galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements were used to examine the potential evolution of individual electrodes. The results show that the Faradaic Ag/AgCl reaction stabilizes the cell voltage and expands the usable potential window of the activated carbon electrode. As a result, the HCDI system consistently outperformed MCDI, achieving a maximum salt adsorption capacity of 36.5 mg g⁻¹ in a 10 mM NaCl solution, more than twice that of MCDI (17.0 mg g⁻¹), along with a faster ion removal rate. These findings demonstrate that integrating Faradaic electrodes effectively overcomes the intrinsic capacity limitations of conventional CDI systems.

This study compares flow discharge measurement methods in the Ribeirão Morangueiro watershed, Maringá-PR, Brazil, evaluating the Float technique against the FlowTracker acoustic velocimeter to support Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for urban resilience. Thirteen months of monitoring at five points revealed hydrological instability characteristic of urbanized watersheds, with 15.47% flow variation and environmental degradation including riparian vegetation loss and siltation from gray infrastructure. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Bland-Altman analysis showed that the Float method systematically overestimates velocity (bias = 0.0968 m3/s, p = 0.0088), requiring correction factors. The absence of statistically significant seasonal differences in discharge values at the watershed outlet (p > 0.05) suggests partial artificial stabilization of baseflow associated with urban water inputs. Results provide technical support for implementing NbS, such as rain gardens, permeable pavements, and restored riparian vegetation, as alternatives to conventional drainage, following successful Brazilian programs like Porto Alegre's Viva a Natureza (15 –20% flooding reduction). The research contributes to SDGs 6, 9, 11, 13, and 15, providing technical evidence to guide the transition from gray to green infrastructure in medium-sized cities.

Abstract This article presents a research project aimed at developing a method for measuring the intensity of the electric field inducing partial discharges (PDs) in a gaseous defect within a solid insulator. Measurements performed with this method allow observation of PDs only within the defects, thus providing reliable information on the relationship between the temporal and dimensional characteristics of the PDs and the size and geometry of the defect. The advantages of a measurement cell filled with transformer oil compared to a “dry” cell, such as a parallel-plate capacitor, are demonstrated. To solve the problem related to measuring partial discharges in gaseous inclusions in order to determine the technical condition of the solid insulation, the intensity of the electric field in gaseous defects within a solid insulator was calculated using the finite element method with COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 software. Partial discharge (PD) modeling in MultSim was employed, along with probabilistic and statistical methods for processing the results. The finite element method was used to calculate the electric field non-uniformity coefficient for samples containing gas defects of varying sizes. MultSim modeling allowed us to determine the phase angle between the current and voltage in the cell during partial discharge (PD) measurements. For a cell with a spherical electrode, each containing sectors of a sphere with a radius of R = 25 mm and a largest radius of x = 18 mm in a plane perpendicular to the sector axis, the expected partial discharge parameters were calculated as a function of the insulation defect size. Statistical parameters were determined to reproduce partial discharges (PDs) recorded over a given period and to calculate their duration. During laboratory measurements, a model consisting of eight samples of a paper dielectric of varying thickness: 0.15 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.45 mm, and 0.5 mm containing air inclusions simulating a 2 mm diameter defect located near the electrodes was used, but in this article, the results for a model of a single dielectric of thickness of 0.2 mm will be presented. A reference voltage of 12.5 kV was applied to the high-voltage electrode, and partial discharges (PD) were observed in an electric field of intensity 6.747 kV/mm. Based on the experimental results, electric charge diagrams and experimental setups simulating the change in electric fields causing partial discharges are presented. It was experimentally shown that partial discharges in a sample containing a single gas defect occur twice during the period of a sinusoidal voltage at the grid frequency, in the first and third quarters, with the same electric field amplitude inside the gas cavity of the defect.

To evaluate whether discharge neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and its in-hospital trajectory predict 30-day outcomes after acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) hospitalization, and to compare discharge NLR with admission NLR and with serial NLR measurement. Retrospective cohort of 6784 ADHF discharges (2007-17; median age 78 [interquartile range: 69-85] years; 48.8% women). Patients were classified by discharge NLR (<5 vs ≥5) and by NLR trajectory (low→low, low→high, high→low, high→high). Primary endpoints were 30-day all-cause readmission and 30-day all-cause mortality. Multivariable Cox models adjusted for age, sex, anaemia, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, and COPD. Discrimination was assessed using areas under the curve (AUCs) from adjusted logistic models. High discharge NLR (≥5) was present in 2258/6784 (33.3%). Event rates were higher with high vs low discharge NLR for readmission (25.5% vs 19.7%, P < .001) and mortality (7.8% vs 2.8%, P < .001). High discharge NLR was independently associated with readmission (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.40, P = .007) and mortality (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.46-2.53, P < .001). Trajectory further stratified risk: high→high had the greatest risk (readmission HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.25-1.62, P < .001; mortality HR 3.42, 95% CI 2.53-4.62, P < .001); low→high was also high-risk (readmission HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.20-1.77, P < .001; mortality HR 3.05, 95% CI 2.00-4.65, P < .001). High→low showed reduced but residual risk vs low→low (readmission HR 1.07, 95% CI .93-1.23, P = .321; mortality HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06-2.16, P = .021). Discharge NLR outperformed admission NLR (mortality AUC 0.731 vs 0.705; readmission AUC 0.573 vs 0.564). Serial NLR added minimal discrimination beyond discharge NLR alone (mortality AUC 0.736 vs 0.734; readmission AUC 0.571 for both). Discharge NLR is an independently prognostic, routinely available biomarker for 30-day readmission and mortality after ADHF. Persistently elevated or rising NLR identifies patients at the highest short-term risk, while normalization attenuates but does not eliminate risk. A single discharge measurement performs comparably to serial assessment, supporting practical integration of discharge NLR into risk-stratified follow-up, including in resource-limited settings.

This article presents the measurements of electrostatic discharge (ESD) properties on solar arrays and comparisons with results from solar cell charging and electrostatic risk/flashover bubble simulator (SoCCER/FOEBUS) numerical simulation code, which couples a cathode spot model and a plasma expansion model. Several configurations of solar array simulants have been tested to determine the influence of key parameters such as the panel dimensions and the electrode material on the flashover current and the plasma expansion dynamics along the dielectric surface. Electrical measurements of global and local neutralization currents are used to determine ESD duration, flashover charge, and neutralization radius. In parallel, a microwave resonant probe (curling probe) has been used to measure the electron density at various distances from the ESD site and to determine the expansion velocity of the plasma bubble. A good agreement is globally found between experimental results and numerical simulations; the same trends are obtained concerning the influence of the key parameters, and flashover characteristics (duration and charge) are very similar for the largest <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$120\times 120$</tex-math> </inline-formula> cm array. The electron temperature and the initial plasma density in the cathode spot inferred from curling probe measurements are in line with predictions of the cathode spot model. These results present a global validation of SoCCER/FOEBUS code for the simulation of flashover on solar arrays and offer the possibility to use it for the evaluation of extreme ESDs on large solar arrays considering a worst case scenario.

This paper proposes an effective internal dynamic trend analysis method based on the mean and standard deviation as variability trends, providing additional information about the tendency of fluctuations around mean values. The novel method, called Structural Trend and Variability Identification (STVI), can identify a range of trends over different time periods in a given time series. To illustrate the proposed methodology, classical linear trends in the mean values and standard deviations (variability) for 10-year and 30-year identifications are given as examples, based on lag-shifting mechanism. A rea-world application of the STVI approach is given for annual Danube River discharge measurements over 160-year period from 1850 to 2010. Cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of trend slopes fitting Weibull and Pearson’s theoretical probability distribution function (PDF) are presented. CDFs offer opportunities for trend slope risks based on a range of return periods such as 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25-year and 50-year.

Riverbed siltation in estuaries affects ecosystem functioning, water quality, and navigation. This study investigates the flow-regulated Osellino Canal, a freshwater tributary of the Venice Lagoon that crosses a largely urbanized area and is undergoing progressive siltation. High-resolution measurements of discharge (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were performed using hydroacoustic instrumentation from September 2019 to December 2021. The analysis examined discharge dynamics, sediment transport, and rainfall-runoff relationships. Results indicate a mean annual discharge of 2.1 m3 s−1 and an average annual suspended sediment load of ~2900 ± 330 t. Discharge patterns were strongly influenced by water management, resulting in anomalous runoff coefficients (δ &gt; 1) during dry periods. Sediment export proved to be strongly event-driven: episodic high-flow events accounted for about 23% of the total load despite representing only a small fraction of the study period. Furthermore, a strong linear relationship between runoff and sediment load (R2 = 0.94) confirms an advection-dominated regime, where net export is regulated primarily by hydrodynamic volume rather than fluctuations in sediment supply. Bathymetric comparisons (2011–2019) reveal a mean annual sediment retention of 400 ± 100 t yr−1, corresponding to a trapping efficiency of approximately 12 ± 3% relative to the gross sediment input. These findings, supported by SSL–runoff regression residuals, consistently indicate net sediment accumulation associated with the long-term malfunction of a miter-gate system that impedes efficient sediment export. This study provides a critical pre-rehabilitation baseline, establishing a benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing restoration efforts initiated in March 2022 and the future hydromorphological recovery of the canal.

In this study, NiV2O6 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via the sol–gel method and evaluated for their dual applications in energy storage and antimicrobial activity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a crystalline NiV2O6 phase indexed to the anorthic system. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) revealed a sheet-like morphology with particle sizes ranging from 1 µm to 100 nm, providing a moderate surface area and effective ion diffusion channels. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of Ni2+ and V5+ oxidation states in NiV2O6 nanoparticles, supporting the successful formation of the mixed-metal oxide structure. Electrochemical analysis demonstrated excellent capacitive behaviour, with a high specific capacitance of 640.91 F/g from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and 772.73 F/g from galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements. The electrode exhibited remarkable energy storage performance, delivering an energy density of 20.79 Wh/kg and a high-power density of 1096.4 W/kg. Moreover, outstanding cyclic stability was observed with 92% capacitance retention after 1500 cycles. Furthermore, the NiV2O6 nanoparticles displayed significant antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal organisms, attributed to the synergistic effect of Ni2+/V5+ ions and high surface reactivity. These findings highlight the potential of NiV2O6 nanoparticles as a multifunctional material suitable for next-generation energy storage devices and antimicrobial activities.

Purpose: Perceived hamstring tightness is a prevalent condition caused by multiple factors, including anterior pelvic tilt and neural tension. Traditional treatments, such as static stretching, do not address these underlying conditions. This study aimed to determine the short-term effectiveness of two neuromuscular treatment techniques for increasing hamstring flexibility compared with a traditional static stretching technique. Methods: Hamstring range of motion was measured using PSLR and AKE pre-and post-intervention for two treatment sessions and again as a single discharge measurement one week after the first treatment session. Three treatments were studied: Primal Reflex Release Technique, Neurodynamic Sliding Technique, Static Stretching, and a control group. Forty-two participants (n=42) collegiate student athletes between the ages of 18-24 were included in this analysis. MANOVA testing was used to analyze the effectiveness of the treatment across the five time points. Results: Significant improvements in hamstring flexibility were observed in the left PSLR measurements among all treatment groups, with no significant changes noted in the AKE or right PSLR measurements. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PRRT, NST, and SS can enhance hamstring flexibility in the short term; however, further research is needed to assess their long-term effectiveness.

• A new estimate of Amazonian floodplains water storage is provided. • SWAT-FP simulated correctly the floodplain water surface elevations (R 2 > 0.62) • Interannual water storage reach 1,800 ± 854 km 3. • The main contributors are the Madeira and the Negro subbasins. • The volumes of water stored in each subsystem have a significant temporality. Inland surface waters in tropical regions are fundamental to global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, yet the quantification of floodplain freshwater storage and its variability remains limited. This study provides a basin-wide assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of floodplain water storage in the Amazon Basin over the period 2000–2018. We developed an integrated framework combining in situ discharge measurements, multi-sensor remote sensing datasets, and process-based hydrological modelling to quantify daily floodplain hydrodynamics at high spatial resolution. Floodplain extent was derived from L-band passive microwave observations from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite, while water surface elevation was constrained using altimetry data (Jason-2/3 and Sentinel-3). The hydrological model (SWAF-FP), specifically improved to represent floodplain–river interactions, was calibrated at eight gauging stations and evaluated using approximately 4,000 altimetry-based floodplain water level records. Model performance demonstrated high skill, with a mean R 2 of 0.83 for discharge and R 2 > 0.62 for floodplain water surface elevation. The results indicate a mean annual surface water storage of 1800 ± 854 km 3 across the Amazon Basin, with pronounced seasonal cycles and interannual stability at the basin scale. The Negro and Madeira sub-basins were identified as the dominant contributors to total floodplain storage, accounting for approximately 480 km 3 (33.6 %) and 312 km 3 (12.5 %), respectively. This study provides the first consistent long-term quantification of Amazonian floodplain water storage dynamics at daily resolution. The results emphasize the critical role of floodplains in regulating basin-scale hydrological fluxes and offer a robust observational–modeling framework for improving large-scale hydrological and Earth system models in tropical regions.

ABSTRACT Asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors integrating transition metal oxides with carbonaceous electrodes have attracted significant attention for advanced energy storage applications due to their ability to combine high energy density with rapid power delivery. In this study, an Al/Nb 2 O 5 cathode and a Cu/graphene oxide (GO) anode were fabricated via slurry casting and electrophoretic deposition (EPD), respectively, and assembled with a paper separator in aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolytes of varying concentrations (1, 2, and 3 M). Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the orthorhombic phase of Nb 2 O 5 and the uniform deposition of GO films. Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements revealed a strong dependence of electrochemical performance on electrolyte concentration. The device operating in 2 M KOH exhibited the most favorable balance between energy and power densities, achieving a specific capacitance of 30.7 F g −1 , energy density of 36.5 Wh kg −1 , and power density of 295 W kg −1 , with a relaxation time constant of 0.634 ms. In contrast, 1 M KOH provided moderate energy storage capability, while 3 M KOH suffered from reduced capacitance due to increased viscosity and ion–ion interactions. Comparative analysis with literature data highlights the competitive performance of the Al/Nb 2 O 5 //Cu/GO configuration, particularly in terms of energy–power trade‐off. These findings underscore the critical role of electrolyte optimization and electrode design in advancing hybrid supercapacitors for sustainable energy storage applications.

ABSTRACTBackgroundHeadache caused by aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is often severe and may persist long after the ictus. Pharmacological pain management can be challenging due to poor efficacy or adverse effects. Multimodal pharmacotherapy is often required. Lack of guidelines and good quality clinical studies on pain management has led to variation in pain management practices. Knowledge of current practice and goals of pain management in Nordic countries is lacking. We aimed to fill these knowledge gaps by conducting a survey targeting Nordic clinicians involved in aSAH treatment.MethodsAn electronic survey in English was sent to national coordinators in December 2023. The coordinators distributed the survey to intensivists, neurosurgeons, and other specialists treating aSAH patients in their respective countries. The survey contained 63 questions gathering background information, current aSAH pain management during the hospital stay and at hospital discharge, follow‐up, and preferred outcome measures regarding a clinical trial on pain management in aSAH. The results were analysed and presented descriptively.ResultsWe received 70 responses: 36 from Finland, 11 from Norway, 11 from Denmark, 5 from Sweden and 7 from Iceland. Respondents were intensivists (N = 46), neurosurgeons (N = 20), neurologists (N = 2), and others (N = 2). The most frequently used pain medications at ICUs were paracetamol, opioids, and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Most neurosurgeons (70%, N = 14) responded that they never prescribe opioids at hospital discharge for aSAH patients. The most preferred outcome for a clinical trial was patients' self‐reported quality of life.ConclusionsIn the Nordic countries, paracetamol, opioids, and NSAIDs were reported as the most frequently used analgesics in the management of aSAH related pain in the ICU. Use of gabapentinoids was commonly reported by Danish respondents, unlike respondents from other Nordic countries. Neurosurgeons reported that they rarely prescribe opioids at hospital discharge.Editorial CommentThis survey of Nordic clinicians involved in ICU and neurosurgical management of subarachnoid bleed (aneurysm) cases presents preferences for pain management in hospital and with discharge, as well as assessing clinician preferences for outcomes by which to assess pain management in these cases.

ABSTRACT Accurate land cover data and inflow estimates are important for hydrological modelling in lake catchments to enable efficient management. Flow model calibration is challenging in data-limited regions or where discharge measurements are difficult, such as braided river systems. This study applies the SWAT+ model to simulate daily flows in the Lake Opuha catchment, New Zealand, characterised by braided rivers flowing into a lake with a controlled outlet. The aim is to assess how flow simulations are influenced by improved land cover classification and calibration using different flow datasets. Objectives include updating bare land classes, developing a lake water balance model, and evaluating the effect of model parameters when using flow gauging station data and lake inflows for calibration. Results show that calibration with both flow gauge and lake water balance data provided reasonable streamflow simulations (calibration period: NSE = 0.63 and 0.58; validation period: NSE = 0.43 and 0.49). However, the model calibrated with lake water balance data achieved a greater reduction in flow prediction uncertainty. This study demonstrates that the lake water balance approach is a suitable method for model calibration in catchments with limited data.