Disaster Management Process Research Articles

Metanetwork Framework for Performance Analysis of Disaster Management System-of-Systems

The objective of this paper is to create and test an integrative framework for performance analysis of disaster management system-of-systems (DM-SoS). Effective disaster management systems and processes are critical for saving lives and protecting properties. However, the lack of integration between heterogeneous systems and entities involved in disaster management impacts coordination and operational efficiency. Greater integration and coordination among multiple heterogeneous entities is essential in improving performance and achieving network-centric disaster management. To address this gap, this paper, first examines the dimensions of analysis and a framework for a system-of-systems assessment of disaster management. In the proposed framework, the main entities include stakeholders, operations, resources, information, and infrastructure. Second, a metanetwork framework was employed to capture the network interactions among various types of entities. Then, measures of network efficiency (e.g., operational and coordination efficiency) were used to identify critical entities and evaluate the effectiveness of system integration strategies. The application of the proposed framework was shown in a case study of disaster management processes in the 2017 Hurricane Harvey. The findings highlight the importance of the SoS approach for evaluating the performance of disaster management processes under different disaster-induced perturbations (e.g., resources limitation, infrastructure disruptions, and lack of information). The findings also identify ways to improve system integration and coordination among various heterogeneous entities interacting in networks.

Disaster Crisis Communication Innovations

Disaster crisis communication is essential for providing adequate and successful disaster management process during disaster events. This article analyses the disaster communication in Thailand during the 2011 floods. The newspapers and government agencies found it difficult to provide timely and accessible flood information to the public. The methodology involves qualitative analysis of the data collected by questionnaire survey, key informant interviews and print news headlines from three leading newspapers in Thailand. The article involves adoption of structuration theory for analyzing the severe implication and inadequate crisis communication in Thailand during 2011 floods. The findings include the gaps in the disaster communication systems at the government level towards the local community. There is a need to provide user friendly disaster communication system to assist in resilient communities. All channels of communication including television and media, smartphones, open source data and social media must be incorporated in a comprehensive disaster communication system.

Building a Causal Loop of Disaster Management Process for Fine Dust Considering a Dynamic Life Cycle

본 연구의 목적은 시스템 다이나믹스를 활용하여 최근 국내에서 사회적 재난의 하나로 논의되고 있는 미세먼지에 대한 동태적 생애주기 인과지도를 구축하고, 지속가능한 도시 메타볼리즘 패러다임을 적용한 통합적인 미세먼지 재난관리 틀을 제안하는 것이다. 이러한 목표를 이루기 위해, 본 연구는 미세먼지 및 재난관리와 관련된 이전의 연구들을 통합적으로 검토했다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 미세먼지 재난의 주요 요인들을 추출하고, 생애주기에 따라 요인 상호 간의 부적 또는 양적 인과 관계를 확인하여 관계가 확인된 변수들을 지속가능 도시메타볼리즘의 주요요소인 경제, 사회, 환경의 특성 및 새로운 재난 관리단계에 따라 인과지도를 구축하였다. 새롭게 제안하는 재난관리 틀은 기존 재난관리의 단계 틀 보다 분류기준이 명확하고, 재난의 시간적 동태적 특성 및 지속가능성을 반영할 수 있어 미세먼지와 같은 사회적 재난을 미리 예측하고 모니터링하기 용이할 것이며, 이에 따라 정책결정 당국자들이 적절하고 빠르게 재난대응 계획을 수립하고 실행할 수 있게 할 것이다.

Impact of Climate Changes on Rural Livelihoods and Re-Orienting The Situation Through Human Resources Towards A Sustainable Society

Climate changes have intense impact on the natural resources, economic activities, food security, health and quality of life. The rural livelihoods are threatened by frequent climate changes because the rural people depend on natural resources. The natural-resource based rural livelihoods are likely to bear an inconsistent burden of the different impacts of climate changes.If the rural livelihoods are not protected from the effect of climate changes, the social and economic balances cannot possible.The livelihoods play major role for social and economic balances, but the frequent climate changes force them to take contrary decision. The rural livelihoods are migrating to other suitable places to persist their family life. Re-orienting the “Human Being” into “Human Resources” towards “Sustainable Society” is the effective initiative for safeguarding rural livelihoods and ensures sustainable development. Sustainable society is one that can avoid the critical dynamism and protect from the negative impact of repeated climate changes so that civilization can continue its long journey towards perfection. The research work was related to the ill effect of climate changes but the right initiatives with re-orienting the situation through human resources towards a sustainable society can solve the problems. Industries are establishing in rural areas by converting the land which results the rural livelihoods like farmers, agricultural laborers, fishermen, land owners, small traders, toilers, travelers etc. reducing from generation to generation. Although Central Government introduced some rural development schemes which are not reaching to the root level because of lack of direction to human resources. This paper unfolded the impact of climate changes on rural livelihoods and re-orienting the situation through human resources towards a sustainable society and suggested the ways of transforming the human being into human resources to take initiative for sustainable development. The study is empirical in nature and is based on collection of both quantitative and qualitative data through stratified random sample and selected 200 respondents belonging to both urban and rural society. The results of the research study were indicated the impacts of climate changes on rural livelihoods like droughts, floods, global warming, destroy crops and food production and causes disease and sometimes death. The urban people with the support of local government and NGO’s can take more initiative for conducting training programme, awareness camp related to the applicability of disaster management and rehabilitation process against the negative impacts of climate changes.

Discussion on the Main Points of Construction Quality Control of Geological Hazard Management Engineering

In recent years, geological disasters have occurred frequently in China, which not only have a serious impact on urban construction, but also directly threaten people's lives and property. In response to this situation, China must strengthen the control of the construction quality during process of geological disaster management to improve the construction quality. This paper mainly introduces the common geological disasters and the characteristics of geological disasters management projects, expounds the main control points and measures for quality of geological disaster management projects, thus promoting their construction quality.

Analysis of Budget Development Disaster Management in The Central Aceh District Disaster Management Agency

The purpose of this study is to examine and identify how the process of budgeting and budget allocation for programs and activities related to disaster management managed by the Central Aceh District Disaster Management Agency. This research is descriptive research using a qualitative method approach. From the research, it was found that the budgeting process of disaster management in the Central Aceh District Disaster Management Agency had been running well and in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations, with the composition of mitigation financing, which was 6.40% in 2014, 0.11 percent in 2015, 5.17% in 2016 5.38% in 2017 and 3.82% in 2018. For emergency response programs, the budget and financing are not budgeted into the budget of the Central Aceh District Disaster Management Agency, but rather into the eyes of the budgetary funds ready use the Regional Government of Central Aceh Regency, which at any time can be used according to the needs in accordance with the scale of the disaster and real needs in the field. The dominance of budget absorption is still widely used for routine office financing of 26% in 2014, 2.74% in 2015, 3.56% in 2016, 24.46% in 2017 and 39.43% in 2018.

The Challenges and Opportunities in Disaster Nursing Education in Turkey.

Despite the key role of nurses in the disaster management process, there are still few studies in Turkey that have investigated the unique role of nurses in disasters. The aim of this study is to assess the challenges and opportunities in disaster nursing education in Turkey. In this context, this article will discuss disaster nursing, the role of nurses in disasters, and topics related to disaster nursing education within the framework of the current national and international literature, and provide recommendations. An integrative narrative analysis was conducted of studies published in English and Turkish in the literature between 2011 and 2016. This study has found that the inadequacies in the fields of education, practice, and research present the most important challenges of disaster nursing education in Turkey, and due to these challenges disaster nursing in Turkey is not very well known and has not sufficiently developed. The results of this study indicate that there is a need for conducting undergraduate and graduate disaster nursing education on the national and international scale and delivering in-service training programs for working nurses.

A State of Biopreparedness

Introduction:Westmead Hospital (WMH) recognized gaps in its preparedness to respond to the Ebola 2014 outbreak in West Africa. A fragmented system was identified. A ‘State of Bio-preparedness’ project team convened to discuss all healthcare services in the planning, training, and implementation of a biopreparedness response.Methods:A survey targeting the staff’s competence and confidence in biologically hazardous infection management was conducted. Semi-structured interviews explored staff members’ experiences and perspectives of biopreparedness response. The collaborative team called “State of Biopreparedness” (SOB) was assembled and a clinical practice improvement project was undertaken. To assess readiness, nine simulated Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF) exercises involving staff and consumers were conducted. These exercises were debriefed by the multidisciplinary committee and themes and issues were identified. These nine simulation drills then assessed readiness and evaluated performance.Results:A number of consistent issues continue to emerge including: 1.A standard communication pathway for notification was needed - use of the incident paging system (111 pages) to notify the hospital’s incident management team.2.A consistent and coordinated approach to the training and maintenance of standardized and high-level Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) protocols for frontline clinical and clinical staff was required.3.Clear delineation of roles and responsibilities and supporting these roles by translating the VHF Control Guideline and policy into task cards and checklists.4.Strengthening intra- and interdepartmental staff collaboration and communication.5.Infection control measures to be taken by staff after identifying a patient with possible VHF to reduce the risk of transmission of disease to staff, other patients, and visitors.Discussion:Integrating disaster management processes with clinical protocols had a positive impact on the hospital’s biopreparedness response. Simulation exercises were a vital and practical way for staff to feel confident and competent to perform their roles.

Measuring Student Nurses’ Preparedness and Resilience for a Disaster Setting

Introduction:Nurses have long been utilized in disaster response and recovery and they possess broad skill sets, which are critical in times of crisis. However, studies show that more than 80% of nurses who volunteered in disasters settings have no disaster education.Aim:This project explored the disaster knowledge, preparedness, and resilience of 2nd and 3rd-year undergraduate student nurses in a Bachelor of Nursing Science program in a regional university to garner support for the introduction of dedicated disaster nursing education, which is currently absent from Australian undergraduate nursing curricula. Whilst disaster management processes in Australia are robust and Australian health care systems have explicit plans in place, the same cannot be said for all countries and health care systems. Australian trained nurses are highly valued and actively sought in the global health workforce market. In a world marked by increasing change and instability, the lack of dedicated disaster education and skills in the largest health workforce increases the overall vulnerability.Methods:Data were collected using the Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, simple demographics, and a previous disaster experience questionnaire.Results:The results highlight important gaps in current practice and vulnerabilities in the current disaster management framework. Local students scored higher results in preparedness and resilience.Discussion:Student nurses are an underutilized resource in disaster preparation and by response teams around the world. With a global intent of shared responsibility and increased resilience in individuals and communities before, during, and after disaster events, dedicated capacity building of nursing staff has the potential to address key factors and simultaneously utilize an underappreciated demographic of student nurses. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this project is the first to explore disaster knowledge, preparedness, and resilience in undergraduate student nurses using validated disaster preparedness and resilience tools in Australia.

A Survey on Unmanned Surface Vehicles for Disaster Robotics: Main Challenges and Directions.

Disaster robotics has become a research area in its own right, with several reported cases of successful robot deployment in actual disaster scenarios. Most of these disaster deployments use aerial, ground, or underwater robotic platforms. However, the research involving autonomous boats or Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) for Disaster Management (DM) is currently spread across several publications, with varying degrees of depth, and focusing on more than one unmanned vehicle—usually under the umbrella of Unmanned Marine Vessels (UMV). Therefore, the current importance of USVs for the DM process in its different phases is not clear. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey about the applications and roles of USVs for DM, as far as we know. This work demonstrates that there are few current deployments in disaster scenarios, with most of the research in the area focusing on the technological aspects of USV hardware and software, such as Guidance Navigation and Control, and not focusing on their actual importance for DM. Finally, to guide future research, this paper also summarizes our own contributions, the lessons learned, guidelines, and research gaps.

Proposta Metodológica para o Mapeamento da Vulnerabilidade a Inundações

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia para mapear a vulnerabilidade a inundacao em diferentes fases do gerenciamento de desastres no municipio de Igrejinha, RS. Ao total, foram utilizados 10 indicadores distribuidos em 3 dimensoes de vulnerabilidade, os quais foram espacializados com o uso do metodo de mapeamento dasimetrico. Por meio do metodo Processo Analitico Hierarquico (AHP), solicitou-se a 21 especialistas que atribuissem pesos de importância para cada um dos indicadores durante duas fases do gerenciamento de desastres: resposta e recuperacao. Por fim, foram elaborados mapas comparativos, por meio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento disponiveis em Sistemas de Informacao Geografica. Destaca-se como resultado as diferencas apresentadas entre fases resposta e recuperacao, nas dimensoes e no mapa final de vulnerabilidade a inundacoes.

Little details that make a difference: A value-based approach to disaster management

Even the most prepared organisations are likely to be severely affected during an incident if they fail to recall certain little details. Little details bridge the gap between expected and real future scenarios. They are crucial for the management of natural and man-made disasters and can be considered enablers of success. The existing literature focuses extensively on major aspects of disaster management, including mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery, while paying less attention to other details that can contribute positively to the overall success of the disaster and emergency management process. This study aims at: (1) identifying little details that make a positive difference in the event of a disaster; (2) investigating the value of these details to overall disaster and emergency management; and (3) introducing a value-based approach to disaster and emergency management.

Disaster risks and management policies and practices in Nigeria: A critical appraisal of the National Emergency Management Agency Act

Disasters, whether natural or man-made, remain a major challenge to achieving global sustainability. Findings show that Nigeria is prone to disasters such as destructive storms, desertification, drought and flood. It is generally recognized that there is the need to advance policies and practices to reduce the risk of disasters, and one way to reduce such risks is to ensure that laws are put in place to ensure effective integration of DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction) policies in disaster management processes. Many nations have accordingly formulated disaster management laws and are using same in their countries. As nations search for solutions to challenges facing sustainability, such laws need to be subjected to critical appraisals from time to time. It is against this background that this study carried out an appraisal of Nigeria's NEMA (National Emergency Management Agency) Act with a view to ascertaining its effectiveness and efficiency in dealing with disasters in the country. It was observed that the Act focuses more on establishment and functioning of the nodal agency (NEMA) for disaster management rather than on development of action plans for mitigating or preventing or minimizing the risks of disasters in the country. It was further discovered that the Act lacks a clear-cut direction on resource mobilization for disaster management by the stakeholders and also does not confer on the nodal Agency the power to compel other government and private agencies to integrate disaster risk reduction in their operations. The Act, therefore, should be reviewed to ensure centrality in the coordination of disaster management by stakeholders, empower the nodal agency to be more proactive than reactive in its operations and also to guarantee that funding of disaster management operations becomes the responsibility of all stakeholders in the country.

The evolution of collaborative networks towards more polycentric disaster responses between the 2015 and 2016 Myanmar floods

Disaster management processes include many organizations, and collaboration among them is important for effective disaster management. This study examines how changes in the regime between 2015 and 2016 influenced the patterns of collaborative tie formations among stakeholders, including the military, in the process of disaster response to the Myanmar floods. Changes in the positions and roles of the involved organizations are analysed by comparing the structures of networks over time using social network analysis. The overall networking structures for the disaster response also changed from military-centred in 2015 to multifocal and polycentric interactions in 2016. This study indicates that several disaster contextual factors, including the regime change in 2016, the resultant organizational restructuring of Myanmar's disaster management organizations and the different magnitudes of disaster between the two events, may be associated with such changes in the disaster response organizations’ positions, roles, and patterns of interactions between the 2015 and 2016 flood management cases.

A Framework for Enhancing Real-time Social Media Data to Improve Disaster Management Process

Abstract. Social Media datasets are playing a vital role to provide information that can support decision making in nearly all domains of technology. It is due to the fact that social media is a quick and economical approach for data collection from public through methods like crowdsourcing. It is already proved by existing research that in case of any disaster (natural or man-made) the information extracted from Social Media sites is very critical to Disaster Management Systems for response and reconstruction. This study comprises of two components, the first part proposes a framework that provides updated and filtered real time input data for the disaster management system through social media and the second part consists of a designed web user API for a structured and defined real time data input process. This study contributes to the discipline of design science for the information systems domain. The aim of this study is to propose a framework that can filter and organize data from the unstructured social media sources through recognized methods and to bring this retrieved data to the same level as that of taken through a structured and predefined mechanism of a web API. Both components are designed to a level such that they can potentially collaborate and produce updated information for a disaster management system to carry out accurate and effective.

Suggestion on How to Improve the Pre-disaster Impact System: As a Comparison of Environmental Impact Assessment System

This research has shown Pre-Disaster Impact Assessment System (Pre-DIAS) that analyzes Post-Disaster Impact Assessment System (Post-DIAS)and Environmental Impact Assessment System (EIAS). In order to improve current Pre-DIAS, there are 2 different ideas has been suggested. First of all, based on government policy system, Administration disaster management Plan and Process minimization of Developing business establishing are possible to improve Pre-DIAS. This is because Pre-DIAS has not been evaluated in person on the scene. Second, Disaster Integrated Management System (DIMS) and Post-DIAS are suggested that those systems are not exist in Korea. DIMS and Post-DIAS play a significant role in monitoring a disaster management operation system in Korea. Keywords: Environmental Impact Assessment, Pre-disaster Impact Assessment, Total Management System

Community vulnerability and resilience in disaster risk reduction: an example from Phojal Nalla, Himachal Pradesh, India

International Disaster Risk Reduction Frameworks and Indian Plans advocate shared responsibility for reducing disaster risk, in which community vulnerability and resilience conditions are central. This paper presents a case study from the Indian Himalaya (Kullu District) of community vulnerability and resilience conditions following damaging floods, primarily the 1994 Phojal Nalla flood, through the concepts of community heritage and capital. Data were collected in the period 2013–2016, using semi-structured interviews (n = 129), village reconnaissance and archival/contemporary data searches. The connections between heritage, capital, vulnerability and resilience are complex, but results demonstrate ‘knowledge’ is the principal driver of resilience conditions, via facets of heritage (e.g. religious infrastructure and activities, traditional architectural vernacular, and multi-generational attachments to place) and capital (e.g. income diversification, access to communication technologies, societal welfare measures and positive interactions with water). Persisting vulnerabilities stem from differential access to and implementation of best practice knowledge, governed by social, economic and political conditions. Further improvements in risk reduction require greater consideration of the following: (1) the integration of community local knowledge into the overall disaster management process; (2) the opportunities offered by mobile phone and other technologies for generating and sharing knowledge across society; and (3) the value of under-utilised knowledge of past disaster events, assembled from a systematic evaluation of oral, documentary and landscape evidence, to risk reduction.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE SENSING BASED DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND DECISION SUPPORT PLATFORM: AYDES

Abstract. The accelerated developments in information technology in recent years, increased the amount of usage of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) in disaster management considerably and the access from mobile and web-based platforms to continuous, accurate and sufficient data needed for decision-making became easier accordingly. The Disaster Management and Decision Support System (AYDES) has been developed with the purpose of managing the disaster and emergency management processes effectively and creating a management model based on an IT infrastructure and a decision support system required for both pre-disaster risk reduction & preparation and post-disaster respond & recovery stages. The system is a holistic platform integrated with many internal and external systems and services, including desktop, mobile and web-based applications that utilize GIS and RS technologies. AYDES has been prepared especially according to the content of the National Disaster Response Plan of Turkey and designed to be easily used by the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD), collaborative Ministries, private institutions and provincial organizations. AYDES is an integrated framework enabling the execution of processes effectively. AYDES already has approximately 6,200 active users from the central and provincial organizations of AFAD and other public institutions and organizations. AYDES consists of three core components with their sub components, namely "Incident Command System", "Spatial Information System" and "Recovery Information System". Mobile software tools that can deliver real-time information to the web-based core components of AYDES that consists of applications used for mapping during both post-disaster damage detection and pre-disaster risk reduction. Additionally, in case of a need to disaster event inventories, potentially vulnerable assets, hazard – risk data, affected areas of probable or actual disasters, damage detection results and such data and analyses, two software tools have been developed, namely AYDES-RS, a desktop image processing and analysis software and AYDES-CS, a web-based crowdsourcing software tool whereas two of them enable to allow the use of imagery acquired by remote (space/aerial) technologies for various analyses before and after a disaster. AYDES is a software, data and analysis platform that provide accurate and current disaster and emergency data, reports, statistics, job inspections, queries, analyses etc. at every stages before and after the disaster.

Social Media-Based Identifier for Natural Disaster

This article proposes a conceptual framework design tool to implement Secure Place Locator (SPL) that can help the process of Disaster Management (DM) through utilizing social media, in which this software can inform disaster site and safe point for casualities evacuation in real time with Geographic Information System (GIS) aid. The discussion is limited to the system design, with design methodology tool as an adaptation of the model development System of Design Life Cycle (SDLC), which includes the following stages: problem identification and selection, initiation and planning, analysis, and design. The analysis of formulated design is expected to handle disaster evacuation quickly and appropriately, this device will have a significant impact in the evacuation process (recovery) of victims by discovering a safe point of evacuation in order that help is given on target and evenly. The benefit of SPL implementation is that SPL can map position, quantity, density, and incident in the disaster site, so that DM process can be performed quickly and accurately.

The rank of capacity of people at Karo district in encountering volcano disaster

It had been more than 400 hundred years since Mount Sinabung last eruption. Hence, people have built settlements at its slope. However, in 2010, the mount began to erupt and consequently more than 10.000 ha farmland damaged and more than 28.000 people evacuated. Until now, it has been 7 years since the eruption and no one knows when it stops. Who will help the community when disaster strikes? Based on experience, the fastest aid always comes from the adjacent community. Therefore, the first helper, which are expected, is from the adjacent community or from the victims themselves. This research aims to find the level of capacity of victims of Mt. Sinabung disaster in encountering the disaster at every process of disaster management. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The data obtained from interviews and focus discussion group (FGD). Interview conducted to get what the community has been done at every phase of management. This study found that rank of the capacity of villagers at every phase of disaster management in general is very low. They only reach the phase of understanding, but not motivated or search much information about prevention, mitigation and response.