We investigated the effects of in ovo injection of methionine (Met) and/or disaccharide (DS) on breast muscle and small intestine development, and the aspect of the glycogen contents, digestive enzymes activities, and jejunal antioxidant parameters in geese after incubation. A total of 600 fertilized eggs were used in this study to be employed in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. Eggs were randomly assigned to 4 groups, 6 replicates per group, and 25 eggs per replicate. Factors in four groups included non-injection, Met injection (5 g/L Met dissolved in 7.5 g/L NaCl), DS injection (25 g/L maltose and 25 g/L sucrose dissolved in 7.5 g/L NaCl), and DS plus Met injection (25 g/L maltose, 25 g/L sucrose, and 5 g/L Met dissolved in 7.5 g/L NaCl). As a result, birth weight, relative weight of breast muscle, diameter of myofiber, glycogen contents, jejunal villus and surface area, and jejunal digestive enzymes activities improved, while liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity decreased, by DS injection. Additionally, DS administration upregulated the expression of myogenic factor-5 (Myf-5) from breast muscle and sodium/glucose cotransporter protein-1 (SGLT-1) from jejunum. In ovo delivery of DS has long-term effects on the improvement of jejunal glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) and sucrase-isomaltase expression. In ovo feeding of Met improved the relative weight of breast muscle and small intestine, diameter of myofiber, length of small intestine, jejunal villus width, jejunal sucrase, Na+/K+ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities, and jejunal glutathione (GSH) concentration, and decreased the jejunal glutathione disulfide (GSSH) and the ratio of GSSG to GSH, in early-life post-hatching. The breast muscle Myf-5 and myostatin expression, jejunal villus height and surface area, jejunal glutathione peroxidase concentration, and the expression of GLUT-2 in jejunum long-term improved by in ovo delivery of Met. Moreover, in ovo feeding of DS plus Met mixture synergistically improved the diameter of myofiber, jejunal villus height and width, jejunal sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in early-life post-hatching, but long-term upregulated the expression of jejunal GLUT-2. Therefore, we concluded that in ovo injection of Met plus DS is an effective way to improve the development of gosling during post-hatching stages.

Effects of methionine and/or disaccharide injected in the amnion of geese on post-hatching pectoral muscle and small intestine development, glycogen reserves, jejunum morphology, and digestive enzymes activities

A completely randomized design employing a 2 × 2 factorial experiment was designed in this study to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of disaccharide (DS) and/or methionine (Met) on hatchability, growth performance, blood hematology, and serum antioxidant parameters in geese. A total of 600 fertilized geese's eggs containing live embryo were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 6 replicates and 25 eggs per replicate. Factors in four groups comprised noninjection, DS injection (25g/L maltose + 25g/L sucrose + 7.5g/L NaCl), Met injection (5g/L Met + 7.5g/L NaCl), or DS plus Met injection (25g/L maltose + 25g/L sucrose + 5g/L Met + 7.5g/L NaCl), respectively. We found that the administration of DS in embryo increased hatching time, yolk sac-free carcass weight, yolk sac-free carcass indexes and decreased assisted hatching ratio, yolk sac weight, yolk sac indexes, but did not affect hatchability and mortality. Moreover, higher body weight and serum glucose concentrations in DS injection group compared with noninjection group were observed on day of hatching. The body weight and average daily gain (ADG) of geese in DS injection group were higher than noninjection group after incubation. In ovo injection of Met increased hatching time and yolk sac-free carcass indexes, but decreased yolk sac indexes. In addition, the strategy of in ovo feeding of Met led to higher body weight, ADG, serum uric acid, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase concentrations, as well as lower GSSG/GSH ratio, serum glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations than the noninjection group on day of hatching. The post-hatching body weight, ADG, serum total protein, albumin, and uric acid concentrations increased, whereas post-hatching serum GSSG and MDA concentrations and GSSG/GSH ratio decreased when injected with Met. In addition, synergistic effects of in ovo injection of DS plus Met on hatching time as well as post-hatching body weight and ADG were observed. Therefore, in ovo injection of DS plus Met was demonstrated to be a way to improve the development of geese during early incubation stages.

A mass spectrometry (MS) method that detects a serum disaccharide (DS) (MS-DS) was recently described for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (IFI). We carried out a European collaborative study to evaluate this assay. Patients with the following IFI were selected according to the availability of sera obtained at about the time that IFI was documented: invasive candidiasis (IC; n = 26 patients), invasive aspergillosis (IA; n = 19), and mucormycosis (MM; n = 23). Control sera originated from 20 neutropenic patients and 20 patients with bacteremia. MS-DS was carried out in blind manner for the diagnosis of IFI. A diagnosis of IC or IA was confirmed by detection of mannan (Man) or galactomannan (GM), respectively, associated with detection of (1,3)-β-d-glucan (BDG) in both infections. MM was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). All tests discriminated sera from patients with IC from sera from control subjects with bacteremia (P ≤ 0.0009). For IC, the MS-DS sensitivity and specificity were 51% and 87%, respectively. MS-DS complemented the high specificity of Man monitoring. All tests discriminated sera from IA patients from sera from neutropenic controls (P ≤ 0.0009). For IA, MS-DS sensitivity and specificity were 64% and 95%, respectively. Only 13/36 serum samples from patients with MM were concordant by MS-DS and qPCR (6 were positive, and 7 were negative); 14 were positive by MS-DS alone. qPCR and MS-DS made a similar contribution to the diagnosis of MM. In patients undergoing long-term monitoring, the persistent circulation of serum disaccharide was observed, whereas DNA was detected only for a short period after initiation of treatment. MS-DS has an important role to play in the early diagnosis of IFI. Its panfungal nature and complementarity with other tests may justify its use in the management of IFI.

Trehalose, a disaccharide of glucose, is a naturally occurring nontoxic and nonreducing bioactive sugar. Trehalose is synthetized by many organisms when cells are exposed to stressful conditions, including dehydration, heat, oxidation, hypoxia or even anoxia. Although trehalose is not synthesized by mammalian cells, it has recently been demonstrated to have a number of important properties that indicate its utility in humans. Trehalose enables wound healing by protecting cells, especially cell membranes, from oxidative injury and dessication. When the injured cornea is treated with trehalose, corneal inflammation, scar formation and corneal neovascularization are suppressed. In dry eye disease, trehalose decreased cell apoptosis and reduced oxidative, inflammatory and proteolytic activity at the ocular surface. In UVB irradiated cornea, trehalose suppressed photodamage evoked by UVB rays. It decreased the intracorneal inflammation and reduced corneal neovascularization. Trehalose prevented postoperative fibrous scar formation after ocular surgery, such as glaucoma filtration surgery. The non-toxicity of trehalose allows its administration in humans for extended periods and enables its use in various disease states.

Nutrition treatment plays an important role in the treatment and follow-up management of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The theory of specific carbohydrate diet(SCD), first presented in 1951, is a strict diet limitation focused on the sorts of carbohydrate: monosaccharide is the only kind of carbohydrate that is permitted, disaccharide and most complex carbohydrate like polysaccharide and starch are eliminated, intake of protein and fat is not limited, and processed meat and other processed food are cut down appropriately.Currently, mechanism of SCD diet′s treatment efficacy on IBD is not elucidated clearly.The hypothesis of this theory is: (1) Bowel inflammation of IBD patients leads to the decline of disaccharidase′s function, thus glucose, galactose and fructose are the only kinds of carbohydrate that can be absorbed.(2)Occurrence of IBD is related to the disorder of bowel bacteria.The change of diet may regulate the bowel bacteria, which may be helpful to the symptoms of IBD.Retrospective case studies and case reports preliminarily indicated the efficacy of SCD in improving pediatric IBD symptoms and maintenance of clinical remission.However, high level evidence is still required to support the hypothesis.The limitation of carbohydrate by SCD would be the clue for the diet of pediatric IBD patients.However, the menu should be formulated according to the eating habits and the available food, as well as the requirement of the growth and development in children. Key words: Specific carbohydrate diet; Inflammatory bowel disease; Child

A preliminary study of dental caries among children of San Jose, Costa Rica, is presented, based on present knowledge of the role of sugar in caries, and of the importance of its bacteriological diagnosis. Current methods for the latter are discussed, stressing the need for proper identification of Lactobacillus acidophilus colonies. Dextrose-broth and tomato-agar (pH 5) cultures, the most frequent methods for Lactobacillus counts, are not recommended for use in humid tropical regions; tomato-agar in particular is highly susceptible to contamination. Rogassa, or LBS, medium, on the other hand, proved satisfactory. Snyder's colorimetric method is recommended for determination at the clinic of the patient's susceptibility to caries, and as an auxilliary method in Lactobacillus counts. Cultures in peptonized milk are not recommended because of results dis­agreeing with those obtained by other methods. Cases studied were classified in four general categories according to the usual amount of sugar in the diet: I-Occasional: scanty, taken with meals as desserts, pastries, etc. II-Moderate: taken with meals, in beverages, cereals, desserts, etc. III-Frequent: taken with meals, in beverages, cereals, desserts, etc., and moderately between meals in ice cream, pastries, soft drinks, etc. IV-Exeessive: taken abundantly with meals and between meals, In ex­cess in beverages, candy, soft drinks, pastries, etc. From the study of 107 cases, the following conclusions are derived: 1. The results support entirely the thesis that the etiologic factor in dental canes is sugar intake. 2. While the comparison of cases does not allow a statement that a given sugar intake results in a particular number of caries, in the majority of cases a certain general relation is seen to exist between the usual amount of sugar in the diet, the Lactobacillus count, and the number of cavities (Graph 1). A small number of cases were found in which the number of caries was either very high, or else very low, for the Lactobacillus count and the sugar intake reported (Graphs 1 and 2). 3. These deviations from the general trend are explained as the effect of a variety of factors: a) a certain immunity or resistance to caries exhibited by a number of indi­viduals who develop no caries, or very few, even when sugar is included in the diet. The protective factor is known to be present in saliva, although the calcification and position of the teeth may also be important. b) Age, as the susceptible period is over short1y after twenty years. e) The time of taking the samples of saliva, as the counts are higher immediately after meals. 4. Two cases were found with no cavities. In one, an extremely low Lac­tobacillus count appeared to be one of the factors, and may correspond to an extremely low sugar intake, or else to a high natural resistance. In the other, the high Lactobacillus count justified the assumption that caries would develop in the near future. 5. The intake of sugar between meals appears to be more damaging than with meals. 6. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are the usual causative factors of caries, although in highly susceptible individuals there is also a certain action of polysaccharides. 7. The DMF index is considerably high for Costa Rican children between 3 and 6 years; 14 between 7 and 10 years; and 20 between 11 and 16 years - which stresses the need for investigation o f sugar content in their usual diet, and for some solution of the problem of constant consumption of candy and pastry. The need for public education of these points is emphasized.

Lactose is a disaccharide found mostly in milk product. Lactose can cause digestive problem that commonly known as lactose intolerant. Manufacturer pre-treated the milk to produce lactose-free milk. This study aims to investigate the effect of impeller design on the rate of reaction of lactose hydrolysis in batch reactor by utilising immobilised enzyme. Lactose hydrolysis reactions were carried out by adding s-galactosidase (enzyme) into the milk. Alginate was utilised to immobilise the enzyme in order to reuse, enhanced stability and rapid separation of enzymes from the reaction mixture. In this reaction glucose was produced; hence increase sweetness of the milk. Replacing conventional enzymatic processes with immobilised (support) enzyme provides many advantages such as increase the enzyme activity, selectivity, stability and easy recovery from the reaction medium for their reuse. The rate of product formation with different variable such as agitation speed (150 rpm, 250 rpm and 300 rpm) and type of impeller (pitch blade turbine, Rushton turbine, marine propeller and pitch paddle) were investigated. It was found that the highest product formation was with marine propeller at speed 150 rpm with production rate 8.2 mg/L.min, followed by Rushton turbine at speed 250 rpm and pitch blade turbine at speed 300 rpm with production rate 6.2 mg/L.min and 5.4 mg/L.min. Pitch blade shown average of production rate around 3.4 - 4.6 mg/L.min.

We determined the hyaluronic acid disaccharides, delta Di-HA, in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and whole saliva of patients with periodontal disease, and in the peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) from sites around titanium osseointegrated implants, and compared these values with those in the GCF and whole saliva of controls. We also determined values for chondroitin sulfate disaccharide isomers at the same time. Glycosaminoglycans were extracted by digestion with Pronase E, followed by digestion of GAGs with hyaluronidase SD and chondroitinase ACII. Unsaturated disaccharide isomers produced from hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The hyaluronic acid disaccharide delta Di-HA was found in all samples of GCF, PISF and whole saliva. The concentration of delta Di-HA in both GCF and whole saliva of the periodontitis group was greater than that in the controls. There was no difference in the concentration of delta Di-HA between the PISF and GCF of the controls. The ratios of hyaluronic acid to chondroitin sulfate in the GCF and in the whole saliva of the periodontitis group were significantly lower than that of the controls. There was no difference between the ratios in PISF and those in GCF of the controls. These results indicate that checking hyaluronic acid in GCF and whole saliva using HPLC is a useful means of assessing the condition of periodontal tissues, and that assaying hyaluronic acid in PISF may also be effective for monitoring the condition of tissues around dental implants.

We investigated changes in the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during progression of a human gingival carcinoma xenograft line, GK -1, in nude mice. The GAGs extracted from cancers 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 weeks after transplantation consisted of hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) as major components, and dermatan sulfate (DS) as a trace component for all cancers. HPLC analysis revealed that the HA content per defatted tissue dry weight increased in the cancers 5 weeks after transplantation compared to those of 3 weeks (p < 0.05), while CS for cancers at 10 weeks decreased compared with 7 weeks (p < 0.05). However, HS showed no significant change. Both the CS and DS contained primarily 4-sulfated disaccharide units. Immunohistochemical staining with antibody 2-B-6 for the PGs having delta DI-4S produced by chondroitinase ABC digestion showed that CS is located in the tissue surrounding the cancer nests and mass. These results indicate that the location of accumulation of CS, which primarily contains 4-sulfated disaccharide units, plays an important role in cancer progression.

We investigated the chondroitin sulfate in human periodontal samples (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone) collected for orthodontic reasons. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were extracted from the periodontium by enzyme digestion, and unsaturated disaccharide isomers of chondroitin sulfate were obtained by chondroitinase ACII and hyaluronidase digestion. The isomers were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chondroitin sulfate was found in all four types of periodontal tissue; its unsaturated disaccharide isomers consisted in delta Di-0S, delta Di-6S, delta Di-4S, delta Di-diSE and delta Di-triS. These four types of periodontal tissue showed different molar ratios of the unsaturated disaccharides. The ratio of delta Di-4S to delta Di-6S was greater in the calcified than in the uncalcified tissue.

e15699Background: PEGylated recombinant human hyaluronidase (PEGPH20) degrades stromal and tissue hyaluronan (HA) in preclinical pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) models. From an ongoing phase...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder in glucose and fat metabolism and has become a major public concern in worldwide. Xylobiose consists of two molecules of xylose and is a major disaccharide in a well‐known sweetener, xylo‐oligosaccharide. Although it has been reported the hypoglycemic effect of xylo‐oligosaccharide, the physiological effect of xylobiose on blood glucose and lipogenesis has not been evaluated. The objective of study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipogenic effect of xylobiose in db/db mice. Five‐ week old male C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice were randomized into 3 groups as follows: (1) a control group of C57BL/6 mice that received AIN93G (Ctrl), (2) a diabetic control group of C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice that received AIN93G (DB), and (3) a group that supplemented with 5% xylobiose as part of the total sucrose content of the diet (XB5). Mice were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Supplementation of xylobiose reduced food and water intake and improved glucose tolerance by reducing the levels of oral glucose tolerance test area under the curve, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA‐IR. These results indicate xylobiose attenuates hyperglycemia by regulating insulin and blood glucose metabolism. In addition, xylobiose supplementation significantly decreased the levels of TG, total cholesterol, and LDL‐C. Histopathologically, fat accumulation in liver tissues was reduced in XB 5 group. Expressions of lipogenic genes, including, FAS, PPARγ, SREBP‐1C, SREBP‐2, ACC, and HMG‐CoA reductase in liver tissues were significantly down‐regulated by xylobiose supplementation. Furthermore, xylobiose supplementation suppressed the mRNA expressions of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and MCP‐1 and phosphorylation of three MAPK, such as JNK/SAPK, p38, and ERK (1/2). Taken together, xylobiose exhibits considerable anti‐diabetic, hypolipogenic, and anti‐inflammatory alternation in db/db mice.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by High Value‐added Food Technology Development Program (Project number: 313024‐03‐2‐HD040), Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea, and Brain Korea 21 Plus (Project No. 22A20130012143)

A metabolome is the collection of all the metabolites in a biological system. Dietary changes such as lowering levels of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) can improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and are known to affect the types of bacteria in the bowel. To determine the possible systemic effect of FODMAPs, researchers evaluated their effect on metabolomes such as urinary metabolomes. …

The synthesis of landomycin D, the disaccharide congener of landomycins, detailing the assembly of the 2-deoxy-sugar units onto the angucycline aglycon is described.

Objective To investigate the significance and possible mechanism of food intolerance in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Methods Twenty-seven IBS-D patients matched the Rome Ⅲ criteria were selected as IBS-D group. Twenty-seven healthy individuals without gastrointestinal symptoms were assigned to control group. Food intolerance situation of two groups were analyzed with food intolerance status evaluation questionnaire, and detection of 14 food specific IgG antibody. The severity of IBS symptoms of IBS-D group were scored by IBS-symptom severity scale (SSS). Two pieces of mucosal tissues of both ileocecal junction and sigmoid colon were obtained under colonoscopy. The content of mucosal substance P (SP) was determined by immunohistochemistry.The quantity of mast cells were detected by Giemsa staining. Chi square test and Fisher exact probability method were performed for rate comparison between two groups.Measurement data were compared with t test and Mann-Whitney rank sum test.The correlation between IBS-SSS score and mast cells and the expression of SP positive cells were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation analysis. Results There was no statistically significant difference in positive rates of food specific IgG between two groups (χ2=3.085, P=0.389), however according to food intolerance status evaluation questionnaire, the incidence of food intolerance of IBS-D group was 44.4%(12/27) which was higher than that of control group (14.8%, 4/27), the difference was statistically (χ2=5.684, P=0.017). Food intolerance severity index of IBS-D group (median: 0(0, 60)) was higher than that of control group (median: 0(0, 0)), and the difference was statistically significant (U=239.50, P=0.007). In foods that may cause intolerance, the percentage of foods rich in fermentable oligosaccharides and monosaccharides, disaccharides and polyol (FODMAP) such as milk, noodles, soybeans was up to 71.4% (30/42). The expression tates of SP positive cells in the mucosa of ileocecal junction and sigmoid colon of patients with IBS-D were higher than those of the control group (χ2=20.735 and 22.071, both P<0.01). The numbers of mast cell in the mucosa of ileocecal junction and sigmoid colonic of patients with IBS-D (2.40±1.04/high power field(HPF) and 2.35±1.11/HPF) were more than those of the control group (0.97±0.70/HPF and 0.89±0.72/HPF), and the difference was statistically significant (t=-5.850 and -5.629, both P<0.01). The severity of bowel symptom of patients with IBS-D was moderately correlated with the number of mast cells in the mucosa of sigmoid colon (r=0.576, P=0.002), and was moderately correlated with the expression of SP positive cells (r=0.691, P<0.01). Conclusions There may be relation ship among low-grade inflammation of intestinal mucosa, food intolerance and severity of intestinal symptoms in patients with IBS-D. Key words: Food intolerance; Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome; Mast cells; Substance P

ABSTRACTNew functional elastic polyurethane foams (PUF) degradable under environmental abiotic and biotic factors, retaining all the inherent properties of the conventional foams were synthesized using isocyanate precursors based on disaccharides (DS): lactose, maltose and saccharose. It was shown by the model reactions of monosaccharide glucose, and DS lactose and saccharose, with phenylisocyanate that both the primary and secondary hydroxyls of the carbohydrates reacted to form urethanes. The main properties of DS‐based foams (PUF/DS) were found to be similar to PUF foam (matrix) prepared with conventional polyols. However, the new PUF/DS were found to undergo enhanced acid/alkaline hydrolysis and degradation compared with PUF matrix when incubated in soil. Mass losses of incubated PUF/DSs significantly exceeded the actual carbohydrate content 28.6%, and in 12 months reached 39.58 (PUF‐4), 53.31(PUF‐8), and 47.25 (PUF‐12). In contrast, under the same conditions PUF matrix lost only 2–2.5%, confirming that incorporation of natural compounds into the polymer chain impacted the degradation processes. PUF/DS were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, ebullioscopy, and exclusion chromatography (molecular masses and molecular mass distribution of the oligomeric model), physical and mechanical tests (density, tensile strength, relative elongation, moisture absorption, vapor permeability), morphology, and degradation in the soil. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42131.

Liu, L., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Nan, L., Nan, H., Wang, S. and Li, H. 2015. Effects of different photorespiration inhibitors on photosynthetic characteristics and berry quality of Vitis amurensis Rupr. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 417-426. The effects of two photorespiration inhibitors on photosynthetic characteristics and berry quality of Vitis amurensis Rupr. were studied. The experiments used V. amurensis variety ‘Shuang hong’ as the experimental grape, NaHSO3 (sodium bisulfite) and isoniazide (INH) as the photorespiration inhibitors with three different spray concentrations, respectively. Results show that both photorespiration inhibitors improved the soluble solids (SS) contents and SS/total acid (TA) ratios (except the 350 mg L-1 INH treatment) in V. amurensis berries; two inhibitors can also improve the concentrations of glucose, sucrose, arabinose, lactose as well as monosaccharides (MS) and MS+disaccharides (DS) contents, and at the same time decrease the TA contents in V. amurensis berries. Meanwhile, al...

Liu, L., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Nan, L., Nan, H., Wang, S. and Li, H. 2015. Effects of different photorespiration inhibitors on photosynthetic characteristics and berry quality of Vitis amurensis Rupr. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 417–426. The effects of two photorespiration inhibitors on photosynthetic characteristics and berry quality of Vitis amurensis Rupr. were studied. The experiments used V. amurensis variety ‘Shuang hong’ as the experimental grape, NaHSO3 (sodium bisulfite) and isoniazide (INH) as the photorespiration inhibitors with three different spray concentrations, respectively. Results show that both photorespiration inhibitors improved the soluble solids (SS) contents and SS/total acid (TA) ratios (except the 350 mg L−1 INH treatment) in V. amurensis berries; two inhibitors can also improve the concentrations of glucose, sucrose, arabinose, lactose as well as monosaccharides (MS) and MS+disaccharides (DS) contents, and at the same time decrease the TA contents in V. amurensis berries. Meanwhile, all NaHSO3 treatments had higher SS, SS/TA, glucose, and sucrose than treatments with the same concentrations of INH. However, the arabinose contents in all the INH treatments were higher than those in NaHSO3 treatments at the same concentrations. Compared with INH treatments, NaHSO3 were better at increasing net photosythesis rate (Pn), Rubisco carboxylation efficiency (CE), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and decreasing photorespiration rate (Pr). However, the effects of NaHSO3 and INH on fluorescent characteristics of V. amurensis leaves were not significant. The fact that maximal values for photochemical efficiency of photosystem II complex (PSII) in the dark (Fv/Fm) in this study were large indicate that both NaHSO3 and INH had positive effects on chlorophyll fluorescence of V. amurensis leaves, which meant they had the ability to release surplus light energy and mitigate photoinhibition by inhibiting photorespiration at all three concentrations. Comprehensive analysis clearly indicates that NaHSO3 had better effects on photorespiration inhibition and fluorescent characteristics, and improved photosynthesis and the quality of V. amurensis grape berries, especially at 250 mg L−1.

The mainstay treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) includes lactulose or enulose (poorly absorbed disaccharides) and rifaximin (an antibiotic). Whereas these agents likely act by reducing ammonia production and absorption in the intestine, glycerol phenylbutyrate (GPB) directly lowers ammonia by providing an alternate pathway to urea. Currently approved for the treatment of urea cycle disorders, GPB is now being studied for …