This study assesses the cost consequence of the Return To Work (RTW) program for disabled workers who suffered from occupational injury in Indonesia in last decade. The question was whether or not RTW programs result in improved health, economic, and productivity results compared with traditional treatments. Retrospective design was conducted to analyze the occupational injury claim records by evaluating the cost consequences of the RTW program in Indonesia. We compared 1353 RTW claims with 10,602 occupational injury claims. Cost-consequence analysis reported disaggregated outcomes (Lost Time Injury Days (LTIDs), RTW rates, medical costs, productivity losses) following CHEERS 2022 guidelines. Costs were adjusted to USD using the Indonesian Consumer Price Index and average exchange rate data in 2022. Occupational injury with RTW claims had higher average direct medical treatment costs (USD 822.50 vs USD 262.25) and greater productivity losses than non RTW claims (USD 46239.60 vs USD 28261.20) due to the complex nature of the cases included in the program. RTW cases had longer LTIDs (350.3 vs 214.1days) and higher productivity‑related costs, reflecting a more complex casemix, but also markedly higher RTW success rates than usual care where 84.0% RTW vs 20.3% non RTW cases. The RTW program has resulted in different patterns of costs and outcomes than traditional treatments. These differences should be considered by decision-makers when determining how to allocate resources effectively.

Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), Indonesia’s National Health Insurance, is the world’s largest single-payer scheme. However, an estimated 35% of people with disabilities remain not-enrolled, and many enrolled individuals continue to face high out-of-pocket spending and catastrophic health expenditure. This study aims to explore barriers and facilitators to accessing and using JKN amongst people with disabilities, with a focus on Yogyakarta Province. We conducted a qualitative study using phenomenology approach. We interviewed 22 people with disabilities and 14 key informants (i.e., national and subnational government, organisation of people with disabilities (OPDs), and national disability representatives). Data collection and analysis were guided by the Universal Health Coverage framework. Enrolment was facilitated by formal employment, government subsidies, outreach by social workers and support from OPDs. Key enrolment barriers included lack of identity documents, restrictive poverty criteria for subsidies, and accessibility constraints. Service use was supported by improved referral mechanisms but limited by inadequate coverage of assistive technology (AT) and rehabilitation, uneven distribution and quality of health facilities, perceived negative attitude from health workers, and physical and informational inaccessibility. Financial protection under JKN remained limited, with high out-of-pocket payments driven by gaps in benefit coverage, indirect costs, and underutilisation of services. Improving equity for people with disabilities under JKN requires reforms that account for disability-related costs, expand benefit coverage for AT and rehabilitation, strengthen accessibility standards in health facilities, and pilot disability-inclusive reforms at sub-national level leveraging regional autonomy.

The population of persons with disabilities in Indonesia is currently estimated at approximately 22.97 million individuals, representing around 8.5% of the national population. Among this group, persons with lower-limb disabilities constitute the largest proportion, accounting for roughly 38% of all individuals with disabilities. This category of disability is frequently associated with significant challenges in mobility, including difficulties in walking, ascending stairs, and performing other related movements. Consequently, lower-limb disability users commonly depend on assistive devices such as crutches to support their daily activities. However, complaints often arise when using crutches, one of which is the difficulty of using crutches when traveling, whether by motorcycle or car, due to the elongated size of the device. To address these issues, a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach was employed to redesign the crutch in accordance with user needs. Based on this study, improvements were made in two aspects: economic and ergonomic. The product was adjusted to ensure that the price is acceptable to users. In addition, a redesign of the crutch dimensions was carried out, resulting in an increase in height. This modification aims to enhance ergonomic comfort and prevent potential secondary health problems for the users

Achieving universal health coverage with disability inclusion: a household survey analyzing healthcare access and national health insurance utilization for individuals with disabilities in Indonesia

Introduction: The frequency of natural disasters globally has increased, with Indonesia being a high-risk country for disasters. Children with disabilities and their families are more vulnerable during disasters. This study aimed to evaluate the experiences of parents of children with disabilities in Indonesia in relation to natural disaster preparedness. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study included participants from five regions. In-person and virtual interviews were conducted using a 12-question guided questionnaire focusing on children’s daily living conditions, parental disaster experiences, and current disaster preparedness. All data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Twenty parents of children with a variety of disabilities were included in the study. The parents’ experiences were categorised into four themes: (1) parents’ understanding on disasters, (2) addressing children’s needs in disasters, (3) function of physical and social environments, and (4) household readiness against disasters. Conclusion: Findings indicated that most parents do not have a specific plan regarding preparations for disasters. However, experiencing a disaster increased their awareness of the need to prepare for their children’s unique needs. Effective disaster preparedness for parents of children with disabilities requires consideration of socio-cultural, political, economic, and ecological factors. Understanding families’ disaster preparedness experiences highlights the essential role of occupational therapists in supporting parents of children with disabilities.

People living with disabilities have the same rights as non-disabled individuals to access financial services. However, in 2023, as many as 75.7% of people living with disabilities in Indonesia still did not own a bank account, even though account ownership is the most fundamental element of financial inclusion. This study aims to analyze the association between financial inclusion on the welfare of people living with disabilities in Indonesia. This study employed cross-sectional data from the March 2023 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) to analyze the association between financial inclusion on the welfare of people living with disabilities, focusing on household heads with disabilities as the unit of analysis, representing a weighted sample of 8,726,103 households. Welfare is proxied by the average household expenditure of the household head, which includes both food and non-food components such as health and education spending. The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique was applied using a probit-based model via Stata software. The assumptions of common support and standardized bias were verified and satisfied. Using three different financial inclusion index cut-off points—≥25%, ≥ 50%, and ≥ 75%—the results revealed that the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) of financial inclusion positively and significantly associated with the welfare level of household heads with disabilities, ranging from 22.83% to 23.43%, 29.47%-29.87%, and 31.23%-33.23%, respectively. These findings indicated that higher levels of financial inclusion among household heads with disabilities were associated with higher levels of welfare attainment. The findings suggest that financial inclusion programs play a crucial role in enhancing the welfare of people living with disabilities, as they have a positive and significant association on improving their well-being.

Financial inclusion is an important element in equitable economic development. However, people with disabilities still face obstacles in accessing Islamic financial services. In fact, the Islamic financial system based on the principles of al-'adl (justice) and maṣlaḥah (benefit) is in line with the goal of Maqāṣid al-Syarī'ah to protect property (hifz al-mal), soul (hifz al-nafs), and human dignity (ḥifẓ al-'irdh). This study aims to analyze the inclusion of Islamic finance for people with disabilities in Indonesia through a literature review (library research) with a qualitative descriptive approach to legal sources, scientific literature, and regulatory agency reports. The results of the study show that despite regulations such as Law No. 8 of 2016, the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law (KHES), and POJK No. 6/POJK.07/2022, the application of Maqāṣid al-Syarī'ah values in Islamic financial services has not been optimal due to the limitations of inclusive infrastructure, low literacy, and the absence of specific technical guidelines. This research emphasizes the need to integrate the principles of Maqāṣid al-Syarī'ah in digital policies, regulations, and innovations in order to realize an inclusive and socially just Islamic financial system.

This study investigates the process of artistic empowerment facilitated through clay-based art practices among individuals residing in a social service institution in Indonesia. Using a qualitative case study approach, nine participants engaged in a structured series of tactile clay activities designed to enhance selfexpression, creativity, and emotional well-being. Data collection methods included participant observation, visual documentation, reflective journaling, and semi-structured interviews. The findings demonstrate that clay art provided a nonverbal medium through which participants articulated personal experiences, developed confidence, and built a sense of agency. Engagement with clay fostered therapeutic benefits, encouraged self-discovery, and strengthened interpersonal connections within the institutional environment. The study highlights the transformative potential of art-making as a tool for empowerment among marginalized groups and suggests its integration into social care programming. These insights contribute to broader discourses on inclusive art practices and their psychosocial impact in institutional settings.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability in Indonesia, with a prevalence of 10.9 per 1,000 population. This condition often results in weakness in the upper extremity muscles, which limits daily activities and reduces the patient's quality of life. Rehabilitation efforts to overcome this condition can be done through a combination of mirror therapy and ball grip as non-pharmacological therapies that play a role in increasing muscle strength through neuroplasticity and motor stimulation mechanisms. This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of mirror therapy and ball grip on increasing upper limb muscle strength in stroke patients at RSI Sultan Agung Semarang. This study used a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design. A sample of 26 respondents was selected using purposive sampling with the inclusion criteria of stroke patients in the physical rehabilitation stage and having muscle strength of 1–3. The intervention was given for 10–15 minutes five times a week for four days. Muscle strength was measured using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) on a scale of 0–5 before and after the intervention. The results of the analysis showed a significant increase in upper extremity muscle strength after the intervention (p < 0.05), with the average MMT score increasing from 13.0 to 15.5. This combination of therapies is effective, safe, and easy to implement.

This study aimed to design and validate a physical activity participation measurement tool for individuals with physical disabilities in Indonesia. This study was motivated by the limited number of measurement tools that are culturally and linguistically appropriate for Indonesia, despite the globally recognized importance of physical activity for the physical and mental health of people with disabilities. The methods used included adaptation of the

Background: The significant gap in labor force participation among Indonesia's 22.5 million persons with disabilities poses an urgent challenge to inclusive development, despite the existence of affirmative policy frameworks. This study aims to analyze the influence of human capital, measured by education level, training, and work experience, on the probability of employment among persons with disabilities. Methods: This study uses a mixed-methods approach, processing quantitative data from the February 2024 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) with a logistic regression (logit) model and reinforced with qualitative analysis through in-depth interviews. Findings: The results of the study show that higher education and participation in job training significantly increase the probability of employment for people with disabilities. However, this study reveals a crucial contrasting finding: secondary education has no significant effect, while work experience and residence on the island of Java are negatively correlated with employment opportunities. Qualitative interviews explain this paradox, in which systemic discrimination, stigma, and structural barriers in the workplace effectively negate the benefits of human capital. Conclusion: Investment in human capital (supply side) is important but insufficient if not balanced with intervention on the demand side. The main barriers to the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the workforce lie in discriminatory practices by employers and the lack of an accommodative work environment. Therefore, policy recommendations must shift from merely training individuals to strict law enforcement, incentives for proper accommodation, and changes in corporate culture to create a truly inclusive job market. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study uniquely combines recent Sakernas 2024 data and mixed methods to reveal how discrimination and structural barriers undermine human capital returns for persons with disabilities in Indonesia.

Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) in Indonesia face a persistent disconnect between psychological assessment, rehabilitation planning, and the realization of their legal rights. This study addresses this gap by developing and piloting an integrated pathway designed to unify these fragmented elements. We propose the Regulatory-Based Rehabilitation Framework (RBRF), a novel, structured pathway that consolidates standardized psychological assessment, individualized rehabilitation planning, and legal compliance checkpoints. Its key innovation lies in embedding legal accountability directly into the clinical rehabilitation process, an approach not previously tested in the Indonesian IDD context. A sequential mixed-methods design was employed, involving framework development informed by retrospective data, followed by a pilot implementation to evaluate feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes. Pilot results indicate that the RBRF is both feasible and well-received by families and providers. It was associated with improved coherence between assessment results, rehabilitation plans, and documented legal obligations. While modest positive trends were observed in child developmental functioning and caregiver-reported quality of life, these findings are preliminary due to the small sample size and non-controlled design. The RBRF demonstrates promise as a system-oriented approach to strengthening service coordination and accountability. This study contributes a contextually grounded model for operationalizing disability rights within rehabilitation systems, providing a foundation for future controlled trials and policy discussions in low- and middle-income settings.

This study aims to describe several relevant services that need to be supported by stakeholders to support the inclusion of people with disabilities in higher education in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. Using the secondary data obtained from news, journals, published articles, and government survey results, which were reviewed based on the conditions of several campuses in Indonesia, with a minority of disabled students. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of disability inclusion in Indonesian universities still faces significant challenges, particularly in terms of infrastructure, human resource readiness, and policy implementation. Some universities have begun efforts through the establishment of disability service units, training to provide disability services, and the provision of accessible facilities. The campuses in question which has implemented the policy that are leaning more into disability-friendly practices, has proved to be more inclusive within the universities civitas in Indonesia. However, service indicators that serve as benchmarks for inclusivity have not yet been consistently applied. The findings of this research reveal that disability inclusion in Indonesian higher education institutions has not been implemented systematically. Although some institutions have made initial efforts to adopt an inclusive approach, there are no standardized evaluation indicators to assess the achievements and quality of services provided. The absence of these standards results in inclusion policies and practices being implemented without a consistent direction.

Background and purpose Physical activity is a key determinant of health, yet children with intellectual disabilities (ID) consistently exhibit lower participation levels due to intersecting biomedical, socioeconomic, and environmental barriers. In developing countries such as Indonesia, disparities in disability severity, family income, and residential context further limit access to inclusive physical activity opportunities. However, empirical evidence examining the combined influence of these factors remains limited. The present study investigates the underlying determinants of physical activity (PA) among children with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Indonesia, emphasizing a holistic analytical approach. Material and methods The research adopted a cross-sectional approach and included 80 children with intellectual disabilities (ID) aged 7–18 years, purposively recruited from Special Schools (SS) across East Java Province, Indonesia. Data were collected using the Indonesian version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-D), consisting of eight items completed by students with assistance from parents and teachers. Data analysis involved Spearman’s rank correlation to assess associations between ordinal variables and physical activity, and the Kruskal–Wallis test to compare physical activity levels across geographical areas using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. Results Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed a significant negative association between IPAQ-D scores and disability severity (r = −0.259, p = 0.020), while a significant positive association was observed between IPAQ-D scores and parental income (r = 0.270, p = 0.015). The Kruskal–Wallis test demonstrated a significant difference in PAQ scores across geographical areas (H(2) = 8.737, p = 0.013). Conclusions These findings demonstrate significant urban–rural disparities in physical activity participation among children with intellectual disabilities in Indonesia, reflecting structural inequities in access to services and supportive environments. Geographical context, beyond individual and socioeconomic factors, plays a critical role in shaping physical activity opportunities. Geographically tailored, low-resource, school- and community-based interventions integrated within educational and primary healthcare settings are needed to reduce regional inequalities and promote more equitable physical activity participation.

The right to work for persons with disabilities in Indonesia is regulated in Law No. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities. However, in reality, not all human resources have the same capacity, including persons with disabilities (different abilities). This poses challenges for persons with disabilities in entering the workforce. These challenges arise due to attitudes towards disability in society. Basically, society is still unable to be objective in accepting and assessing differences. Many of the requirements in the recruitment selection process in the world of work still focus on the physical and mental perfection of applicants. Based on human rights, all individuals are equal, and consequently, every individual has equality because, in essence, individuals are equal and have the same status as one another. Equality is a fundamental principle of human rights. With equality, individuals have equal dignity and worth. This research is normative legal research based on issues concerning equal employment regulations and efforts to strengthen equality in the formation of inclusive labor laws for persons with disabilities in Indonesia.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the effectiveness of legal responses to sexual violence against girls with disabilities in Indonesia, identifying gaps in protection and enforcement. Methodology/approach: Employing a normative-empirical legal analysis, the research reviews positive law provisions namely the Child Protection Act (UU No. 35/2014 as amended), the Disability Act (UU No. 8/2016), and the Sexual Violence Criminal Act (UU No. 12/2022) and analyzes Supreme Court and lower court decisions. Empirical data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with law enforcement officers and observations of case handling in selected provincial offices. Results/findings: Despite a comprehensive statutory framework, implementation is hampered by limited officer training, inadequate facilities, and low public awareness. Criminal legal protection for girls with disabilities remains neither fully effective nor sufficiently inclusive, with procedural delays and accessibility barriers persisting. Limitations: The study is constrained by its qualitative focus on selected jurisdictions and does not include quantitative victim-survey data, which may limit generalizability across all regions of Indonesia. Contribution: Engagement this research informs policymakers, legal practitioners, and disability rights advocates on improving justice outcomes for one of Indonesia’s most vulnerable groups. Conclusion: Legal protection for girls with disabilities who are victims of sexual violence is regulated by several laws in Indonesia, but its implementation remains ineffective due to limited understanding among law enforcement, inadequate facilities, and low public awareness. The main obstacles include unintegrated regulations, insensitive law enforcement officers, and limited legal services.

ABSTRACT Participation in higher education can be a useful tool for helping people with disabilities to improve their quality of life. Indonesia, as a lawful nation, has legal protection for people with disabilities and established inclusive education policies; however, disabled student participation remains low. The purpose of this research is to investigate the existing English-language papers on the issue of inclusivity in higher education for people with disabilities in Indonesia by using a scoping review method as a systematic review method used to comprehensively explore evidence and research gaps within a certain topic area. The findings of this study, which analysed 21 research publications on inclusivity in higher education for people with disabilities in Indonesia, indicate that there are a variety of barriers that prevent people with disabilities from pursuing higher education, particularly psychological ones that haven't gotten much attention. To enforce inclusivity in higher education, psychosocial issues must be taken into account in addition to legislation and infrastructure, given Indonesia's different social and individual conditions. There is a discussion of suggestions for additional study and application to addressed barriers in university level. The findings of this study are limited in the Indonesian setting, but they could be expanded in developing nations that share Indonesia's traits.

Introduction/Main Objectives: The high percentage of out-of-school children with disabilities in Indonesia reveals a significant gap in educational participation. Background Problems: Due to the absence of disability-focused surveys, accurate data are only available at the national level, which is insufficient to represent regional conditions. Novelty: With the increasing demand for small area data, this study estimates the percentage of out-of-school children with disabilities at the provincial and district levels simultaneously, using small area estimation (SAE). Research Methods: This study applies SAE using a twofold subarea-level model with a Hierarchical Bayes (HB) beta approach, covering all 34 provinces and 514 districts/cities in Indonesia. This model was developed using data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and the Village Potential Statistics (Podes). Finding/Results: The twofold HB beta SAE model achieves higher precision than direct estimation, as shown by lower relative standard errors (RSE) across regions. Furthermore, spatial patterns indicate that the percentage of out-of-school children with disabilities is mostly between 35.36% and 45.34%, with clusters concentrated in Kalimantan and Papua.

Disability is defined as a person's interaction with the limitations they have in their ability to participate in theirenvironment and society. Consequently, Disability can also be defined as a functional limitation to activity dailyliving. These limitations for people with disabilities often resulted in difficulties in adapting, which making themdifficult to fully participate in their daily life. These limitations further supported by the number of people withdisabilities in Indonesia that is keep increasing over the years. Statistics Indonesia (BPS) data from 2023 shows thatthere are approximately 22.97 million people with disabilities, or about 8.5% of the Indonesian population. Thisincrease in numbers resulted in an increased obligation for the state to provide educational and health facilities, aswell as employment opportunities that are accessible to these people with disabilities.The main problems faced by people with disabilities in Indonesia, especially for children, are including physicaldisabilities, cognitive impairments, and emotional regulation. Firstly, physical disabilities are including hearingimpairment, low vision to blindness, and mobility issues that on most cases would needs a walking aid, whilst highprevalence of undetected hearing and vision problems might hinder children's learning ability and disrupt growth anddevelopment. Secondly, cognitive and emotional regulation is followed by these issues, such as intellectualdisabilities, autism, and language disorders that are all quite prevalent, further complicating learning problems duringthe developmental period. Another crucial issue is the lack of literacy among parents and caregivers of people withdisabilities regarding their children's growth and development, including their acceptance of children with specialneeds. In many cases, parents would, intentionally or unintentionally, mistreat their children with special needs withinequality. This phenomenon is particularly evident in school opportunities. Furthermore, with the growing stigma insociety about having a child with a disability is often associated to a curse and punishment from God. Thereby, thiskind of believes often leads many to feel ashamed and disregarded, pushing through the phenomenon of inequality formany households with disabled children.As an act to reduce discrimination for people with disabilities, the Indonesian government has enacted laws andregulations to increase their participation in education, employment, and social settings. Government Law No. 8 of2016 establishes the government's obligation to provide the widest possible access for people with disabilities to schooland pursue equal education. However, this is not enough; it requires collaboration from all levels of society with socialmedia plays a crucial role in educating people about the equality of people with disabilities and promoting activitiesfor people with disabilities, thereby reducing societal stigma.In conclusion, let us work together to raise awareness of people with disabilities so that no one in Indonesia, especiallythose with disabilities, feels left behind. Together, we can make Indonesia Golden 2050 a success.

Objectives Previous studies have found that gender, age, and contact can predict attitudes toward people with intellectual disability, but the results remain inconsistent. Therefore, this study examined how gender, age, and quantity and quality of contact predict attitudes toward people with intellectual disability in Indonesia. Methods A total of 341 Indonesian participants aged 18 and above completed the Attitudes Toward Intellectual Disability Questionnaire – Short Form (assessing five factors: knowledge of causes, knowledge of capacity and rights, discomfort, sensitivity or tenderness, and interaction), a subscale from the Contact and Knowledge about Intellectual Disability Scale (measuring the quantity and quality of contact), and a demographic questionnaire. Results Hierarchical regression analysis showed that gender only predicted knowledge of causes; age predicted knowledge of causes, knowledge of capacity and rights, sensitivity or tenderness, and interaction; and quality of contact predicted all attitudinal factors except knowledge of causes. However, the quantity of contact did not significantly predict any attitudinal factors. Conclusions This study demonstrated that gender, age, quantity, and quality of contact contribute differently to predicting attitudes toward people with intellectual disability. These findings suggest that meaningful and emotionally positive contact plays a crucial role in fostering positive attitudes. It also highlights the importance of emphasizing the quality rather than quantity of contact when developing future evidence-based interventions to promote positive attitudes toward people with intellectual disability, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 10 (Reduce Inequalities).