Abstract The research problem presented concerns a spatial development model of a small historic town in the context of new opportunities for economic growth. The problem was analysed on the example of the town of Prusice in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. The new development conditions are the construction of the S5 express road, which results in the designation of an economic activity zone and increasing demand for housing. The research by design method and a comparative case study approach were applied. The research material consisted of projects carried out at the Academy of Silesia (2021/2022 academic year), which were prepared in cooperation with the municipality of Prusice. Design proposals as various models for the development of the spatial structure of the town of Prusice led to the main conclusions and recommendations regarding the spatial development of the town. It was demonstrated that a multifunctional urban space was required to improve the quality of life in the town. It is important to connect the historical central block-based structure with new mixed-use complexes. As an alternative, a ‘new town’ was proposed with central and residential functions. Also, possibilities for shaping formal entrance areas were indicated, which would enhance the perception of the town’s landscape. The solutions developed mostly represent contemporary urban ideas and respond to main theoretic urban challenges. Prusice utilised the results in a new study of the conditions and directions of spatial development. As a solution to the problem of creating new dispersed residential areas, clear spatial and functional connections were proposed between the historic urban fabric (the centre) and neighbouring areas. This would allow for sustainable development based on the concept of a compact town and protection of the surrounding natural and agricultural landscapes – avoiding urban sprawl.

The article addresses the problem of taking renewable energy sources into account in spatial planning in Poland, especially in planning documents adopted at the level of municipalities, namely the study of conditions and directions of spatial development (after changes the structure plan) and the land use plan. It presents the conditions for specifying the location of devices (installations) based on renewable energy sources, as specified in the Polish Act on Spatial Planning and Development of 27 March 2003, as well as the fundamental principles of taking renewable energy sources into account in the planning documents adopted by municipalities.

Contemporary cities should be developed based on concepts grounded in ecology and sustainable development. The eco-city is one of such concepts which emphasises the role of hydrological resources, especially small-scale retention, in environmentally- and user-friendly spatial development.Pro-environmental concepts are manifested mainly as provisions reflecting the above principles in the strategic documents of cities. The aim of this article was to verify the hypothesis postulating that in “Studies of the Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development” (SCaDSD) [in Polish: “Studia uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego” – SUiKZP], which are the fundamental strategic documents for Polish cities, the approach to small-scale retention is diverse and often insufficient from the “eco-city” perspective. To achieve the research goal, SCaDSDs were analysed in a comparative study (7,061 data records for spatial planning and small-scale retention were analysed). The study demonstrated that in SCaDSDs, small-scale retention solutions are diversified both quantitatively and qualitatively, which may hinder the implementation of the eco-city concept in terms of small-scale retention. SCaDSDs focus primarily on the protective and cleansing roles of retention, including protection against flood risk and access to clean water which is a basic human need. SCaDSDs should offer a multi-functional approach to retention and thus fully implement“eco-city” principles. This is a particularly important consideration because the role of strategic planning documents is to provide up-to-date directions for the sustainable development for modern cities.

Less important space? Spatial planning in small towns in Poland

The complicated legal status of land properties in Poland connected with some of them lacking clearly defined development conditions leads to investors taking risks when purchasing land for investments, who often hope to pay a lower than average market price for such a real estate. The aim of the article is an attempt to assess planning conditions risk taken by investors by the analysis of transaction prices of land properties. In this context, the research question of whether the lack of clearly defined development conditions for land carries over onto lower prices of land plots purchased by investors was posed. This is a reference to studies carried out in the years 2008–2015. Conducted in the article will be a comparative analysis of land property prices from areas characterized by with varying planning conditions. The analyses make use of causal models with a single dependent variable – accounting for differences in (un)defined development conditions. The carried out analysis for areas of two communes from the suburban zone of the city of Bydgoszcz showed that the buyers of real estate perceive a difference in the planning conditions of the purchased building plots. Those which have clearly defined development conditions are attributed with higher values. Land without defined development conditions, in Poland under only a study of conditions and directions of spatial development, are attributed with lower values. Recognizing the above relationships is necessary when taking investment decisions and making proper assumptions in the land property valuation procedure.

Application of gis technology and AHP to determine the areas with fully developed, compact functional and spatial structure: A case study of Bialystok, Poland

Using the example of the North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD), the article substantiates the main theoretical and methodological directions of spatial development of agriculture in geostrategic territories. This will make it possible to develop strategic institutional and regulatory documents for influencing the process of spatial development of the North Caucasus rural economy, whose development has not yet reached even the pre-reform level due to maladaptive macroeconomic policies. There was a dramatic drop in agricultural production due to the deindustrialization of the rural economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, the introduction of an unregulated spontaneous market, private land ownership. The spatial development of the rural economy in the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District depends to a certain extent on strategic management at the federal level and includes the following problems: employment and unemployment, industrialization on a new microelectronic technological basis, training of technical personnel and the movement of part of the workforce to other regions of the country. In the land issue, the need for the formation of rental relations arises. The development of transport infrastructure will contribute to strengthening interregional exchange, horizontal and vertical integration. It is necessary to develop a non-standard, comprehensively balanced, meeting the traditional and modern conditions of work and life of the peoples of the North Caucasus, a new breakthrough macroeconomic strategy for the spatial development of these territories based on a combination of planned and market approaches.

Paths of urban planning in a post-mining area. A case study of a former sandpit in southern Poland

The article is a summary of scientific and research work aimed at determining the possibility of transforming one of the selected so-called large-scale housing estates in Bielsko-Biała in Poland. One of the final work’s effects was the concept of the spatial development of a new housing estate in the area and in the neighborhood of the existing one. The research work was ordered by Cavatina & Partners Company, which in its offer has a rare combination of leading experience in the design and construction of a wide range of real estate. The company’s goal is to create modern facilities and places of daily use for the dynamic needs of people, communities and companies. In its activities, it focuses on the innovative thinking, the latest technology and the sustainable development. The aim of the scientific and research work was to prepare scenarios and explore spatial possibilities in the event of the need to demolish a large complex of multi-family buildings, so-called blocks of flats. The research was based on the assumption that the lifecycle of buildings was completed due to their technical condition. The scenarios presented variant possibilities of shaping the concept of development of the selected area and should serve as a basis for starting social consultations regarding the future development of the above-mentioned area. Scenarios and concepts are to take into account the improvement of housing conditions of the housing estate residents. The development options are to show different possibilities of changes in the area taking into account: 1 – the results of social research on existing housing conditions, 2 – the records of strategic city documents such as the city development strategy, study of conditions and directions of spatial development and local spatial development plan, 3 – the stage options investment. The formation’s history of blocks of flats in Poland dates back to the 1950s. Currently, about 12 million people live in them, which is about 30% of the population of Poland. Hence, all problems related to this type of building are in fact becoming national problems. That is why discussions and questions arise: if the first of them were created more than 60 years ago, should they be demolished due to the technical condition and based on similar decisions? And maybe renewed and revitalized? If they constitute such a significant percentage of urban development and despite negative aesthetic impressions, should they be removed from the spatial structure of cities? The answers to this question often depend on the individual characteristics of the blocks with which their residents and users have to deal with. Even the most accurate answers do not often match individual cases.

<p>Celem pracy jest przedstawienie mechanizmów rozwoju przestrzennego Łęcznej jako ośrodka Lubelskiego Zagłębia Węglowego na tle prób sterowania rozwojem miasta za pomocą aktów prawnych w różnych uwarunkowaniach społeczno-gospodarczych, w okresie od lat siedemdziesiątych XX w. do 2017 r. W pracy ukazane zostały główne kierunki rozwoju przestrzennego, w wyniku którego przeniesiony został punkt ciężkości miasta z terenów staromiejskich na nowo powstałe tereny centralne. W pracy wykorzystano analizę przy użyciu narzędzi GIS i metody statystyczne w celu przedstawienia zmian przeznaczenia terenu oraz charakteru zabudowy Łęcznej. Analiza danych wykazała, że ekspansja trwałego zainwestowania na obszarze miasta odbywała się w sposób planowy. Umożliwiło to zminimalizowanie konfl iktów przestrzennych na terenie miasta. W wyniku dynamicznych zmian przestrzennych nowo powstała zabudowa wielokondygnacyjna stała się dominującą formą zabudowy Łęcznej.</p>

This study analyzes legal system of urban landscape management in Poland and its changes in last decade on the example of Wroclaw – city located in central part of Lower Silesia region in south-western Poland. The main objective of the study was to assess the current legal system of urban landscape management in Poland in terms of the implementation of the European Landscape Convention provisions. Before coming into force the act of 24 April 2015 amending certain laws in connection with the reinforcement of the tools for landscape protection (so-called “Landscape Act”) the basis of landscape management were spatial planning documents and guidelines from documents forming protection areas of nature or monument values. Study of the conditions and directions of spatial development, selected land development plans as well as guidelines for seven nature conservation areas and one cultural park were analyzed in terms of landscape management provisions. Changes of legal basis were also taken into account. After 11 years since ratifying European Landscape Convention in 2004 Polish authorities have finally noticed the necessity to implement its provisions to Polish law. Legal basis for urban landscape management has been drastically changed. Landscape Act introduces new tool for landscape management at regional level called landscape audit which will affect all new spatial planning documents of the city. It consists in characterization and assessment of all landscape types identified within the borders of each region in Poland. It is the basis for selection of priority landscapes, identification of threats and determination the way of spatial development of landscape units. Local authorities have also received new tool for shaping advertising policy. In the context of European Landscape Convention implementation, it should be emphasized that before 2015 there was no document dedicated strictly for landscape management of Wroclaw because there was no legal basis for it. All the provisions were scattered in various kind of documents that’s why there was no coherent landscape management policy. It remains to be hoped that in the coming years, a coherent policy in this area will finally be developed and adopted thanks to the use of new landscape management tools.

The article focuses on the foundation and development of the biggest national General Building Design Bureau “Miastoprojekt Szczecin”, which had been active in the Polish Western Pomerania after World War Two. The case of GBDB Miastoprojekt Szczecin and its erection requires defining the circumstances favouring the foundation of a national enterprise- the whole transformation process after the end of World War Two and the creation of Polish People’s Republic. Initially the GBDB had been a department formally reported to a superior unit established in Warsaw (design bureaus were grouped in separate sections based on their field of activity and designated to certain regions). The GBDB’s creative activity had been divided into several time periods for clear depiction purposes. First one (1949 - 1952) included recovering the city from war damage, performing an inventory of the urban fabric along with phrasing new direction of spatial development. First urban and design studios were founded. Subsequent years (1953 - 1960) brought new implementations, the so-called “Infill construction” in particular, along with assembling the design documentation for future investments. The third period (1960s and 1970s) would consist of development of housing using the original industry technologies. During the time, large residential complexes were established in Szczecin, mainly in the outskirts. The last period (late 1980s and early 1990s) is a time of both social and political changes in the country, resulting with a major change in the way bureaus performed. “Hijacking” orders from the national design bureaus in order to offer the customers more time- and cost-effective services by private businesses gradually made GBDBs obsolete and closed down as a result. The article’s summary underlines that considering the multi-aspect subject matter of the architectural objects designed by GBDS “Miastoprojekt Szczecin”, it is possible to perform a relatively objective evaluation of the output of bureau’s architects and recognising their importance in shaping the modern Szczecin’s spatial order.

The European Union has set the requirements for year 2030, aimed to increase the energy production from the renewable sources and to lower the CO2 emissions. Currently the percentage of renewable energy production in Poland is too low. The actual data of Gliwice County from Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development (SUIKZP), Plan of Low-Emission Management (PONE/PGN) and Predictions of Impact on the Environment (POŚ) documents was used to calculate the regional energy consumption for heating and electricity. The data has been used in the simulation of the energy consumption and the CO2 emission for year 2030, including the production of the energy using region’s potential renewable resources. Based on that, the authors have calculated how much more energy must be produced from the renewable sources to meet the European Union requirements. The analysis includes the investment cost in the new energy sources and its comparison to the financial penalties the region would have to pay for not meeting the requirements.

The land market is usually influenced by many factors, but the key to some of them is decisive when buying a property. These are both physical features of the property, such as the area, shape or class of the land as well as external factors related to the popularity of the area or the availability of communication. The group of factors that decide about the purchase is certainly the vulnerability of land to natural phenomena related to mass movements. They belong to factors that have a very negative impact on the price of real estate, limiting the possibility of its use, and above all buildings. In a situation where data on mass movements are available in a given area, these data directly affect the provisions of the study of conditions and directions of spatial development of the commune and, as a consequence, also local plans. The article analyzes the impact of landslide areas on property prices. The research was carried out in the municipality of Wieliczka where in 2008 a comprehensive assessment of mass movements was carried out, defining their character and making their classification.

A study of conditions and directions of spatial development of the commune, in accordance with Article 9 § 5 of the Act of 27 March 2003 on spatial planning and development is not an act of local law. The legislator only in a negative way determines what is not a study, but it does not define in a positive way what is the legal nature of this planning act. The article is an attempt to answer the question whether the study of conditions and directions of spatial development is only an act of internal management or is a legal act of a different nature. After analyzing the nature of the study, the article puts forward a thesis that the argument is that if the study is not an act of local law, it does not produce any legal consequences for external entities.

This article deals with the work on revealing the spatial development reserves of the Shkot Peninsula within the territorial communication model of the city by the method of matrixes of spatial disproportions. The measure of the effectiveness of the spatial organisation of a city within the framework of this model is the choice: the space-time availability of activities, social contacts, benefits, and services. The objectives of the study are to determine the indices of the effectiveness of the territorial organisation of the peninsula: population density, intensity of use, transport accessibility; clustering of territories according to the levels of town-planning organisation, revealing the disproportions of spatial development; the determination of the directions of spatial development of the territories of the Shkot Peninsula as well as development of recommendations to improve the structural and functional effectiveness of the territorial organisation of the Shkot Peninsula. The results of the study can be further used to develop and monitor documents for the territorial planning of the city and the improvement of the quality of life of people to be achieved by eliminating the pre-existing disproportions in the development of territories.

Infrastructural transformations are an indispensable element of developing cities. They condition the proper flow of goods, information and people. The communication infrastructure is of particular importance for cities, which determines their proper functioning. Difficulties in accessing space are often one of the main barriers blocking the intended development direction. On the other hand, in order to prevent the currently occurring phenomenon of city sprawl, it is necessary to focus new investments within already existing transport corridors located closer to the center. Such an approach has the chance of implementing an alternative to the progressing phenomenon of suburbanization in the form of promoting the concept of the so-called compact city. Thanks to such activities, the urban potential has a chance to be maximized. As part of this article, based on the example of Wroclaw, the transformation of road infrastructure has been tracked in relation to the ongoing spatial and landscape changes. An interpretation of the recurrently modified study of conditions and directions of spatial development of Wroclaw, showed the relationships that occur between road infrastructure and urban space and the surrounding landscape.

Urban land-use plan is regarded as a useful tool to achieve urban sustainable development. However, presently it is unclear that how well the Plan is being implemented and major factors contribute to the variation of its implementation in Adama city, Ethiopia. This research examines the extent to which Land-use plan of Adama city functioned from 2004 to 2014 has guided and controlled all spatial developments during planning period by measuring the degree to which actual land-use outcomes over a 10-year period conform to the Plan intention. Land-uses of the City as of 2004 and 2014 are mapped; conforming, nonconforming, and unfulfilled developments are identified through spatial overlay analysis in geographic information system environment; effectiveness of boundary containment and proposed land sufficiency are explored. The findings demonstrate that although the Plan proposed reasonable area, it has met difficulties to control and guide new spatial developments of housing land-uses followed by social services and total urban growth. The limitation is due to combined result of geographic variables, absence of regular monitoring and evaluation, lack of commitment, and political leadership influence. The study would support sustainable spatial policy and direction of spatial development with respect to sustainable urban environment.

W artykule za cel przyjęto ocenę dostępności transportowej z jednostek straży pożarnych do budynków zlokalizowanych na terenach zalewowych w powiecie zduńskowolskim. Do wyznaczania terenów zalewowych wykorzystano mapy zagrożenia powodziowego oraz dokumenty planistyczne, w tym studia uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Na tej podstawie dokonano identyfikacji obiektów zlokalizowanych na terenach zagrożonych powodziami, przy wykorzystaniu Bazy Danych Obiektów Topograficznych. Baza ta posłużyła również do lokalizacji jednostek straży pożarnych wpisanych do Krajowego Systemu Ratowniczo-Gaśniczego i wytypowanych do współpracy z systemem Państwowego Ratownictwa Medycznego, które znajdują się na obszarze analizowanego powiatu oraz gmin z nim bezpośrednio sąsiadujących. Stwierdzono, że w granicach terenów zalewowych badanych gmin znajduje się łącznie 514 budynków. Do 41 obiektów jest zapewniony dojazd z komend miejskich jednostek PSP w czasie do 8 minut oraz do 79 w czasie do 15 minut. W przypadku nadejścia powodzi do pozostałych budynków dojazd jest możliwy w czasie do 15 minut z jednostek OSP.

Abstract The object of this article is to analyze and asses the legal and economic consequences arising from the adoption (or change) of a local spatial development plan. The paper also presents, based on the example of the rural commune of Tomice in the Malopolska Province of Poland, how to estimate income to the commune budget from the collected planning fees. The analyses are based on planning studies, including the local spatial development plan from 2004, and the study of conditions and directions of spatial development from 2012. The council of Tomice Commune adopted the local spatial plan due to the increasing demand for residential areas. According to the plan, over 930 acres of land have been allocated for investment purposes, which is approx. 22.4% of the total area of 4,155 ha. The local plan was developed for all the six cadastral units of the commune, with one hundred percent surface coverage. The physiographic conditions and the location of Tomice Commune encourage the settlement of the urban population (from Wadowice or Krakow), which entails the need for housing investment areas. In 2012, the Tomice Commune adopted a change in the study of conditions and directions of spatial development. The proposed re-zoning of the area is in line with the policy of transitioning from an agricultural character towards the sustainable and multifunctional development of the commune. It is worth noting that the provisions of the plan of 2004 take into account the collection of a one-time fee for the sale of real estate whose value has increased as a result of the adoption of the plan. The amount of this fee for investment areas was set at the level of 30% of the increase in value, in accordance with the provisions of the Polish Act on Spatial Planning and Management. Due to the fact that the currently valid local plan has been in effect for 10 years, it can be assumed that the commune will proceed to make some changes to it. The article estimates the potentially generated income, assuming that changes in the study passed in 2012 with regards to designating land for investment purposes constitute an indication of provisions in the future local plan.