Direct Response Research Articles

High‐Performance Sound Detection of Nanoscale‐Thick and Large‐Area Graphene Oxide Films in Liquids

This article presents nanoscale‐thick and large‐area graphene oxide (GO) films manufactured by a facile method to enable high‐performance sound detection in liquids. A Fabry–Perot (F–P) cavity consisting of a GO film, whose vibration diameter is ≈4.4 mm, and a single‐mode fiber (SMF) is used as the sensing core for sound detection in liquids. A sound‐transparent cap, consisting of a support sleeve and a sound‐transparent sleeve, is used to protect the GO‐sensing diaphragm to resist liquid pressure to enable long‐term stability. The sensing probes with GO diaphragms of ≈100 and 200 nm thickness are placed in ultra‐pure water for performance testing. Test results show that they maintain a linear sound pressure response, a flat frequency response, and a uniform directional response from 1 to 100 kHz. They have sensitivities of ≈630 mV Pa−1 and about 84 mV Pa−1, respectively, in the range of 1–100 kHz in all directions in different liquids. These results demonstrate the suitability of the nanoscale‐thick and large‐area GO films for sound detection in liquids with high performance.

Non-reciprocal and non-Newtonian mechanical metamaterials

Non-Newtonian liquids are characterized by stress and velocity-dependent dynamical response. In elasticity, and in particular, in the field of phononics, reciprocity in the equations acts against obtaining a directional response for passive media. Active stimuli-responsive materials have been conceived to overcome it. Significantly, Milton and Willis have shown theoretically in 2007 that quasi-rigid bodies containing masses at resonance can display a very rich dynamical behavior, hence opening a route toward the design of non-reciprocal and non-Newtonian metamaterials. In this paper, we design a solid structure that displays unidirectional shock resistance, thus going beyond Newton’s second law in analogy to non-Newtonian fluids. We design the mechanical metamaterial with finite element analysis and fabricate it using three-dimensional printing at the centimetric scale (with fused deposition modeling) and at the micrometric scale (with two-photon lithography). The non-Newtonian elastic response is measured via dynamical velocity-dependent experiments. Reversing the direction of the impact, we further highlight the intrinsic non-reciprocal response.

Neighbourhood watch: genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in a German federal state, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, in 2020–2022

ABSTRACT Global and even national genome surveillance approaches do not provide the resolution necessary for rapid and accurate direct response by local public health authorities. Hence, a regional network of microbiological laboratories in collaboration with the health departments of all districts of the German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (M-V) was formed to investigate the regional molecular epidemiology of circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages between 11/2020 and 03/2022. More than 4750 samples from all M-V counties were sequenced using Illumina and Nanopore technologies. Overall, 3493 (73.5%) sequences fulfilled quality criteria for time-resolved and/or spatially-resolved maximum likelihood phylogenic analyses and k-mean/ median clustering (KMC). We identified 116 different Pangolin virus lineages that can be assigned to 16 Nextstrain clades. The ten most frequently detected virus lineages belonged to B.1.1.7, AY.122, AY.43, BA.1, B.1.617.2, BA.1.1, AY.9.2, AY.4, P.1 and AY.126. Time-resolved phylogenetic analyses showed the occurrence of virus clades as determined worldwide, but with a substantial delay of one to two months. Further spatio-temporal phylogenetic analyses revealed a regional outbreak of a Gamma variant limited to western M-V counties. Finally, KMC elucidated a successive introduction of the various virus lineages into M-V, possibly triggered by vacation periods with increased (inter-) national travel activities. The COVID-19 pandemic in M-V was shaped by a combination of several SARS-CoV-2 introductions, lockdown measures, restrictive quarantine of patients and the lineage specific replication rate. Complementing global and national surveillance, regional surveillance adds value by providing a higher level of surveillance resolution tailored to local health authorities.

Regulation of Epidermal Ferritin Expression Influences Systemic Iron Homeostasis

Absorption of dietary iron is largely regulated by the liver hormone hepcidin, which is released under conditions of iron overload and inflammation. Although hepcidin-dependent regulation of iron uptake and circulation is well-characterized, recent studies have suggested that the skin may play an important role in iron homeostasis, including transferrin receptor-mediated epidermal iron uptake and direct hepcidin production by keratinocytes. In this study, we characterized direct keratinocyte responses to conditions of high and low iron. We observed potent iron storage capacity by keratinocytes invitro and invivo and the effects of iron on epidermal differentiation and gene expression associated with inflammation and barrier function. In mice, systemic iron was observed to be coupled to epidermal iron content. Furthermore, topical inflammation, as opposed to systemic inflammation, resulted in a primary iron-deficiency phenotype associated with low liver hepcidin. These studies suggest a role for keratinocytes and epidermal iron storage as regulators of iron homeostasis with direct contribution by the cutaneous inflammatory state.

Abstract P2023: Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-directed Modulation Of The Non-sarcomeric Actin Cytoskeleton In Cardiomyocytes

A better understating of the mechanisms by which cardiomyocytes grow in different directions could open up new therapeutic avenues for hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies, diseases that include the widening and lengthening of cardiomyocytes, respectively. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) are known to control this directional growth of cardiomyocytes, such that activated MEK1 causes concentric hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte widening, while genetic ablation of ERK1/2 proteins causes dilation and cardiomyocyte lengthening. To determine how these proteins may control this directional growth response, we conducted a phosphoproteomic screen using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) treated with activated MEK1 adenovirus, U0126 MEK1 inhibitor, or control GFP adenovirus. The resulting data pinpointed over 2700 sites on 324 proteins as changing their phosphorylation status with modulation of this signaling cascade. Gene ontology analysis found that cytoskeletal-associated proteins were the largest subset of proteins with phosphorylation changes. Traditional and PhosTag western blots verified that many of these cytoskeletal proteins change expression as well as their phosphorylation status in NRVMs. In vivo experiments showed that cytoplasmic actin expression was upregulated in MEK1 transgenic or ERK1/2 gene-deleted hearts. Furthermore, MEK1 transgenic adult cardiomyocytes had enhanced cytoplasmic actin at lateral membranes. Palladin, an actin nucleating protein, changed both phosphorylation status and isoform expression in response to modulation of MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling. Adeno-associated viruses were used to overexpress different palladin isoforms. Immunostaining for these proteins showed that localization of palladin isoforms moved from the subcortical compartment to the sarcomere, suggesting these isoforms preferentially associate with either cytoskeletal or sarcomeric actin. Future studies will further examine the signaling roles that cytoplasmic actin may play in healthy and diseased cardiomyocytes and delineate preferential binding of actin associated proteins between cytoplasmic and sarcomeric actin in cardiomyocytes.

Increasing Children's Preparedness, Especially Street Children By Children's Friends In Dealing With The Covid-19 Pandemic Disaster Through Educative Learning And Healing

The Covid-19 pandemic is affecting all age groups from young children to the elderly. Children are a population that is included in the vulnerable group category. Through Healing and Education activities. The Jakarta Sahabat Anak Foundation seeks to reduce the impact of Covid-19 by providing direct assistance which is expected to contribute to the three main components of disaster management, namely prevention, direct response and recovery. The purpose of this study is to analyze the educative learning model and examine its implementation efforts to increase children's preparedness for the Covid-19 pandemic in order to support national resilience. The research method used is a case study qualitative method supported by data that has been obtained from observations, interviews and document studies, then analyzed, and the findings are obtained. The results of this study are that educative learning is known to be one of the tools that can increase children's preparedness in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. The Sahabat Anak Foundation is able to take appropriate actions to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic situation as a national disaster. Educational learning initiated by the Sahabat Anak Foundation is an activity that can help children in the process of adaptation, entertainment and learning in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study can be used as material for further research with the latest data so that it is more comprehensive.

The Motion Response of Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger under the Influence of Swell

With the continuous development of the dredging business to overseas markets, dredging ships are faced with a more and more complex hydrodynamic environment. Swell with long wave periods has a great impact on the adaptability of ship operations. Focused on the Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD), this paper studied the motion response characteristics of the TSHD under the influence of swell. The result shows that the motion response of the TSHD is severely affected by swell. The amplitude of the ship motion response increases with the increase of wave height. When subjected to the transverse swell with the 90° wave direction, both the heave and roll response amplitude of TSHD is the most significant. While under the influence of swell with the 0° wave direction, the TSHD only pitches violently. The results can guide the suitability assessment of dredging ships in the swell area.

Motivational direction diverges from valence for sadness, anger, and amusement: A role for appraisals?

Recent work has cast doubt on whether the strength of motivation (strength of avoidance or approach tendencies) experienced while viewing emotion-eliciting pictures is dissociable from felt valence (negative versus positive). The present study extended this work by testing specific discrete emotions (amusement, anger, awe, desire, sadness). Previous work has proposed separate motivational direction (avoid versus approach) from valence. In Study 1, participants (N = 60) rated the motivational direction or valence they experienced while viewing 100 pictures that each evoked one of the five discrete emotions. We found significant differences between average motivational direction and valence ratings for sadness, anger, and amusement. Critically, underlying these averages, we found that while valence responses were highly consistent, there was large variability in motivational direction, with some people indicating they wanted to approach and others indicating they wanted to avoid while viewing the same picture. Individual differences in motivational direction were largest for sadness, so in Study 2 (N = 100) we tested whether they were predicted by appraisals of the situation (e.g., ratings of how welcome or useful people believed their help would be). The three appraisals tested accounted for 64% of the variance in motivational direction, after which valence made a very small unique contribution. These findings highlight that motivational direction and valence can diverge. Given the variability in individuals' motivational direction responses, future studies designed to assess the effects of motivational direction on cognitive processes need to tailor stimuli for each participant to ensure they activate the intended motivational direction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Cotransfer of antigen and contextual information harmonizes peripheral and lymph node conventional dendritic cell activation.

T cell responses against infections and cancer are directed by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in lymph nodes distant from the site of challenge. Migratory cDCs, which travel from the tissue to the lymph node, not only drive initial T cell activation but also transfer antigen to lymph node-resident cDCs. These resident cells have essential roles defining the character of the resulting T cell response; however, it is unknown how they can appropriately process and present antigens to suitably direct responses given their spatial separation. Here, using a novel strain of influenza A and a modified melanoma model, we show that tissue and lymph node cDC activation is harmonized and that this is driven by cotransfer of contextual cues. In the tumor, incomplete cDC activation in the tumor microenvironment is mirrored by lymph node-resident cDCs, whereas during influenza infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns cotransferred with antigen drive TLR signaling in resident cDCs and their subsequent robust activation. This cotransfer mechanism explains how individual antigens can be handled distinctly by resident cDCs and how signals driving poor tumoral cDC activation further impact the lymph node. Our findings clarify how tissue context dictates antigenic and, consequently, T cell fate in the lymph node.

Stressor fluctuations alter mechanisms of seagrass community responses relative to static stressors

Ecosystems are increasingly affected by multiple anthropogenic stressors that contribute to habitat degradation and loss. Natural ecosystems are highly dynamic, yet multiple stressor experiments often ignore variability in stressor intensity and do not consider how effects could be mediated across trophic levels, with implications for models that underpin stressor management. Here, we investigated the in situ effects of changes in stressor intensity (i.e., fluctuations) and synchronicity (i.e., timing of fluctuations) on a seagrass community, applying the stressors reduced light and physical disturbance to the sediment. We used structural equation models (SEMs) to identify causal effects of dynamic multiple stressors on seagrass shoot density and leaf surface area, and abundance of associated crustaceans. Responses depended on whether stressor intensities fluctuated or remained static. Relative to static stressor exposure at the end of the experiment, shoot density, leaf surface area, and crustacean abundance all declined under in-phase (synchronous; 17, 33, and 30 % less, respectively) and out-of-phase (asynchronous; 11, 28, and 39 % less, respectively) fluctuating treatments. Static treatment increased seagrass leaf surface area and crustacean abundance relative to the control group. We hypothesised that crustacean responses are mediated by changes in seagrass; however, causal analysis found only weak evidence for a mediation effect via leaf surface area. Changes in crustacean abundance, therefore, were primarily a direct response to stressors. Our results suggest that the mechanisms underpinning stress responses change when stressors fluctuate. For instance, increased leaf surface area under static stress could be caused by seagrass acclimating to low light, whereas no response under fluctuating stressors suggests an acclimation response was not triggered. The SEMs also revealed that community responses to the stressors can be independent of one another. Therefore, models based on static experiments may be representing ecological mechanisms not observed in natural ecosystems, and underestimating the impacts of stressors on ecosystems.

Development of Directional 14 MeV-Fusion Neutron Detector Using Liquid-Scintillator-Filled Capillaries

Triton burnup studies have been performed in fusion experimental devices to evaluate the confinement performance of 3.5 MeV alpha particles. For this purpose, the generation rate of deuterium-tritium (D-T)-born 14 MeV neutrons has been measured using a scintillating fiber detector. The directionality of this detector provides excellent selectivity for 14 MeV neutrons; however, the lack of a pulse–shape discrimination (PSD) capability limits high-energy gamma-ray reduction. In this study, we developed a new 14 MeV neutron detector with directionality that can discriminate neutrons and gamma rays based on the PSD technique by filling capillaries with a liquid scintillator. The performance of this detector was evaluated at the FNL (Tohoku University, Japan) and OKTAVIAN (Osaka University, Japan). The detector response was modeled using the particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS). The experimental and simulation results demonstrated that the detector has a directional response to fast neutrons and excellent PSD capability.

High-resolution luminescence chronology of loess-paleosols reveals East Asian summer monsoon and winter monsoon variation in Hexi Corridor during the past 25 kyr

The variability and interaction of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and Westerlies dominate mid-latitude Asian hydroclimate and influence over a billion lives in Asia. However, how variation in the EASM, EAWM and Westerlies influences climate change in their transition zones in NW China remain unclear. Specifically, how these atmospheric systems interact during strong-weak phases variation over different timescales is still hotly debated. This study investigates four loess-paleosol sequences in the transition zone between EASM and Westerlies-influenced areas along the central Hexi Corridor of NW China, and presents 63 quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages to generate the most detailed chronology for any loess record within the Hexi Corridor. In combination with sedimentology, proxy indexes of magnetic parameters (χlf, χfd, χARM/SIRM) and grain size of these loess-paleosol sequences, and TraCE-21 ka climatic modelling, the loess deposition and climatic changes at central Hexi Corridor regions over the past 25 ka are reconstructed. Our results indicate that: (1) loess deposition initiated by at least 25 ka at Hexi Corridor. Loess depositional rates decrease from late last glacial into the Holocene, with maximum accumulation rates (140–180 g/cm3/ka) occurring during the Last Glacial Maximum. Depositional hiatuses up to 8 ka are recognized in late Quaternary Hexi Corridor loess, which suggests that high-resolution chronologies are necessary for robust paleoclimatic reconstructions from loess records in the region. (2) Over glacial-interglacial cycles, climate in the Hexi Corridor demonstrates a cold-dry glacial and a warm-moist interglacial, consistent with moisture changes observed in the monsoonal Chinese Central Loess Plateau and Westerlies-dominated Central Asia. However, moisture in central Hexi Corridor increased from the early Holocene to mid-Holocene, with a wettest period at 8–7 ka, and followed by a relatively wet late Holocene. These changes are most consistent with the EASM-dominated Chinese Central Loess Plateau and suggests that Westerlies influence in the central Hexi Corridor is minor over at least the past 25 kyr. (3) EAWM intensities demonstrate an anti-phase relationship to EASM intensities over the past 25 kyr in the Hexi Corridor, with decreasing EAWM intensity into the early-mid Holocene and an increase into the late Holocene. (4). EASM precipitation variability in the Hexi Corridor appears to not to be a direct nor singular response to changes in 30°N summer insolation. EASM lags insolation by 3 kyr during the Holocene, supporting the idea that high-latitude forcing through changes in ice volume, greenhouse gases, and/or meltwater input to North Atlantic and Southern oceans can effectively modulate EASM intensity and critically influence Hexi Corridor paleoclimatic conditions.

The Politics of Theology: Deadly Christian Compromises in Bonhoeffer’s Germany

Generally, this essay employs the concept of ‘stance’ to try to understand the theological thoughts and activities of Bonhoeffer and the Christian community at large during the turbulent events which occurred in Nazi Germany. In particular, it attempts a brief exploratory sketch of how various socio-political contextual factors significantly shaped many of his central theological ideas and concepts. The essay suggests that Bonhoeffer’s doctrine of ethics cannot be adequately understood apart from the socio-political context of Hitler’s dictatorship and the actions of the Nazi National Socialist political regime within which it emerged and developed. His active role in the resistance movement to the point of losing his life and that of loved ones was Bonhoeffer’s way of putting his Christian beliefs into concrete practice. Horrified by the blind loyalty and obedience of the bulk of Christians to Nazi state authority, Bonhoeffer responded by formulating a theology to respond to what he viewed as transgressions against God, human life, and society itself. The essay concludes by asserting that all of Bonhoeffer’s discussions about ‘ethics’ regarding conscience, freedom, the Christian faith and church, responsibility, and even his central concept of ‘responsible action’ were formulated in direct response and challenge to Hitler’s political regime.

The Why and How of Liturgical Theology: Dissecting a Method

Liturgical theology is a relatively new sub-discipline of theology. Despite many efforts, clarity is still lacking in both its purpose and methodology. In this study, the liturgical-theological method of luminary Kevin W. Irwin is dissected, diagrammed, and evaluated in direct response to recent calls in the academy for clarity in liturgical-theological method; the study also contributes to the ongoing conversation as to what liturgical theology is, why it matters, and how it is to be undertaken.

Spatial patterns of communal violence in sub-Saharan Africa

Communal violence is a major source of insecurity within and across borders, sparking significant displacement flows and disturbing livelihoods. While conflict literature has shed light onto its causes, the existing research has paid little systematic attention to the spatial dynamics of communal violence. We distinguish between spillover of violence and spillover of predictors. Spillover of violence is defined as conflict incidences occurring as a direct response to communal violence in a nearby location. Spillover of predictors describes instances of communal violence that occur due to nearby conflict-inducing factors. We clarify theoretical pathways for both spillover processes, focusing on drought exposure affecting not locally but in nearby areas. Applying spatial models, we test the expectations regarding nearby violence breeding violence and nearby drought increasing violence with data on incidences of communal violence for sub-Saharan Africa (1990–2014). Our results demonstrate that communal violence explains nearby communal violence through different spillover processes. We also find evidence for an increase in violence due to exposure from neighborhood droughts as well as other conflict-inducing factors.

Nation-wide projection of motivators and consumer willingness for direct load control demand response in Finland

Nation-wide projection of motivators and consumer willingness for direct load control demand response in Finland

Relationship between Seed Properties and Outcome Components for Selection Criteria of Corn (Zea Mays L.) Products at Various Dosages of Popostium Fertilizer

This research was conducted to determine the relationship between seed developmental characteristics and yield components in a population of maize (Zea mays L.) grown at different potassium fertilizer rates. The information could be utilized as alternative selection criteria for maize genotypes with high-yielding potential. This research was conducted at the Experimental field of the Horticulture Seed Agency, Pekanbaru. Seven maize genotypes with four potassium fertilizer rates were grown in a 350 cm x 200 cm experimental plot with three replications. The genotypes used were Bisi 228. Pertiwi 3. Bisi 2. Decoral, Bisi 18. Betras 4. and Srikandi. Potassium fertilizer rates included 30 kg, 50 kg, 70 kg, and 90 kg per ha, respectively. Traits observed were plant height, tesseling flowering date, silking date, seed dry accumulation rate, effective seed filling period, cob length, cob weight, number of seed rows, number of seeds per cob, seed weight per cob, the weight of 100 seeds and seed yield per m2. Analysis of variance was performed to the data using SAS and further tested by honesty significant difference at 5% level. Variance component, heritability, genetic correlation coefficient, and selection response were calculated for all characters and effective seed filling duration. The results indicated that the genetic variance component was significant for all characters except for the dry matter accumulation rate. All characters' heritability values were quite high except for effective seed-filling duration and the number of seeds per cob. Phenotypic correlation coefficients were positively significant between seed yield per m2 and plant height, seed development rate, cob length, ear weight, number of seeds per ear, seed weight per ear, and weight of 100 seeds. The genetic correlations was significant between seed yield per m2 and plant height, seed development rate, number of seeds per ear, and seed weight per ear. All characters' direct selection response value is higher than the indirect selection response value.

Investigation of XPD, miR-145 and miR-770 expression in patients with end-stage renal disease.

The effective maintenance of genome integrity and fidelity is vital for the normal function of our tissues and organs, and the prevention of diseases. DNA repair pathways maintain genome stability, and the adequacy of genes acting in these pathways is essential for disease suppression and direct treatment responses. Chronic kidney disease is characterized by high levels of genomic damage. In this study, we examined the expression levels of the xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene, which plays a role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) repair mechanism, and the expression levels of miR-145 and miR-770 genes, which play a role in the regulation of the expression of the XPD gene, in hemodialysis patients with (n = 42) and without malignancy (n = 9) in pre- and post-dialysis conditions. We also evaluated these values with the clinical findings of the patients. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Compared to the individuals with normal kidney function (2.06 ± 0.32), the XPD gene expression was lower in the pre-dialysis condition both in hemodialysis patients without cancer (1.24 ± 0.18; p = 0.02) and in hemodialysis patients with cancer (0.82 ± 0.114; p = 0.001). On the other hand, we found that miR-145 and miR-770 expression levels were high in both groups. We also found that expression levels were affected by dialysis processes. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between miR-145 and mir770 expression levels in the pre-dialysis group of patients with (r=-0.988. p = 0.0001) and without (r=-0.934. p = 0.0001) malignancy. Studies on DNA damage repair in the kidney will help develop strategies to protect kidney function against kidney diseases.

Effects of single tree selection cutting on vascular plant species diversity components in temperate forests of Hyrcanian region

Temperate forests in northern Iran are one of the most important natural ecosystems with the highest economic value and a key role in the conservation of forest biodiversity in Iran. We studied vascular plant species diversity components (alpha, beta and gamma) of herb and tree layers on 120 plots at six sites in forests managed by single tree selection and forests that have been left unmanaged for more than 30 years in the Hyrcanian forest zone in northern Iran. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to analyse the effect of management on stand properties, tree and herb layer local diversity and soil characteristics. Despite the differences in herb layer local α-diversity, forest management did affect neither community composition of the herb layer nor regional γ-diversity. Also, species richness as well as α- and γ-diversity of the tree layer was significantly higher in managed forests, while β-diversity showed no directional response across herb and tree layers. According to constrained ordination analysis, main drivers for explaining variance in plant species composition were soil organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, pH and forest structural variables (basal area, number of trees per hectare and canopy cover) in herb and tree layers. We found that in Hyrcanian forests single tree selection management promotes environmental conditions that effectively contribute to increased diversity of the herb and tree layers at the local and regional scale compared to unmanaged forests. The higher diversity of herb and tree layers is likely being driven by higher within-stand heterogeneity, improved light availability in managed forests due to lower stocking density and larger canopy gaps, or also results from topsoil disturbances through wood extraction. This study indicated that single tree selection system has the potential to be used in order to improve biodiversity conservation, and these results can be useful for development of management guidelines and decision-making processes.Because it may not be specific enough to dismiss or prioritize forest management regimes, based only on their impact on plant diversity, further assessments of forest management effects on other crucial factors (such as fauna diversity, structural diversity and forest ecosystems services) are needed.

Finite Element Based Static and Dynamic Vibration Analysis of a Beam with Axial Variation of Material Properties

Abstract: The study examines the vibration analysis of a damped cantilever beam with nonuniform variation in material properties using finite element methods. With power modification of material parameters in the axial direction, the static and dynamic response of a prismatic rectangular beam with damping has been examined. For the finite element approach, two noded beam elements with two degrees of freedom at each node were evaluated. The power law variation of material properties was used throughout the investigation. This research investigated the effects of proportional damping on displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses. The proposed beam's mass, stiffness, and damping matrices were calculated using Hamilton's concept. In the temporal domain, the Newmark Method has been utilized