Direction Of Line Research Articles

지하수 유동 방향에 대한 관정배열이 분배추적자 시험에 미치는 영향 분석

Partitioning interwell tracer test (PITT) is a method to quantify and qualify a site contaminated with NAPLs (NonAqueous Phase Liquids). Analytical description of PITT assumes that the injection-pumping well pair is on the line of the ambient groundwater flow direction, but the test-well pair could frequently be off the line in a real field site, which could be an erroneous factor in analyzing PITT data. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the angle of the testwell pair on the ambient groundwater flow direction based on the result from PITT. From the experiments, it was found that the obliqueness of the test-well pair to the ambient groundwater flow direction could affect the tracer test resulting in a decreased NAPL estimation efficiency. In case of an oblique arrangement of the test-well pair to the ambient flow direction, it was found that the injection of a chase fluid could enhance the estimation efficiency. An increase of the pumping rate could enhance the recovery rate but it cannot be said that a high pumping rate can increase the test efficiency because a high pumping rate cannot give partitioning tracers enough time to partition into NAPLs. The results have a implication that because the arrangement of the test-well pair is a controlling factor in performing and interpreting PITT in the field in addition to the known factors such as heterogeneity and the source zone architecture, flow direction should be seriously considered in arranging test-ell pair.

Satellite‐beacon Ionospheric‐scintillation Global Model of the upper Atmosphere (SIGMA) I: High‐latitude sensitivity study of the model parameters

AbstractComplex magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling mechanisms result in high‐latitude irregularities that are difficult to characterize using only Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) scintillation measurements. However, GNSS observations combined with physical parameters derived from modeling can be used to study the physics of these irregularities. We have developed a full three‐dimensional electromagnetic wave propagation model called “Satellite‐beacon Ionospheric‐scintillation Global Model of the upper Atmosphere” (SIGMA), to simulate GNSS scintillations. This model eliminates the most significant approximation made by the previous simulation approaches about the correlation length of the irregularity. Thus, for the first time, using SIGMA, we can accomplish scintillation simulations of significantly high fidelity. While the model is global, it is particularly applicable at high latitudes as it accounts for the complicated geometry of the magnetic field lines in these regions. Using SIGMA, we simulate the spatial and temporal variations in the GNSS signal phase and amplitude on the ground. In this paper, we present the model and results from a study to determine the sensitivity of the SIGMA outputs to different input parameters. We have deduced from our sensitivity study that the peak to peak (P2P) power gets most affected by the spectral index and line of sight direction, while the P2P phase and standard deviation of the phase (σφ) are more sensitive to the anisotropy of the irregularity. The sensitivity study of SIGMA narrows the parametric space to investigate when comparing the modeled results to the observations.

Performance of line-scan Raman microscopy for high-throughput chemical imaging of cell population.

We evaluate the performance of line-scan Raman microscopy (LSRM), a versatile label-free technique, for high-throughput chemical imaging of cell population. We provide detailed design and configuration of a home-built LSRM system developed in our laboratory. By exploiting parallel acquisition, the LSRM system achieves a significant throughput advantage over conventional point-scan Raman microscopy by projecting a laser line onto the sample and imaging the Raman scattered light from the entire line using a grating spectrograph and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Two-dimensional chemical maps can be generated by scanning the projected line in the transverse direction. The resolution in the x and y direction has been characterized to be ~600-800 nm for 785 nm laser excitation. Our system enables rapid classification of microparticles with similar shape, size, and refractive index based on their chemical composition. An equivalent imaging throughput of 100 microparticles/s for 1 μm polystyrene beads has been achieved. We demonstrate the application of LSRM to imaging bacterial spores by identifying endogenous calcium dipicolinate. We also demonstrate that LSRM enables the study of intact microalgal cells at the colonial level and the identification of intra- and extracellular chemical constituents and metabolites, such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, lipids, and hydrocarbons. We conclude that LSRM can be an effective and practical tool for obtaining endogenous microscopic chemical and molecular information from cell population.

The local topology of stream- and vortex lines in turbulent flows

Tangent lines to a given vector field, such as streamlines or vortex lines, define a local unit vector t that points everywhere in the line's direction. The local behavior of the lines is characterized by the eigenvalues of the tensor \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\bf T = {\bf \nabla } \cdot \bf t$\end{document}T=∇·t. In case of real eigenvalues, t can be interpreted as a normal vector to a surface element, whose shape is defined by the eigenvalues of T. These eigenvalues can be used to define the mean curvature −H and the Gaussian curvature K of the surface. The mean curvature −H describes the relative change of the area of the surface element along the field line and is a measure for the local relative convergence or divergence of the lines. Different values of (H, K) determine whether field lines converge or diverge (elliptic concave or elliptic convex surface element, stable/unstable nodes), converge in one principal direction and diverge in another (saddle) or spiral inwards or outwards (stable/unstable focus). In turbulent flows, a plethora of local field line topologies are expected to co-exist and it is of interest to find out whether certain topologies are more likely to occur than others. With this question in mind, the joint probability density function (JPDF) of H and K are evaluated for streamlines and vortex lines from several datasets obtained from direct numerical simulations of forced isotropic turbulence at four different Reynolds numbers. The JPDF for streamlines is asymmetric with a long tail towards negative H, implying that stream tubes tend to expand rapidly while shrinking more gently – a manifestation of negative skewness in turbulence. On the other hand, the JPDF for vortex lines is symmetrical with respect to H, indicating that the convergence and divergence of vortex lines is similar, different to streamlines.

Generation of dislocation clusters by glide m‐planes in semipolar GaN layers

We prepared {11−22} GaN layers with different thicknesses on r‐plane patterned sapphire substrates (r‐PSS) through metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy. In order to obtain a {11−22} GaN layer of high crystalline quality, a wide terrace was adopted for the r‐PSS according to the expansion of the laterally overgrown region. Using scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, we observed that the defects are arranged along lines in certain directions and that their number increases with increasing thickness. These defects are expected to be dislocation clusters by CL measurement at 7 K. For the {11−22} GaN layer with anomalous defects (dark spots), the defects are arranged along a line tilted from the c‐axis of the GaN layer through a glide of the m‐plane in semipolar GaN, which is considered to be generated by the relaxation of the strained GaN layer.

Alleged illegal downloading of music: the Danish Supreme Court provides a high bar for evidence and a new line of direction regarding claims for damages and remuneration

Per Overbeck brings the reader up-to-date with his previous article relating to litigation in Denmakr taken by the owners of copyright over the alleged obtaining of intellectual property by way of peer-ro-peer networks.

A semi-Dirac point and an electromagnetic topological transition in a dielectric photonic crystal

Accidental degeneracy in a photonic crystal consisting of a square array of elliptical dielectric cylinders leads to both a semi-Dirac point at the center of the Brillouin zone and an electromagnetic topological transition (ETT). A perturbation method is deduced to affirm the peculiar linear-parabolic dispersion near the semi-Dirac point. An effective medium theory is developed to explain the simultaneous semi-Dirac point and ETT and to show that the photonic crystal is either a zero-refractive-index material or an epsilon-near-zero material at the semi-Dirac point. Drastic changes in the wave manipulation properties at the semi-Dirac point, resulting from ETT, are described.

Assessing the reliability of friends-of-friends groups on the future Javalambre Physics of the Accelerating Universe Astrophysical Survey

We have performed a detailed analysis of the ability of the friends-of-friends algorithm in identifying real galaxy systems in deep surveys such as the future Javalambre Physics of the Accelerating Universe Astrophysical Survey. Our approach is two-fold, i.e., assessing the reliability of the algorithm in both real and redshift space. In the latter, our intention is also to determine the degree of accuracy that could be achieved when using spectroscopic or photometric redshift determinations as a distance indicator. We have built a light-cone mock catalogue using synthetic galaxies constructed from the Millennium Run Simulation I plus a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation. We have explored different ways to define the proper linking length parameters of the algorithm in order to perform an identification of galaxy groups as suitable as possible in each case. We find that, when identifying systems in redshift space using spectroscopic information, the linking lengths should take into account the variation of the luminosity function with redshift as well as the linear redshift dependence of the radial fiducial velocity in the line of sight direction. When testing purity and completeness of the group samples, we find that the best resulting group sample reaches values of 40% and 70% of systems with high levels of purity and completeness, respectively, when using spectroscopic information. When identifying systems using photometric redshifts, we adopted a probabilistic approach to link galaxies in the line of sight direction. Our result suggests that it is possible to identify a sample of groups with less than 40% false identification at the same time as we recover around 60% of the true groups. This modified version of the algorithm can be applied to deep surveys provided that the linking lengths are selected appropriately for the science to be done with the data.

Evaluation of Overhead-Mounted Sign Alternatives for Lane Use and Destination Information on Multilane Conventional Roads

The essential elements of signs with lane use and destination information combined were evaluated to determine the element or combination of elements best comprehended by road users. The sign elements in this study were evaluated only for overhead-mounted guide signs on approaches to multilane conventional intersections. The research team identified existing standards in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) for similar signs or related sign elements that might already have been applied by states to communicate lane use and destination information combined. The team also identified any elements that might have been relevant but were not yet included in MUTCD. This information was used to select the following variables for use in combination on signs with lane use and destination information: lane designation, construction type, destination direction, arrow type, and vertical separator lines. Combinations of these variables were then used to develop 18 experimental signs. Most alternatives were well understood by the research participants. Signs with single-lane designations were understood significantly better than signs with shared-lane designations. The study shows that when overhead-mounted guide signs with lane use and destination information combined are designed for approaches to multilane conventional road intersections, the amount of information and sign complexity must be kept low, especially for signs with information on shared lanes, in which information for multiple shared lanes can be confusing to drivers. The study shows no difference in comprehension on the basis of the use of vertical separator lines, arrow type, or construction type; however, in some situations these designs can quickly become complex.

Material removal mode affected by the particle size in fluid jet polishing

As a newly developed ultrasmooth polishing technique, fluid jet polishing (FJP) has been widely used for optical glass polishing. The size of the particle in the polishing slurry has a great influence on the material removal rate and quality of the processed surface. The material removal mode affected by the particle size is investigated in detail. Particle trajectories with different size are calculated by numerical simulations in the FJP process. Simulation results demonstrate that the particle with large size will seriously deviate from the fluid streamline and almost impact on the workpiece along a straight line in the initial incident direction. The larger is the particle size, the more deviation will occur. Impact models are established based on different particle trajectories. A polishing experiment was conducted to verify the feasibility of the mode. Experiment results show that the particle size has a great influence on the material removal mode in FJP with the same process parameters. Material is removed in the plastic mode with higher removal rate and worse surface roughness for a larger-sized particle, while the material removal occurring in the elastic mode has a much lower removal rate and smoother surface for the smaller-sized particle. Material is removed by chemical impact reaction between the particle and the surface within the elastic mode, and a smooth surface with no damage is obtained after the FJP process.

ROUGHNESS VARIATION CAUSED BY GRINDING ERRORS OF CUTTING EDGES IN SIDE MILLING

A numerical model was developed to predict the roughness profile along a line in the feed direction, in contour milling operations with cylindrical milling tools. From the model, average roughness Ra and maximum peak-to-valley roughness Rt were calculated for families of tools defined by 100,000 random combinations of radius values. Radii were selected by means of the Monte Carlo Method. Each family is defined by an average radius and a standard deviation of radius, assuming normal behavior. Histograms, roughness variation intervals, medians and modes, were calculated at different feeds. The model was validated through experimental tests. Effect of standard deviation of radius, number of teeth and tool diameter were studied. Although radius values were randomly selected according to a normal law, roughness values did not follow a normal distribution. At low standard deviations, intervals of roughness values, medians and modes vary only slightly with feed, except at very low feeds where intervals are narrow. On the contrary, at higher standard deviations, median, mode and width of roughness intervals rise as feed increases. Use of a lower number of teeth and higher tool diameter leads to narrower intervals and asymmetrical roughness frequency distributions even at high feeds, with modes near upper reference values.

Monitoring of coal mining subsidence in peri-urban area of Zonguldak city (NW Turkey) with persistent scatterer interferometry using ALOS-PALSAR

This paper presents the results of spatiotem- poral monitoring of surface subsidence over a mining area in Zonguldak Province of Turkey using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, providing maps of subsidence rates in the radar line of sight direction. A total of 18 SAR images, acquired between January 2007 and June 2010 by the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite, have been used to map the surface displacements using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique. The use of Phased Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data has proved useful for avoiding signal decorrelation and esti- mating surface deformation in the heavily vegetated study region. The technique enables the monitoring of continuous small displacements over a large area. Our findings present that many Persistent Scatterers were located on the vege- tation cover. The results reveal areas of ground surface subsidence up to 44 mm/year that are well correlated with the underground coal mining galleries particularly in the Gelik region where the Karadon mining galleries are present.

Line Orientation Adaptation: Local or Global?

Prolonged exposure to an oriented line shifts the perceived orientation of a subsequently observed line in the opposite direction, a phenomenon known as the tilt aftereffect (TAE). Here we consider whether the TAE for line stimuli is mediated by a mechanism that integrates the local parts of the line into a single global entity prior to the site of adaptation, or the result of the sum of local TAEs acting separately on the parts of the line. To test between these two alternatives we used the fact the TAE transfers almost completely across luminance contrast polarity [1]. We measured the TAE using adaptor and test lines that (1) either alternated in luminance polarity or were of a single polarity, and (2) either alternated in local orientation or were of a single orientation. We reasoned that if the TAE was agnostic to luminance polarity and was parts-based, we should obtain large TAEs using alternating-polarity adaptors with single-polarity tests. However we found that (i) TAEs using one-alternating-polarity adaptors with all-white tests were relatively small, increased slightly for two-alternating-polarity adaptors, and were largest with all-white or all-black adaptors. (ii) however TAEs were relatively large when the test was one-alternating polarity, irrespective of the adaptor type. (iii) The results with orientation closely mirrored those obtained with polarity with the difference that the TAE transfer across orthogonal orientations was weak. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the TAE for lines is mediated by a global shape mechanism that integrates the parts of lines into whole prior to the site of orientation adaptation. The asymmetry in the magnitude of TAE depending on whether the alternating-polarity lines was the adaptor or test can be explained by an imbalance in the population of neurons sensitive to 1st-and 2nd-order lines, with the 2nd-order lines being encoded by a subset of the mechanisms sensitive to 1st-order lines.

Comunicação e participação nas audiências públicas da Agenda 21 de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia

The Agenda 21 was one of the main lines of direction of the World-wide Conference on the Environment, RIO 92, with the intention to congregate society and government, in all the spheres, establishing actions that promote the development sustainable. It I capitulate 40 of the document evidences the information as priority for the decision taking. The elaboration of Agendas 21 places, each time more, uses of the communication aiming at an efficient social mobilization. Agenda 21 - a Conquista do Futuro, of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, meets in implantation phase, mobilizing and debating with the society the ambient problems of the city. The obj ective of this work is to analyzethe used comunicativas strategies for the mobilization of the social actors during the audiences of the local Agenda.

Direct writing on graphene ‘paper’ by manipulating electrons as ‘invisible ink’

The combination of self-assembly (bottom up) and nano-imprint lithography (top down) is an efficient and effective way to record information at the nanoscale by writing. The use of an electron beam for writing is quite a promising strategy; however, the ‘paper’ on which to save the information is not yet fully realized. Herein, graphene was selected as the thinnest paper for recording information at the nanoscale. In a transmission electron microscope, in situ high precision writing and drawing were achieved on graphene nanosheets by manipulating electrons with a 1 nm probe (probe current ∼2 × 10−9 A m−2) in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) mode. Under electron probe irradiation, the carbon atom tends to displace within a crystalline specimen, and dangling bonds are formed from the original sp2 bonding after local carbon atoms have been kicked off. The absorbed random foreign amorphous carbon assembles along the line of the scanning direction induced by secondary electrons and is immobilized near the edge. With the ultralow secondary electron yield of the graphene, additional foreign atoms determining the accuracy of the pattern have been greatly reduced near the targeting region. Therefore, the electron probe in STEM mode serves as invisible ink for nanoscale writing and drawing. These results not only shed new light on the application of graphene by the interaction of different forms of carbon, but also illuminate the interaction of different carbon forms through electron beams.

System Architecture Process and Modeling in the Development of an Innovative Battery System

AbstractA prototype Aluminum‐air battery system was developed for exploration of the use of the technology in future electric vehicles. A system engineering process was applied to architecture the system that included hazard analysis and the application of the resulting safety constraints. The system development was also modeled in SysML up to handoff to the component domain specific developments. This article describes the broad lines of the development direction and choices and the accompanying modeling. The modeling approach can permit gains for reuse in subsequent projects, and can also aid the quick communication of the choices that were made in case new needs call them in question. We show how heterogeneous external models can be constructed around a central SysML model.

Peri-implant bone microstructure determines dynamic implant cut-out

Dynamic implant cut-out is a frequent complication associated with surgical fracture fixation. In this in vitro study, we investigated the influence of the local trabecular bone microstructure on the rate and path of implant migration. Dynamic hip screws were implanted into six human femoral head specimens with a wide range of bone volume fractions. The specimens were subjected to image-guided failure assessment using physiological dynamic hip loading. Mechanical testing was used intermittently with high-resolution computed tomography scanning. A high correlation was found between the bone volume fraction and implant migration (R2=0.95). Profiles of the bone-implant interface were computed based on the positions of the screw and the femoral head. With a larger interface, the implant migration rate was smaller. The bone-implant interface was significantly smaller on the approximated screw migration path than if it had been on a straight line in loading direction. We thus hypothesize that implants migrate on a path of least resistance. This would indicate a relevant mechanism for targeted surgical intervention.

NETWORK EXPRESSION FOR COUPLING ANALYSIS OF ARBITRARILY DIRECTED MULTIPLE TRANSMISSION LINES

In this paper, the network expression is proposed for flnite- length multiple transmission lines in arbitrary directions. Crosstalk between two bent transmission lines is analyzed using the proposed approach as an example of application. The resultant network function is obtained in the form of an ABCD matrix for two bent transmission lines is obtained. The validity of the proposed approach was conflrmed by comparing experimental results with computed results and those simulated by a commercial electromagnetic solver for some bent-line models.

中国丹霞世界自然遗产地丹霞地貌发育机制探讨

中国丹霞世界自然遗产地丹霞地貌发育的红层盆地全部形成于中生代，尤其是白垩纪盆地内部形成了巨厚的红色碎屑岩系，为丹霞地貌的发育提供了物质基础，随着地壳的隆升，内力是矛盾的主要方面。此外，研究地的丹霞地貌主要分布在红层盆地的边缘地带，在大断裂线的控制下，丹霞地貌空间展布以北东方向为主，构造隆升叠加在上述水平分异之上，局部导致丹霞地貌垂直分异，造成同一地带丹霞地貌的发育不均衡，使丹霞地貌空间分异更加复杂。随着构造隆升的丹霞岩体，在外力的不断侵蚀下，发育成各具形态的丹霞地貌类型。这样，在内力“主导”和外力“雕塑”的共同作用下，发育了绚丽多姿的丹霞地貌。 Danxia landforms which interacted by the internal and external forces are integrations with time, space, and substances. From the time category, all red bed basins of red inland continental facies clast formation which were formed under hot-dry climate environments in the Mesozoic era provided material bases for the development of Danxia landforms. As the crustal monement, the internal force is the main factor of contradictions at that time. From the space category, Danxia landforms are mainly distributed in the verges of red bed basins. The spatial extension of the study areas is mainly along NE direction under the control of main fault line, the directions of sub-faults and sub-joints which are NW, NNE, or EW superimpose the main fault line of NE direction and bring complicities to the Danxia landforms horizontal differentiation. The development of Danxia landforms are acted by the internal and external forces then. From the perspective of substance category, tectonic uplifts which superimpose those horizontal differentiations which bring vertical differentiation of Danxia landforms. Caves and grooves were developed as the lithologic differences eroded by external forces and developed next stages. So the colorful various Danxia landforms were developed under the main action of the internal forces and sculpture action of the external forces.

Microscale separation of immiscible liquids using a porous capillary

We describe a simple method for the direct inline separation of two immiscible liquids based on the selective wetting and permeation of a porous polytetrafluoroethylene capillary by one of the liquids. Using water dispersed in fluorous carrier fluid as a test system, quantitative recovery of the water from the carrier fluid is achieved over a wide range of flow conditions, with no contamination by the fluorous component even when present in large (ten-fold) excess. The exiting water stream may be readily redispersed by injecting additional carrier fluid downstream, allowing for repeated switching between the segmented and continuous flow regimes – a critical requirement for multistep chemical processing. The separator is shown to simplify in-line sample analysis by allowing measurements to be carried out quasi-statically without the need for fast instrumentation synchronised to the segmented water flow.