Direct Sun Exposure Research Articles

Vitamin D in kidney: a two-edged sword?

A wide variety of both calcium-dependent and calcium-non-dependent actions are attributed to the vitamin and hormone vitamin D. One of the most vital components of the human body, vitamin D is essential to both health and illness. It is a member of the fat-soluble secosteroid family, which is obtained from diets or direct sun exposure, which is what turns 7-hydroxycholesterol into the precursor of vitamin D. Bio-activation is an alternate phase that provides an active version of vitamin D that contributes to several notable processes like detoxification, fertility, glucose regulation, bone remodelling, and calcium regulation. Numerous research investigations examine the discernible function of vitamin D in kidney illness. The basic physiological and pathological roles of vitamin D in the kidneys of both diabetics and non-diabetics were examined in this study. In this study we analyzed a basic physiological and pathological roles of Vitamin D in kidney in terms of diabetic and non-diabetic proteinuric kidney diseases. Further research in this field is of high importance.

Understanding thermal justice and systemic cooling poverty from the margins: intersectional perspectives from Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Heatwaves, which are escalating in frequency, duration and intensity, have prompted governments worldwide to issue vital health warnings to protect populations. These include urging individuals to stay cool, hydrated, avoid direct sun exposure and minimise strenuous activities. Regrettably, a significant segment of the population faces substantial challenges in accessing these crucial recommendations due to a range of issues termed “systemic cooling poverty”. Systemic cooling poverty encompasses intricate layers of physical, social and intangible infrastructural deficiencies, impeding the provision of essential services necessary to ensure thermal safety during extreme heat episodes. Through an intersectional mixed-method examination, this study brings empirical evidence of the structural factors that exacerbate inequalities in attaining thermal safety among the African–Brazilian community, LGBTQI+ and disabled, living in two favelas in Rio de Janeiro. By shedding light on these lived experiences of cooling poverty, we contribute to the understanding of targeted interventions and policy measures that can alleviate the impacts of extreme heat and safeguard public health and well-being as temperatures rise.

Basal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Management and Prevention

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a slow-growing, locally aggressive, rarely metastasizing, low-grade cutaneous neoplasm that arises from the epidermal basal layer and invades the adjoining tissues. It is the most common skin cancer. It is fairly common in fair Caucasians and quite uncommon in dark-skinned populations. It contributes to 65–75% of cutaneous malignancies in whites and 20–30% in Asian Indians. The most important causal factors appear to be radiation exposure and genetic predisposition. It may present as a nonhealing lesion that occasionally bleeds or as a pruritic lesion with no symptoms. Tumours rarely spread to regional lymph nodes. The clinical appearances and morphology of BCC are diverse. Clinical types include nodular, cystic, superficial, pigmented, morphoeaform, (sclerosing), keratotic and fibroepithelioma of Pinkus. Most of the lesions appear on the head and neck, usually above the line joining the tragus and the angle of the mouth. A biopsy should be performed on all lesions suspected of BCC. The primary aim of treatment is the complete excision of the tumour tissue. Other treatment modalities include cryotherapy, immunomodulatory drugs, laser treatment or locally applicable chemotherapeutic agents. Prevention consists of lifestyle changes such as avoiding sunburn, tanning beds and prolonged direct sun exposure, shade seeking, sunscreen application on the skin, and physical barrier methods such as protective clothing, hats and sunglasses. Regular sunscreen use in childhood and adolescence seems more beneficial than in adulthood.

MELASMA ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Introduction: Melasma is a common chronic refractory pigmentation disorder that predominantly affects women and individuals with darker skin types. It significantly alters quality of life and self-esteem because of its disfiguring skin appearance. Objective: to detail current information related to melasma, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, histology, presentation, treatment and prognosis. Methodology: a total of 30 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 19 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: melasma, laser, pigmentation, skin. Results: Females are more affected than males in a 9:1 ratio. Melasma is infrequent prior to puberty and more common in the reproductive years. Melasma is found in 15% and 50% of pregnant women. The prevalence is 1.5% and 33% depending on the population. The most notable factor is exposure to sunlight. Next to pregnancy, direct sun exposure is the most important risk factor for melasma, shown by 27% to 51% of individuals as a trigger and 84% as a clinical deterioration factor. Approximately 83% to 93% of individuals with melasma have modifiable levels of solar elastosis. Conclusions: The treatment of melasma continues to be a challenge, because of the fact that the spots do not disappear completely in most of those affected, in addition to presenting considerable recurrence rates. The first line management is adequate sun protection and the association of sunscreens with color and topical bleaching agents, which may have a different effect on melanogenesis. In case oral medications are needed, tranexamic acid presents the best evidence for treatment. Some procedures support the treatment of melasma, such as microneedling and chemical peels that act through epidermal renewal. Lasers should be used with extreme caution because heat induces post-inflammatory melanogenesis. The combination of topical bleaching agents with medications and oral procedures provides more rapid effects, however more studies are needed regarding the treatment of the condition. KEY WORDS: melasma, laser, pigmentation, skin.

Program Peningkatan Kesadaran Kesehatan Kulit pada Kelompok PKK di Kecamatan Way Tuba, Way Kanan, Lampung

Way Tuba sub-district, Way Kanan is one of the areas where the majority of people work as farmers. This profession is very vulnerable to direct sunlight exposure which has a negative impact on human health, especially the skin and eyes. The worst danger due to UV exposure that most often occurs is Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC). Awareness of these dangers is still not fully understood by the community, so a program is needed that can increase understanding of the risks of direct sun exposure and skin health. Lecturers of the Cosmetic engineering, ITERA organized a program to increase skin health awareness through several activities such as counseling for PKK groups, training in making simple skin care from natural ingredients around the house and initiating the planting of a family cosmetic garden in the yard. Utilization of natural ingredients around the house can overcome skin damage at a low cost. In addition, with the cultivation of plants that maintain skin health in the home yard, it can be used at any time as prevention not just as treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the types and ways of using natural ingredients around the house for the community, especially the PKK Group as a driving cadre in each village. Based on the results of the questionnaire, this community service program can increase community understanding up to 90% of representatives from 13 PKK groups in each village in Way Tuba District. Some plants were also cultivated directly through the initiation of a family cosmetic garden in one of the residents' yards. This is expected to be a trigger for other PKK groups in utilizing yard land in caring for skin health.

Photobleaching of pink photoluminescence in bandicoot fur

ABSTRACT Bright pink-orange-red photoluminescent (fluorescent and/or phosphorescent) fur is being found in an increasing number and diversity of mammal species. With the molecules causing these colours of photoluminescent emission suspected to be mostly photosensitive porphyrins, degradation from light exposure is an unquantified contributor to false negatives in museum-based surveys. I tested the resistance of pink photoluminescent bandicoot, Peramelidae, fur to exposure to natural sunlight and artificial laboratory lighting. Photoluminescence underwent visibly noticeable photobleaching in two minutes of direct sun exposure, or a few hours when exposed to indoor lighting. The fleeting nature of porphyrins means that an accurate representation of pink-orange-red photoluminescence should not be expected in specimens that have been exposed to light, whether in life, post-mortem, during taxidermy or on display.

Comparison of women’s heat risk profiles among those working in indoor and outdoor sectors

Rising temperatures and heat events may affect workers, especially women, by increasing the risk of Heat Related Illnesses (HRIs). We conducted a cross-sectional study among 903 women in outdoor and indoor sectors. We measured Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) and physiological Heat Strain Indicators (HSI), as well as self-reported symptoms of HRIs using a HOTHAPS questionnaire. Multivariate Logistic Regression models were used to compare the heat risks. WBGT exposures were high in both the outdoor (Avg. WBGT = 28.8 °C ± 2.4 °C) and indoor (Avg. WBGT = 28.7 °C ± 3.5 °C) sectors. Outdoor Women Workers (OWW) reported higher HRI symptoms (94%vs.81%), and heat exposures were positively correlated with HRIs (AOR: 3.7; 95%CI: 2.4–6.1). OWW showed a 1.5-fold higher risk of measured HSI above safe limits (95%CI: 1.1–2.1) and a 2.1-fold higher risk of urogenital issues (95%CI: 2.1–3.8) than Indoor Women Workers (IWW). Due to direct sun exposure, intensive labor, and a lack of welfare facilities, OWW has a higher HRI risk.

SPF Activity Sunscreen Spray Gel Ethanol Extract of Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. BI, Syn)

This cinnamon bark contains cinnamaldehyde, which is a secondary metabolite compound derived from aldehydes, including the polyphenolic group, which activity as a sunscreen and antioxidant by absorbing UV rays, so it can protect the skin from direct sun exposure (sunscreen). The study aimed to determine whether there was an effect of the concentration of the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. BI, Syn) on the physical characteristics and SPF value of spray gel preparations and to determine the concentration of the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark that produced spray gel with physical characteristics and SPF value. best. The study was conducted by extracting cinnamon bark by the maceration method using 96 % ethanol for 3 days. The extract obtained was then subjected to phytochemical screening TLC and then applied to a spray gel preparation with concentrations of FI (10 %), FII (15 %), and FIII (20 %), followed by testing the activity of sunscreen using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results of phytochemical screening and TLC on the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark showed positive results for containing flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and antioxidants. The statistical test results showed that there was a difference with a sig value of 0.05. It was concluded that the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark affected pH, viscosity, spreadability, stickiness, drying time, and SPF value. The formula that gave the best physical characteristics and SPF value was found in the concentration of sunscreen spray gel: the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark with a concentration of FIII (20 %).

How do the skin barrier and microbiome adapt to the extra-uterine environment after birth? Implications for the clinical practice.

The multiple protective functions of the skin derive from the interactions between epithelial skin and immune cells as well as the commensal microbiota. Developed in the last trimester of intra-uterine life, the skin barrier adapts dynamically after birth. Specific differences in the structure and physiology have been disclosed between infant and adult skin. The stratum corneum of infants is thinner and structured by thicker corneocytes with a more anisotropic surface in comparison to adult skin. Lower levels of the natural moisturizing factor and its constituents, together with the increased protease activity in the epidermis result in dry baby skin and ongoing adaptation of the desquamation to the extra-uterine environment. Infant epidermis is characterized by an accelerated proliferation rate and clinically competent permeability barrier in term neonates, despite the higher baseline values of transepidermal water loss in infants. The skin surface of newborns is less acidic, which could increase susceptibility to diaper and atopic dermatitis. Immediately after birth, skin is colonized by commensal bacteria-a process dependent on the mode of delivery and of major importance for the maturation of the immune system. Skin bacterial diversity and dysbiosis have been related to different pathology such as atopic and seborrheic dermatitis. This paper focuses on the ongoing structural, functional and biochemical adaptation of the human skin barrier after birth. We discuss the interactions on the 'skin barrier/ microbiota/ immune system' axis and their role in the development of competent functional integrity of the epidermal barrier.

Alkaloids (emetine and cephalin) production – affected by full sunlight stress in Carapichea ipecacuanha

This study evaluated the responses of Carapichea ipecacuanha to sunlight stress-induced changes in the electron transport chain and its extended effects on alkaloid production (emetine and cephalin). The treatments consisted of: (i). 50, 70, and 90% shading (controls) and their respective exposure to full sunlight; besides, full sunlight (55 days of direct sun exposure). Photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, antioxidant enzymatic system, and quantification of cephalin and emetine were analyzed. Several changes in the Chl a fluorescence induction were observed, such as a decline in the quantum yield of the conversion of photochemical energy and photosynthetic performance and; an increase in emetine production of plants exposed to full sunlight. These results demonstrated that ipecac plants are extremely sensitive to full exposure to solar radiation, especially in periods with high temperatures, such as in summer, however with increment in emetine production.

Seed shielding, an undescribed process that prevents seed from overheating (and dying) in extreme weather conditions

Sun exposure is a major threat to the survival of cacti seeds in desertic environments. During summer, fruits of the columnar cactus Pachycereus pringlei from San Esteban Island, northwestern Mexico, are eaten by herbivorous iguanas, and after digestion, seeds are deposited within their scats. We compared the germination percentage of wild seeds exposed to the sun while lying on the ground of the island, with that of seeds collected directly from the fruit, and seeds obtained from old and recently deposited iguana scats. Our results indicate that direct sun exposure causes drastic reduction in seed germination, and this negative effect is reduced in seeds shielded inside feces, although with a cost on germination. We discuss some of the possible implications of seed shielding in the population of P. pringlei.

Applying sunscreen SPF 50 with high antioxidant capacity during fifteen days improves the dermis echogenicity and reduces the reddish skin undertone.

Of the many effects induced by UV radiation on the skin, erythema is one of the most well-known features, which is a cutaneous inflammatory reaction correlated with acute photodamage. The utilization of sunscreen may reduce this process. To evaluate the utilization of a sunscreen SPF50 with high antioxidant capacity during 15 days by young men without photoprotection habits. For this, we evaluated erythema, skin hydration properties, and dermis echogenicity using skin imaging techniques. Forty male participants (aged between 18 and 28 years old), 36 without previous photoprotection habits, were recruited, and the erythema was evaluated using a visual score and skin colorimeter. Macroscopic images (VivaCam®) were also obtained. Dermis echogenicity was evaluated using high-frequency ultrasonography. All the participants received a sunscreen SPF 50 to use for 15 days. The visual score presented a strong correlation (r=0.8657) with the colorimeter results. Visually and using the biophysical methodologies was possible to observe the reduction of the visual erythema. The dermis echogenicity also improved, probably correlated with the acute inflammation reduction. No alterations were observed in the skin hydration and skin barrier parameters. The utilization of complementary and correlated different skin biophysical and imaging techniques in this study allows a better comprehension regarding the skin early photoaging process due the direct sun exposure. The utilization with a SPF 50 sunscreen with high antioxidant potential allows for a reduction in the erythema after 15 days of usage, a quick result, however, did not improved the skin barrier or SC hydration.

Soil Acidity in Ethiopia: Its Causes, Effects on Crop Production and Management Experiences So Far- Review

Soil acidity is a serious chemical problem that limits agricultural productivity in most of the highlands of Ethiopia as well as in the western part of the country. These acidic soils, which cover an estimated 41% of the arable land in Ethiopia, are inherently infertile and exhibit aluminium (Al) or manganese (Mn) toxicity, which are generally considered to be the major limiting factor for plant growth in acidic soils. The major factors leading to acid soils in western Ethiopia include erosion of topsoil by heavy rains and high temperatures, which increase the greatest loss of organic matter and leaching of exchangeable basic cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + and K + ). Organic matter can be easily degraded and lost through conventional land clearing practices such as burning and direct sun and rain exposure, which is exacerbated by improper agricultural practices. If these soils are not properly managed after clearing, they can quickly lose much of their original fertility and beneficial physical as well as biological properties. It has been suggested that maintaining production on these soils requires an effort far beyond the means of poor farmers. Because low pH affects the availability of nutrients, especially phosphorus and other macronutrients, correcting low pH through liming and/or the application of organic matter (such as compost and vermicompost) is critical to the sustainable management of these acidic soils. The recently introduced technology of organic soil amendment with vermicompost has proven to be a potential resource to significantly improve soil fertility and soil health in various soil types around the globe. Therefore, farmers should be encouraged to increase the productivity of acidic soils through organic amendments such as compost/vermicompost. Vermicomposting, which is still very young and rarely practiced by farmers, should be supported and strengthened by more research and extension than we currently have to produce high quality vermicompost to amend acidic soils of Ethiopia and restore soil life. Keywords: Acidic soils, lime, vermicompost, organic materials DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/13-14-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

From laboratory to in-situ 3D measurements of complex pollution states in the city: Introducing a general concept using compact multisensory assemblies on UAVs

In the city, it is still a challenge to implement a mobile measurement device to accurately monitor its complex pollution state. Current research proposes new technological developments and many studies implement an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based platforms. However, many questions arise on the representativeness of such measurements and on the UAV impact on data quality. Here, UAV is used to link between sparsely located ground monitoring sites and lidar station measuring pollution, the latter of which are at heights of typically >200 m. Information at intermediate heights are missing but needed for health studies and also for lidar validation algorithms. In this regard, we propose and demonstrate a UAV-based platform aimed at measuring meteorological and air quality parameters, namely, air temperature (Tair), relative humidity (RH) and PM2.5 (Particulate matter pollution with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm) on both compact and large UAV integrations. Each integration was separately investigated both numerically and experimentally in terms of the possible set of instruments used in the setup. In particular, custom-made meteorological shelters were constructed and tested in the laboratory under different propeller conditions. The best placement locations on the UAVs were verified using numerical airflow simulations employing real UAV geometries. Next, we compared between different sensors for Tair on a diurnal cycle and deduced the best work time corresponding to minimal impact of the outside conditions (mainly due to direct sun exposure). The influence of propeller rotation on measured parameters has been studied in detail. In addition, a pilot field experiment was conducted in the urban domain using our platform and these measurements were compared to all available data sources. Our field experiment indicated a mixed local pollution layer up to 300 m. Finally, we suggest a practical guideline for carrying out field experiments employing both UAVs. We have also considered the fact that wide use of UAV technologies in crowded cities in the context presented in this paper is currently restricted by regulations and privacy that vary among different countries.

Sunscreen Innovation Using Aceh Patchouli Oil Extraction

Sunscreen aims to protect the skin from direct sun exposure. This cosmetic product is included in the type of cream. Sunscreen is made from patchouli oil as the main ingredient. The ingredients used in making the sunscreen in each package contain Niacinamide, Avobenzone, Patchouli Oil, Emulgade SE-PE, Cutina GMS SE, Isopropyl Myristate, Dimethicone, Cetiol CC, Glycerin, Phenoxyethanol, Disodium EDTA, and Aquades (ionize water). The tools used are hot plates, scales, magnetic stirrer, stirring spoons, measuring cups, baking glasses, and pipettes. This sunscreen production method is divided into two phases, namely phase A and phase B. In phase A Niacinamide and Avobenzone are mixed at a speed of 2500 rpm, Temperature 70o C for 15 minutes. In phase B, Phenoxyethanol, Disodium EDTA, and Aquades were mixed at a speed of 2500 rpm, a temperature of 70o C for 15 minutes. The next step is that the two phases are mixed at a speed of 1000 rpm, a temperature of 40o C for 10 minutes until homogeneous, then packaged. The results of the research will be carried out by laboratory tests. The indicators to be tested are organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, cream irritation test and photoprotector activity test. The results of each organoleptic test of sunscreen were white, soft texture, patchouli oil aroma, stickiness on the skin was classified as sticky. Homogeneity test showed homogeneous sunscreen, the test was carried out using glass preparations. A certain amount of cream is applied to the slide and visually observed. This test was repeated three times. The cream pH test was carried out using a pH meter, carried out with a number of creams dissolved in aquades and dipped in a pH measuring instrument. Based on the irritation test, sunscreen does not cause irritation. The test was carried out in vivo, the cream was applied to the back of the hand repeatedly for 3 days to 10 respondents aged 19-22 years.

A Comparative Study of Cooling Performance and Thermal Comfort under Street Market Shades and Tree Canopies in Tropical Savanna Climate

Walking through street markets is the most popular outdoor activity in Thailand, promoting local economies and tourism. In the year-round hot and humid conditions, living outdoors with long heat exposure throughout the midday can result in heat-related illness. Artificial shade structures and tree shade canopies are typical cooling strategies to protect market sellers and pedestrians from direct sun exposure and improve outdoor human thermal comfort in the street market. This study investigates microclimate conditions and cooling benefits of typical street market shade structures with different settings—three roofing materials, two roof shapes, and surrounding trees with dense and sparse canopies. The dimension of the single artificial shade was 2 m × 2 m with heights varying 2–2.5 m. The vertical air temperature and sky view factor profiles were measured on winter and summer days. The calculated physiological equivalent temperatures (PET) and thermal comfortable hours beneath different shade structures were assessed using RayMan 1.2 software. A cluster of trees with a dense canopy provided more effective cooling (with a satisfied thermal condition of 9 h) than artificial shade structures. Thermal conditions under the galvanized steel roofing and HDPE tarpaulin plastic roofing shades were cooler than those of polycarbonate roofing shade. Meanwhile, the space beneath the sparse tree canopy had the warmest condition. The temperature reductions beneath the artificial shade structure varied throughout the day, with the maximum reduction occurring during midday and the lowest reduction found in the late morning and late afternoon. Our study demonstrates that the tree canopies and artificial shade structures had limited application for providing comfortable conditions throughout midday. To reduce such extreme heat, a combination of shade structures with other cooling techniques is suggested, which should be the focus for further studies.

Habitat Quality, Not Patch Size, Modulates Lizard Responses to Habitat Loss and Fragmentation in the Southwestern Amazon

As deforestation frontiers expand in the tropics, understanding species responses is critical to inform efficient land-use management policies. Here we evaluated lizard responses to changes in landscape, habitat patch, and quality in a deforestation frontier in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. We first considered overall lizard assemblages and then two species subgroups of contrasting thermoregulation strategies. We sampled lizards at 21 forest patches (42–7,035 ha) subject to moderate habitat disturbance (e.g., cattle intrusion and selective logging). Based on 6,000 pitfall trap-days and 60,000 m of visual surveys, we recorded 215 individuals representing 15 species. Contrary to expectations, species richness and abundance were not explained by any of the variables considered, including matrix quality, proportion of forest cover, forest patch area and shape, age since isolation, arthropod biomass, canopy openness, litter volume, tree density, and fire history. However, the composition of persisting species was determined by the structural complexity of the adjacent matrix. The abundance of species that avoid direct sun exposure to regulate their body temperature increased under more-complex structures of adjacent matrix areas and decreased within patches more intensively affected by past fire events. Disturbance within forest patches likely decreased the patch-matrix contrast, contributing to the absence of forest area effects. Nevertheless, species-specific microhabitat requirements dictated part of the lizard species that were able to persist in the fragmented landscape. Strategies aiming to maximize lizard diversity should embrace retention of the habitat quality within forest patches and forest corridors/high-stature vegetation in at least some sites connecting forest remnants.

Case Report on Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip

Introduction: Lip cancers are the most prevalent oral-maxillary malignancy. Lip cancer can be caused by a number of things, including smoking, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, and drinking alcohol [1] In this article we report a case of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma in a 59 year old male patient who smoked heavily and had a history of direct sun exposure, and uv rays. His case report is important attributable to recurrent axillary metastases occurred after subsequent treatment.
 Clinical Findings: The patient chief complaint is burning sensation on consumption of hot & spicy food since 3 months, apraxia, difficulty in mastication since 2 months approximately & nerve parenthesis in lower lip.
 Diagnostic Evaluation: Hemoglobin (HB) -13.2gm,mch-27.9fl,mchc-33.3%, Total red blood cell (RBC) count-4.72million/cu.mm Rdw- 12.7%, Total white blood cell (WBC) count- 16500cu.mm, Monocytes -4%, Granulocytes- 85%, Lymphocytes -10%, Esonophils-2%, Basophilis-0%, Total platelet count-2.68 cu. mm.
 Histopathology report: A multiple, irregular, reddish, brownish tissue pieces aggregating 1×1cm. selection from given tissue piece shows histopathological features are suggestive of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Therapeutic Intervention: post-chemo hydration, post-chemo drugs, BEP Chemotherapy (Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin).
 Summary and Conclusions: The patient who was a 59 years old male was admitted to the oral surgery ward. The patient was diagnosed as having squamous cell carcinoma of the lip and he had complained of having burning sensation on consumption of hot & spicy food over the preceding 3 months, apraxia and difficulty in mastication, over a period of about 2 months, and nerve paresthesia within his lower lip. He underwent mandibulectomy with excision of the tumour. Following radical mandibulectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the patient has remained well with no evidence of metastasis at his 4 months follow-up based upon clinical assessment and radiology imaging which does illustrate that radical surgery, plus chemo-radiation for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma has been shown to be associated with a good short-term outcome and after further follow-up assessments, the long-term outcome of radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy would be known.

Analysis of Office Rooms Energy Consumption Data in Respect to Meteorological and Direct Sun Exposure Conditions

There are many papers concerning the consumption of energy in different buildings. Most describe residential buildings, with only a few about office- or public service buildings. Few articles showcase the use of energy consumption in specific rooms of a building, directed in different geographical directions. On the other hand, many publications present methods, such as machine learning or AI, for building energy management and prediction of its consumption. These methods have limitations and represent a certain level of uncertainty. In order to compare energy consumption of different rooms, the measurements of particular building-room parameters were collected and analyzed. The obtained results showcase the effect of room location, regarding geographical directions, for the consumption of energy for heating. For south-exposed rooms, due to sun radiation, it is possible to switch heating off completely, and even overheating of 3 °C above the 22 °C temperature set point occurs. The impact of the sun radiation for rooms with a window directed east or west reached about 1 °C and lasts for a few hours before noon for the east, and until late afternoon for the west.

Vulnerability to global warming of the critically endangered Añelo Sand Dunes Lizard (Liolaemus cuyumhue) from the Monte Desert, Patagonia Argentina

The body temperature of lizards is strongly influenced by the thermal quality of microhabitats, exploiting the favourable environmental temperatures, and avoiding exposure to extreme thermal conditions. For these reasons, reptile populations are considered to be especially vulnerable to changes in environmental temperatures produced by climate change. Here, we study the thermal physiology of the critically endangered Añelo Sand Dunes Lizard (Liolaemus cuyumhue Avila, Morando, Perez and Sites, 2009). We hypothesise that (i) there is a thermal coadaptation between optimal temperature for locomotor performance of L. cuyumhue and its thermal preference; (ii) L. cuyumhue lives in an environment with low thermal quality; and (iii) a rise in environmental temperatures due to global warming will impose a decrement in locomotor speed represented by lower warming tolerance and narrower thermal safety margins, increasing their already high vulnerability. We recorded field body temperatures (T b), preferred body temperatures (T pref), the operative temperature (T e), and the thermal sensitivity of locomotion at different body temperatures. Our results indicate that this lizard is not currently under environmental stress or exceeding its thermal limits, but that it is thermoregulating below T pref to avoid overheating, and that an increase in environmental temperature higher than 3.5 °C will strongly affect the use of microhabitats with direct sun exposure.